AIDS research and human retroviruses最新文献

{"title":"Adherence to Bone Mineral Density Screening Recommendations in Older Adults with HIV.","authors":"Madison Martz, Nazar Akhverdyan, Melissa P Wilson, Jacob Walker, Sarah Gorvetzian, Lakshmi Chauhan, Kristine M Erlandson","doi":"10.1089/aid.2025.0009","DOIUrl":"10.1089/aid.2025.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV guidelines recommend bone mineral density (BMD) screening by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for all postmenopausal women and all men ≥50 years, but uptake of these recommendations has been low. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of people with HIV (PWH) aged ≥65 or older engaged in routine care to determine DXA completion. We reviewed records of 300 patients (243 men; 57 women). 48% had a DXA scan ordered, and 85% of those with a DXA order had results available within the electronic record. Of those screened, 13% of women and 27% of men had normal BMD; 45% of women and 53% of men had osteopenia; and 42% of women and 20% of men had osteoporosis. Older PWH at the highest fracture risk were under-screened for low BMD, per current HIV guidelines. Improved fracture risk screening is needed for this high-risk patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"419-422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Analysis of HIV Burden in India and Its States Over Three Decades: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","authors":"Deepak Dhamnetiya, Tanishq Hitesh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Ritik Goyal","doi":"10.1089/aid.2025.0018","DOIUrl":"10.1089/aid.2025.0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a group of disorders caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Globally, 1.7 million people became newly infected with HIV in 2019. This study aims to assess trends in HIV burden in India and its states from 1990 to 2019 for tracking the progress of the National AIDS Control Program (NACP). This study assesses the burden of HIV in India and its states from 1990 to 2019, using data on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. The data are presented as age-standardized rates per 100,000 inhabitants, along with corresponding uncertainty intervals (95% UI) and the relative percentage change. Globally, there was a decrease in the age-standardized incidence rate of HIV from 37.59 cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 25.24 cases per 100,000 in 2019. However, in India, it increased from 3.43 cases per 100,000 to 5.01 cases per 100,000 during the same period. There was an increase in both HIV prevalence and HIV-related death rates in India and globally. The increases in estimates were smaller for the rest of the world compared to India. In India, age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates of HIV were reportedly higher in males vis-à-vis females for all years between 1990 and 2019. Age-standardized HIV prevalence, HIV-associated mortality, and DALYs increased globally and in India from 1990 to 2019. Incidence increased in India, while it decreased globally during the same period. To identify bottlenecks in the current NACP recommendations, a multicentric study is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"433-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Immunogenicity of AAV-Encoded HIV-1 bNAbs in Rhesus Macaques Is Unaffected by a Short Course of the Immunomodulator CTLA4Ig.","authors":"Patricia A Hahn, Siddhartha Shandilya, Lucas A B da Costa, Laura C F da Silva, Daniel O'Hagan, Brian Liang, Kathleen Engelman, Matthew R Gardner, Guangping Gao, Sebastian P Fuchs, Jose M Martinez-Navio, Ronald C Desrosiers, Amir Ardeshir, Diogo M Magnani, Mauricio A Martins","doi":"10.1177/08892229251370763","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08892229251370763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-vectored delivery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) holds promise for achieving durable HIV-1 immunity in a practical and scalable way, yet AAV-encoded bNAbs often elicit antidrug antibody (ADA) responses that limit transgene expression. Engagement of T cell-expressed CD28 with its ligands CD80/CD86 on professional antigen-presenting cells is crucial for initiating adaptive immunity. Because the immunoglobulin-fusion protein CTLA4Ig can outcompete CD28 for binding to CD80/CD86, CTLA4Ig can inhibit T cell activation and prevent immune responses. Hence, we hypothesized that co-delivering CTLA4Ig during AAV/bNAb administration would prevent ADAs in primates. Six rhesus macaques (RMs) were treated intramuscularly with AAV-1 vectors encoding \"rhesusized\" (rh) versions of the bNAbs 3BNC117 (IgG1) and 10-1074 (IgG2). The experimental monkeys (<i>n</i> = 3) were dosed intravenously with 20 mg/kg of rh-CTLA4Ig on days 0, 2, 7, and 14, while the control animals (<i>n</i> = 3) did not receive any additional intervention. The experimental monkeys mounted ADAs that inhibited bNAb expression, albeit at different rates for rh-3BNC117-IgG1 (66%) and rh-10-1074-IgG2 (33%). In the control group, the incidence of ADAs leading to loss of bNAb expression was 100% for rh-3BNC117-IgG1 and 0% for rh-10-1074-IgG2. There was no significant difference between the groups in their cumulative levels of ADAs or bNAb expression measured over 20 weeks. Despite the development of ADAs against rh-3BNC117-IgG1 in five out of six animals, and in one out of six against rh-10-1074-IgG2, macaques in both groups exhibited minimal T cell responses to both bNAbs. AAV-1 capsid-specific CD4⁺ T cells trended higher in the control animals. In conclusion, a short course rh-CTLA4Ig did not significantly reduce the immunogenicity of AAV-encoded bNAbs in RMs. Although our study was not powered to detect marginal effects, robust improvements in AAV-driven expression of hypermutated HIV-1 bNAbs may require combination approaches, such as multiple co-stimulation blockers, pharmacological immunosuppression, and/or muscle-specific promoters.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> Not Detected in People with HIV and Systemic Symptoms in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.","authors":"Kathryn M Dupnik, Nancy Dorvil, Maureen Ward, Vanessa Rivera, Alexandra Apollon, Emelyne Dumont, Omar Sued, Jean W Pape, Serena P Koenig","doi":"10.1177/08892229251365925","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08892229251365925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When local epidemiology of endemic fungal infections is poorly understood, it is difficult to determine the clinical impact of screening for these pathogens in people living with HIV. We found no <i>Histoplasma</i> urine antigen or serum antibody in over 450 symptomatic patients with a new diagnosis of HIV in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. These findings indicate that systematic testing is likely to be low yield in Port-au-Prince, although it is well described in other countries in the region, and may have higher prevalence in rural areas. These findings are relevant to other settings where the prevalence of histoplasmosis is poorly defined, as similar studies could also inform local evidence-based guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Association with Vaginal Microbiota, Genital Inflammation, and HIV Acquisition.","authors":"Rupak Shivakoti, Marothi Letsoalo, Lara Lewis, Lyle R Mckinnon, Jo-Ann S Passmore, Salim S Abdool Karim, Lenine J P Liebenberg","doi":"10.1177/08892229251366174","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08892229251366174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Little is known about the relationships between circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and genital microbiota, inflammation, and the risk for HIV infection in women. As circulating SCFAs are potentially modifiable, for example, through dietary fiber or probiotics, we investigated association of circulating SCFA levels with these outcomes. We carried out a nested matched case-control study within a randomized trial of an antiretroviral microbicide to prevent HIV infection to study the association between circulating SCFAs and HIV acquisition (primary outcome for case definition), vaginal microbiota, and genital inflammation. Levels of the SCFAs butyrate, acetate, and propionate were quantified in plasma using mass spectrometry. Vaginal microbiota was assessed using metaproteomics and characterized as <i>Lactobacillus</i> dominant (LD) or low <i>Lactobacillus</i> (LL). Genital inflammation was measured using multiplex immunoassays. Logistic regression models were used to study the association of SCFAs with each outcome. Study population (<i>N</i> = 99) characteristics were similar between cases (33 who acquired HIV) and controls (66 who did not acquire HIV). We did not observe any associations between any of the circulating SCFAs with HIV acquisition or with LL vaginal microbiota status. However, there was an inverse association between circulating SCFAs and several pro-inflammatory genital cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1α, and IL-8. In our study of women with high risk of HIV infection, higher levels of circulating SCFAs were associated with lower levels of various genital inflammatory markers, but not with HIV acquisition or a LL microbiota profile. Future larger studies, including genital SCFA assessment, are needed to confirm these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144870886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting Re-engagement in HIV Care after Emergency Department Visit by Leveraging Clinical Informatics at a Southern Academic Medical Center.","authors":"Naseem Alavian, Charles M Burns, Jeffrey D Jenks, Frances Hung, Richard Barfield, Daniel Popham, John Purakal, Nwora Lance Okeke","doi":"10.1177/08892229251365260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251365260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retaining persons with HIV (PWH) in HIV care and ensuring access to antiretroviral therapy are crucial for reducing