AIDS research and human retroviruses最新文献

{"title":"<i>Corrigendum to:</i> The Immunogenicity of AAV-Encoded HIV-1 bNAbs in Rhesus Macaques Is Unaffected by a Short Course of the Immunomodulator CTLA4Ig.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/08892229251380258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251380258","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Identification of a Novel HIV-1 CRF80_0107/B Recombinant Form Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hebei Province, China.","authors":"Zhen Zhang, Jingwei Sun, Huijuan Yang, Haoxi Shi, Sisi Chen, Jianru Jia, Weiguang Fan","doi":"10.1177/08892229251378021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251378021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of CRF80_0107 resulted from recombination between co-circulating CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC genotypes. To date, no secondary recombinants involving CRF80_0107 as a parental strain have been documented in public sequence databases. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a novel HIV-1 CRF80_0107/B recombinant form isolated from a treatment-naïve men who have sex with men (MSM) individual in Baoding City, Hebei Province, China. While phylogenetic analysis of the near-full-length genome revealed clustering with the CRF80_0107 lineage, Bootscan and similarity-mapping analyses (RIP 3.0) identified a recombinant structure containing inserted B subtype fragments spanning the <i>env</i>, <i>nef</i>, and 3'LTR regions (HXB2: 7,907-9,342 nt). This represents the first documented CRF80_0107/B strain in the MSM population of northern China, highlighting the need for expanded molecular surveillance to track evolving HIV-1 diversity in this key population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Fat Distribution by HIV Status and Antiretroviral Therapy Class in South African Women.","authors":"Hlengiwe P Madlala, Landon Myer, Hayli Geffen, Jennifer Jao, Mushi Matjila, Azetta Fisher, Demi Meyer, Lara Dugas, Amy E Mendham, Gregory Petro, Susan Cu-Uvin, Stephen T McGarvey, Julia H Goedecke, Angela M Bengtson","doi":"10.1177/08892229251374692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251374692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pregnancy affects adiposity, which may be influenced by HIV infection or antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objective of this study was to examine adiposity measures in the perinatal period, by HIV status and ART class. A total of 214 women (113 women with HIV [WWH], 71 initiated ART postconception), enrolled between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation and followed until 6-12 months postpartum, were assessed for longitudinal weight and cross-sectional postpartum anthropometry. A subset of 65 (52 WWH, 42 initiated ART postconception) had cross-sectional adiposity (body composition and fat distribution) measured at 6-12 months postpartum using dual-energy X-ray absorption scan. Multivariable linear and modified Poisson regression, adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, socioeconomic status, and postpartum months, examined associations of HIV status and postconception ART (dolutegravir-based [DTG] vs. efavirenz-based [EFV]) with anthropometry and adiposity outcomes. At enrollment, the median age was 30 years (interquartile range, 26-34) and 82% were multiparous. Between pre-pregnancy and postpartum, women gained an average of 2.33 kg (0.90 kg WWH), 30% lost weight (35% WWH), and 48% gained weight (38% WWH). WWH gained weight slower during pregnancy (0.27 vs 0.38 kg/week, <i>p</i> = .03) and were less likely to gain weight postpartum (RR = 0.72 95% CI 0.55, 0.93; <i>p</i> = .01) compared with women without HIV. Postpartum, mean body mass index was 32 kg/m² (standard deviation = 7.33) and 58% (53% WWH) of women had obesity. HIV was not associated with cross-sectional measures of postpartum anthropometry and adiposity. Among WWH, compared with EFV-based ART, DTG-based ART was not associated with weight gain during pregnancy or anthropometry and adiposity postpartum. Despite high rates of postpartum weight gain and obesity, no significant differences were observed in anthropometry and adiposity measures by HIV status and postconception ART. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the need for interventions to support healthy weight gain in pregnancy and postpartum weight loss to minimize pregnancy-associated obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participant Perspectives in an HIV Treatment Interruption Study in San Francisco, United States.","authors":"Elizabeth Nguyen, Anastasia Korolkova, Ali Ahmed, Steven Meanley, Lynda Dee, Maryam Hussain, Fang Wan, Rebecca Hoh, Antonio Rodriguez, Tony Figueroa, Lillian B Cohn, Steven G Deeks, Michael J Peluso, Shadi Eskaf, Jeremy Sugarman, John A Sauceda, Karine Dubé","doi":"10.1177/08892229251375470","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08892229251375470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV cure-related clinical research studies often include analytical treatment interruptions (ATIs), in which participants pause antiretroviral treatment (ART). During ATIs, researchers closely monitor laboratory values and adverse events. We assessed and compared the perspectives of two distinct groups of participants: HIV noncontrollers and controllers in a San Francisco-based ATI study focused on identifying biomarkers predicting HIV viral rebound. Data were collected from 2021 to 2024 over five study time points to assess motivations, understanding of the study, decisional regret, and partner protections. All participants (n = 16) endorsed the goal of helping advance HIV research as a motivator, about half were also driven by interest in their body's response to the ATI, and some indicated monetary compensation as a key motivator. Most participants (6 of 10 noncontrollers and 4 of 6 controllers) did not view personal health benefit as a primary study goal. All understood the option for an extended ATI if they had not met ART restart criteria after 28 days. At the study's onset, all sexually active participants (n = 14) were informed about the risk of transmission to sex partners and the need for partner protections during ATIs. Among noncontrollers, 2 of 5 reported using condoms, being abstinent or partner use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) during sexual activity. Among controllers, 3 of 5 reported sexual activity: one with a partner on PrEP, one with a partner on ART, and one using other protection methods. Decisional regret about study participation, measured on a scale of 0-100, was low among both noncontrollers (range 1.67-13.57), and controllers (range 8.33-10) during the ATI, and remained low following it (noncontroller M = 5.07, SD = 4.52; controller M = 10.00, SD = 11.31). Participants generally understood the study, highlighted the need for partner protection support during ATI, and reported low decisional regret.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Two Novel HIV-1B/CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC Recombinant Forms Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hebei Province, China.","authors":"Feng Zhao, Ziting Liu, Jianru Jia, Zhen Zhang, Haoxi Shi, Weiguang Fan, Sisi Chen","doi":"10.1177/08892229251374704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08892229251374704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The frequent recombination between subtypes has driven significant HIV-1 genetic diversity in recent years, especially in some areas with co-circulation of multiple subtypes. In this study, we obtained nearly full-length genome sequences of two novel HIV-1 B/CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC recombinants from BD076A and BDL161, with lengths of 8718 bp (HXB2:772-9490) and 8851 bp (HBB2:759-9610), respectively. Both recombination breakpoint and Bootscanning analysis revealed that the recombinant structure of BD076A was based on the CRF07_BC backbone, with the insertion of one subtype B and one CRF01_AE gene fragment, containing four subregions. Similarly, BDL161 was based on the CRF07_BC backbone, with the insertion of one subtype B fragment and two CRF01_AE gene fragments, containing seven subregions. These findings highlight the importance of sustaining molecular epidemiological surveillance to monitor HIV-1 diversity and take effective prevention and control strategies in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Relationship Between Matrix Metalloproteinase with Their Tissue Inhibitors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis.","authors":"Chao Guo, Yushan Zhang, Xiujuan Li, Yujing Duan","doi":"10.1177/08892229251359534","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08892229251359534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies have shown an association between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) along with tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and CD4⁺ T cell count, a key clinical indicator for HIV progression, but the causality remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the bidirectional causal relationship between MMPs/TIMP and HIV. A genome-wide association study-based two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to elucidate the potential causal links between MMPs/TIMP and HIV. This approach utilized robust estimators, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses including Cochran's Q, MR-Egger, leave-one-out, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) tests were employed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropic effects. The IVW analysis in the forward