HIV transmission and enhancing health outcomes. HIV care engagement rates in the United States have plateaued over the last decade, indicating the need for innovative re-engagement strategies. We developed an automated electronic health record-based alert system to identify out-of-care (OOC) PWH presenting to any emergency department (ED) within the Duke University Health System. OOC was defined as no HIV care clinical visit in over 12 months. Automated alerts were processed by the HIV Rapid Response Re-engagement Team (H3RT), which connected with disengaged PWH by phone after an alert was triggered by an ED visit. Re-engagement was defined as a completed HIV clinic visit after H3RT outreach. The alert system identified 217 PWH, of whom 117 (54%) had transferred care to another health system. Among the 71 truly OOC PWH, 63% were male, 82% Black, and 34% uninsured. Median ED utilization while OOC was 1.30 ED visits/year [interquartile range (IQR): 0.66-2.37], compared with 1.05 ED visits/year [IQR: 0.33-1.85] when engaged in care. H3RT successfully re-engaged 46 (64.8%) of the 71 OOC PWH. The H3RT cohort had a higher proportion of persons assigned female sex at birth, uninsured, and Black compared with the overall engaged HIV clinic population. This low-cost, informatics-driven approach successfully re-engaged OOC PWH from priority populations within a large, multi-facility health system. Higher ED utilization rates among PWH while OOC support the integration of HIV care re-engagement efforts into these points of health care access. H3RT represents a scalable approach to HIV care re-engagement in Southern health care systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Factors Influencing Immunological Failure in Elderly People Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A LASSO-Logistic Regression Approach.","authors":"Ruilin Li, Yan Lu, Lianzhao Yang, Xiuhong Long, Xiang Luo, Dengqiang Wu, Zhanhang Zheng, Shuhong Qin, Wenting Qin, Chenxingzi Wu","doi":"10.1177/08892229251365583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251365583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to identify key predictors of immunological failure in elderly patients with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) through machine learning approaches. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 490 elderly patients with HIV (including 120 with immunological failure) treated at Guigang People's Hospital from January 2009 to May 2024, using data extracted from the AIDS Comprehensive Prevention and Control Information System. Employing a two-stage analytical approach, we first applied least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to screen 50 potential risk factors, identifying 6 significant predictors. These were subsequently analyzed via logistic regression, revealing six protective factors: moderate disease stage [odds ratio (OR) = 0.401], AIDS stage (OR = 0.130), cotrimoxazole use (OR = 0.495), β2-microglobulin levels (OR = 0.755), platelet count (OR = 0.767), and alanine aminotransferase levels (OR = 0.760). Age was identified as an independent risk factor (OR = 1.275). Finally, the Shapley Additive explanations (SHAP) algorithm was utilized to rank feature importance, providing interpretable insights into predictor contributions. This study used machine learning (LASSO and logistic regression) to pinpoint critical predictors of immunological failure in elderly patients with HIV on ART, aiding early detection of high-risk individuals and informing prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD4 Discordance as a Predictor of Liver Fibrosis in People Coinfected with Human Immune Deficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Ahmed Cordie, Ahmed M Kamel, Rahma Mohamed, Sameh Samir, Marwa Elsharkawy, Shereen Abdel Alem, Aisha Elsharkawy, Gamal Esmat, Mohammad Salah Abdelbary, Rabab Maher","doi":"10.1177/08892229251365670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251365670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver fibrosis presents a unique diagnostic challenge in people coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immune deficiency virus (HIV). This study aimed to explore the association between CD4 discordance and liver fibrosis in that population, alongside assessing the predictive power of different models for significant fibrosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 198 adult people with HIV/HCV coinfection. Liver fibrosis was noninvasively assessed using transient elastography, and CD4 discordance was defined based on the discrepancy between absolute CD4 cell count and CD4 cell percentage. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used for analysis. Only 52 (26.3%) individuals had concordant CD4 values. The study found a significant correlation between high CD4 discordance and significant liver fibrosis (<i>p</i> < .001), with a higher prevalence of significant fibrosis in those with high discordance (65.5%) than those with low (14.5%) or concordant (13.5%) CD4 values. High CD4 discordance was strongly associated with significant fibrosis (odds ratio = 11.48, <i>p</i> < .001). The CD4-only model showed a high negative predictive value (87.5%), making it suitable for excluding significant fibrosis. In contrast, models incorporating both CD4 count and percentage demonstrated higher positive and negative predictive values (78.6% and 87.6%, respectively), indicating their utility in diagnosing significant fibrosis. This study highlights the complexity of assessing liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals and underscores the value of CD4 discordance as a predictive factor. The predictive models, especially those combining CD4 count and percentage, provide an approach for evaluating liver fibrosis. Further research is needed to refine these models and enhance their clinical applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse Lipid Profiles and Increased Cardiovascular Risks in People with HAM/TSP.","authors":"Ana Flávia Novaes, Qesya Rodrigues Ferreira, Jéssica Oliveira de Souza Nascimento, Roberta Muniz Luz Silva, Matheus Nascimento Moura, Ariana Leal Borges da Cruz, Larissa Alves Fernandes, Arthur Shigueru Umeda, João Pedro de Melo de Freitas Santos, Aline Cristina Andrade Mota-Miranda, Davi Tanajura, Fernanda Khouri Barreto","doi":"10.1177/08892229251365946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251365946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) affects millions globally, notably in Brazil. The classical neurological presentation of this infection is HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). There is limited information on its association with lipid disorders and cardiovascular risks. Here, we compare the lipid profile of 30 people with HTLV-1 and HAM/TSP to 73 people with HTLV-1 without evidence of HAM/TSP from a Brazilian reference center between July 2021 and September 2023. People with HAM/TSP had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein and higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol than people without HAM/TSP. In addition, people with HAM/TSP had a sixfold risk increase for elevated LDL. Therefore, patients with HAM/TSP show an adverse lipid profile, indicating higher dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risks. Regular lipid monitoring in this group is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking HIV-1 Genetic Epidemiological Characteristics Among Recent Infections in Yunnan, China.","authors":"Haoru Yang, Xiaomei Jin, Huichao Chen, Lijuan Dong, Jie Dai, Min Yang, Chaojun Yang, Yu Han, Yuhua Shi, Yanling Ma, Manhong Jia, Min Chen","doi":"10.1089/aid.2025.0021","DOIUrl":"10.1089/aid.2025.0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yunnan Province is one of the provinces in China severely affected by HIV-1. To track the evolution and epidemiological characteristics of HIV-1 genetics in Yunnan Province, this study conducted a retrospective molecular epidemiological study of HIV-1 in new infections in Yunnan Province. From the newly reported HIV-infected individuals throughout Yunnan Province from January to March 2018, cases with CD4⁺ T lymphocytes less than 200 cells/µL were excluded for BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA). Samples identified as recent infections by BED-CEIA were subjected to viral gene amplification to analyze the distribution characteristics of HIV-1 genotypes and the prevalence of pretreatment resistance. Of the 1,740 samples tested by BED-CEIA, 448 were identified as newly infected, and 323 were successfully genotyped; 14 HIV-1 genotypes were identified, including 2 subtypes, 11 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and several unique recombinant forms (URFs), of which CRF08_BC (37. 5%, 121/323), CRF07_BC (22.6%, 73/323), URFs (18.3%, 59/323), and CRF01_AE (14.9%, 48/323) were the predominant genotypes. CRF08_BC had higher proportions in the northeastern, southeastern, central, and southwestern regions of Yunnan Province than in the northwestern region and was more common in the 40-49-year age group, married, and heterosexual contacts. CRF01_AE had significantly higher proportions in the southeastern and northwestern regions and among those with homosexual contact, whereas no significant correlations were found for CRF07_BC and URFs. The overall prevalence of pretreatment resistance was 8.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.5%-12.4%], with the highest proportion of resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs; 6.0%, 95% CI: 3.5%-9.4%). This study demonstrated the genetic diversity and regional and subpopulation distribution characteristics of the recently infected HIV-1 population in Yunnan Province, and that pretreatment resistance was at a moderate level, but resistance to NNRTIs needs attention. This study provided the baseline data for a systematic study of the evolution of HIV-1 genetics in a typical endemic area.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"389-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}