MR study indicated that genetically predicted levels of MMP-3 [odds ratio or OR (95% confidence interval or CI) = 0.69 (0.47-1), <i>p</i> = .047], MMP-20 [OR (95% CI) = 0.64 (0.43-0.97), <i>p</i> = .035], and TIMP-2 [OR (95% CI) = 0.68 (0.47-0.97), <i>p</i> = .034] were potentially associated with a lower risk of HIV. MMP-13 exhibited a genetically predicted association with a higher risk of HIV [OR (95% CI) = 2 (1.17-3.41), <i>p</i> = .011]. Additionally, MMP-19 demonstrated a genetic association with CD4⁺ T cell absolute count [OR (95% CI) = 0.90 (0.81-1.00), <i>p</i> = .042). The reverse MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted liability to HIV was associated with a higher level of MMP-1 [OR (95% CI) = 1.04 (1.01-1.08), <i>p</i> = .024]. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were found between MMP-9 and HIV by Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger, but MR-PRESSO indicated no outliers. This study revealed a complex MMPs-TIMPs interplay influencing HIV risk. Future research should clarify underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"452-462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Characteristics of an HIV-1 Rapid Recency Assay Among Treatment-Naïve Individuals.","authors":"Xiaojuan Tan, Mervi Detorio, Vedapuri Shanmugam, Trudy Dobbs, Ernest L Yufenyuy, Bharat S Parekh","doi":"10.1089/aid.2024.0102","DOIUrl":"10.1089/aid.2024.0102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asanté HIV-1 Rapid Recency Assay identifies HIV-1 recent infection based on antibody avidity among newly diagnosed individuals. We estimated the mean duration of recent infection (MDRI), false recency rate (FRR), the probability of being classified as recent over time and examined the assay reproducibility. A total of 967 longitudinal plasma specimens from 180 HIV-1 seroconverting individuals, all antiretroviral treatment (ART) naïve, from multiple countries were used to determine the MDRI, while cross-sectional plasma specimens from individuals infected for >1 year (total <i>n</i> = 1,285; <i>n</i> = 926 without AIDS; <i>n</i> = 359 with AIDS; all ART naïve) were tested to estimate the FRR. All specimens were tested by two testers and results were interpreted visually, followed by a line intensity reader. Linear interpolation and polynomial regression were used to estimate the duration of recent infection by subject. MDRI was calculated as a mean of individual duration of recency while FRR was calculated as a fraction of long-term (LT) cases that were misclassified as recent. The LT line intensity, a reflection of antibody avidity, demonstrated an overall increase over time, especially during the first year after seroconversion. The MDRI was 160 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 140-181] by linear interpolation and 167 days (95% CI, 147-187) by polynomial regression among ART-naïve cases. Probability of individuals testing as recent infection was 97.9% (95% CI, 93.9%-99.3%) by 1 month post-seroconversion and decreased to 10.3% (95% CI, 6.3%-16.5%) by 12 months. FRR was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.3%-3.2%) among ART-naïve individuals infected >1 year and 5.1% (95% CI, 3.4%-7.8%) among patients with AIDS. The assay indicated high inter-tester reproducibility of 96.2%. It can be a valuable tool for program-based HIV-1 recent infection surveillance for a better understanding of risk factors of acquiring new infections. Our study provides evidence about the performance of the assay for data interpretation of recency surveillance among newly diagnosed individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"442-451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to Bone Mineral Density Screening Recommendations in Older Adults with HIV.","authors":"Madison Martz, Nazar Akhverdyan, Melissa P Wilson, Jacob Walker, Sarah Gorvetzian, Lakshmi Chauhan, Kristine M Erlandson","doi":"10.1089/aid.2025.0009","DOIUrl":"10.1089/aid.2025.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV guidelines recommend bone mineral density (BMD) screening by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for all postmenopausal women and all men ≥50 years, but uptake of these recommendations has been low. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of people with HIV (PWH) aged ≥65 or older engaged in routine care to determine DXA completion. We reviewed records of 300 patients (243 men; 57 women). 48% had a DXA scan ordered, and 85% of those with a DXA order had results available within the electronic record. Of those screened, 13% of women and 27% of men had normal BMD; 45% of women and 53% of men had osteopenia; and 42% of women and 20% of men had osteoporosis. Older PWH at the highest fracture risk were under-screened for low BMD, per current HIV guidelines. Improved fracture risk screening is needed for this high-risk patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"419-422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Analysis of HIV Burden in India and Its States Over Three Decades: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","authors":"Deepak Dhamnetiya, Tanishq Hitesh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Ritik Goyal","doi":"10.1089/aid.2025.0018","DOIUrl":"10.1089/aid.2025.0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a group of disorders caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Globally, 1.7 million people became newly infected with HIV in 2019. This study aims to assess trends in HIV burden in India and its states from 1990 to 2019 for tracking the progress of the National AIDS Control Program (NACP). This study assesses the burden of HIV in India and its states from 1990 to 2019, using data on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. The data are presented as age-standardized rates per 100,000 inhabitants, along with corresponding uncertainty intervals (95% UI) and the relative percentage change. Globally, there was a decrease in the age-standardized incidence rate of HIV from 37.59 cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 25.24 cases per 100,000 in 2019. However, in India, it increased from 3.43 cases per 100,000 to 5.01 cases per 100,000 during the same period. There was an increase in both HIV prevalence and HIV-related death rates in India and globally. The increases in estimates were smaller for the rest of the world compared to India. In India, age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates of HIV were reportedly higher in males vis-à-vis females for all years between 1990 and 2019. Age-standardized HIV prevalence, HIV-associated mortality, and DALYs increased globally and in India from 1990 to 2019. Incidence increased in India, while it decreased globally during the same period. To identify bottlenecks in the current NACP recommendations, a multicentric study is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"433-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Immunogenicity of AAV-Encoded HIV-1 bNAbs in Rhesus Macaques Is Unaffected by a Short Course of the Immunomodulator CTLA4Ig.","authors":"Patricia A Hahn, Siddhartha Shandilya, Lucas A B da Costa, Laura C F da Silva, Daniel O'Hagan, Brian Liang, Kathleen Engelman, Matthew R Gardner, Guangping Gao, Sebastian P Fuchs, Jose M Martinez-Navio, Ronald C Desrosiers, Amir Ardeshir, Diogo M Magnani, Mauricio A Martins","doi":"10.1177/08892229251370763","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08892229251370763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-vectored delivery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) holds promise for achieving durable HIV-1 immunity in a practical and scalable way, yet AAV-encoded bNAbs often elicit antidrug antibody (ADA) responses that limit transgene expression. Engagement of T cell-expressed CD28 with its ligands CD80/CD86 on professional antigen-presenting cells is crucial for initiating adaptive immunity. Because the immunoglobulin-fusion protein CTLA4Ig can outcompete CD28 for binding to CD80/CD86, CTLA4Ig can inhibit T cell activation and prevent immune responses. Hence, we hypothesized that co-delivering CTLA4Ig during AAV/bNAb administration would prevent ADAs in primates. Six rhesus macaques (RMs) were treated intramuscularly with AAV-1 vectors encoding \"rhesusized\" (rh) versions of the bNAbs 3BNC117 (IgG1) and 10-1074 (IgG2). The experimental monkeys (<i>n</i> = 3) were dosed intravenously with 20 mg/kg of rh-CTLA4Ig on days 0, 2, 7, and 14, while the control animals (<i>n</i> = 3) did not receive any additional intervention. The experimental monkeys mounted ADAs that inhibited bNAb expression, albeit at different rates for rh-3BNC117-IgG1 (66%) and rh-10-1074-IgG2 (33%). In the control group, the incidence of ADAs leading to loss of bNAb expression was 100% for rh-3BNC117-IgG1 and 0% for rh-10-1074-IgG2. There was no significant difference between the groups in their cumulative levels of ADAs or bNAb expression measured over 20 weeks. Despite the development of ADAs against rh-3BNC117-IgG1 in five out of six animals, and in one out of six against rh-10-1074-IgG2, macaques in both groups exhibited minimal T cell responses to both bNAbs. AAV-1 capsid-specific CD4⁺ T cells trended higher in the control animals. In conclusion, a short course rh-CTLA4Ig did not significantly reduce the immunogenicity of AAV-encoded bNAbs in RMs. Although our study was not powered to detect marginal effects, robust improvements in AAV-driven expression of hypermutated HIV-1 bNAbs may require combination approaches, such as multiple co-stimulation blockers, pharmacological immunosuppression, and/or muscle-specific promoters.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}