Theriogenology wild最新文献

{"title":"Uterine tubal ligation via mini-laparotomy in South American coatis (Nasua nasua)","authors":"Gilberto Nogueira Penido Junior ,&nbsp;Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto ,&nbsp;Liliane Milanelo ,&nbsp;Derek Andrew Rosenfield ,&nbsp;Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Population management is becoming critically important for species that inhabit urban areas, particularly due to the public health risks they pose. The South American coatis (<em>Nasua nasua</em>), recognized as synanthropic species in Brazil, have raised increasing concerns due to their cohabitation with humans, especially in recreational settings such as parks, where the potential for zoonotic disease transmission is heightened. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a minimally invasive sterilization method for female South American coatis, employing tubal ligation via mini-laparotomy. A total of nine females were selected for this procedure, which was performed in both an ecological park and a zoo setting. The techniques employed involved either the application of titanium hemostatic clips (n = 2) or a nylon suture (n = 7). The results demonstrated that the nylon suture technique was not only quicker (12.7 ± 1.7 vs. 47.5 ± 2.5 min) and more cost-effective but also maintained effective contraception. There were no recorded instances of pregnancy among the sterilized females, whether they were later exposed to males in captivity or recaptured in the wild. Furthermore, the procedure did not alter the social dynamics or sexual behaviors of the coatis upon their return to their natural habitat. The methods used in this study were proven to be safe, enabling quick recovery and showing no post-surgical complications, highlighting their viability for managing populations of synanthropic species in urban environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X24000187/pdfft?md5=8fdc704d6abdf4530a5a399164998e1d&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X24000187-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140816686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between testosterone and sperm motility in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): Potential implications during the sexual state of musth","authors":"Chase A. LaDue ,&nbsp;Janine L. Brown ,&nbsp;Maura Davis ,&nbsp;Gabe Kibe ,&nbsp;Wendy K. Kiso","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Male elephants regularly undergo a unique sexual period of musth that is characterized by elevated testosterone, analogous to the heightened reproductive seasonality of other mammals but distinct because it is nonseasonal and asynchronous among males. Our knowledge of male reproductive biology in elephants is limited compared to females, restricting our ability to effectively manage breeding and ensure optimal welfare, especially during musth. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between serum testosterone concentrations and sperm motility, a measure of semen quality. Semen (<em>n</em> = 152 samples) was collected from four male Asian elephants aged 8 to 47 years housed at the Denver Zoo between 2018 and 2022. For approximately half of the samples (<em>n</em> = 72), serum was also collected within a week of semen collection. Using paired semen and serum samples, we identified significant positive relationships between testosterone concentration and sperm motility in three elephants; the relationship in a fourth elephant trended towards significance. Three elephants exhibited musth during the study; in one elephant, sperm motility was significantly higher during musth, while in the other two, although samples were too limited for statistical analysis, patterns trended the same. Furthermore, two males exhibited increasing motility approaching the start of musth or as musth progressed. Together, these results provide the first evidence of a relationship between testosterone (and perhaps by extension, musth status) and a measure of semen quality in elephants. While further systematic research is warranted, this study has implications for understanding male reproductive activity in a non-seasonally breeding species and motivates innovation in semen collection techniques among Asian elephants to obtain high quality samples even during musth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X24000035/pdfft?md5=a323df941dfee45ac81d1d976002e250&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X24000035-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139394521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of different fixation and staining techniques on sperm morphometry and morphology in the Florida manatee","authors":"Jonathan R. Cowart ,&nbsp;Sofia N. Danford ,&nbsp;Danielle M. Collins ,&nbsp;Briana-Lee Schaffner ,&nbsp;Connor Kelligrew ,&nbsp;Iskande V. Larkin","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Computer-aided sperm morphology analysis (CASMA) is quickly becoming the industry standard for objective morphometric analysis of sperm. For efficient and accurate sperm analysis via CASMA, species-specific optimization of fixation and staining techniques is necessary. This is especially true for novel species, such as marine mammals, where information regarding the spermatozoon is significantly limited. Adding to the growing knowledge of marine mammal sperm, this study investigated the effects that different fixatives and stains had on sperm head morphometry and morphology of Florida manatee (<em>Trichechus manatus latirostris</em>) sperm. Sperm were collected postmortem from four recently deceased Florida manatees and fixed in one of three different fixatives: Formalin 10 Equine Semen Diluent, 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, or 4 % paraformaldehyde. Sperm were then stained using one of four different stains: SpermBlue®, Quick III™, Hemacolor™, or Coomassie blue. A total of 200 sperm from each manatee were analyzed for each fixative:stain combination using the Sperm Class Analyzer® computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) system for the eight standard head morphometric parameters. Sperm morphology was assessed visually using brightfield microscopy for different morphological abnormalities. Both fixation and staining independently had significant effects on sperm head size and shape when compared across all treatments. As the true morphometry of unfixed and unstained Florida manatee sperm is still unknown, it is unable to be determined which fixative:stain combination imposes the least effect on sperm head morphometry and is thus optimal for the analysis of Florida manatee sperm using CASMA. Opportunistic field sampling of marine mammal sperm imposes logistical constraints which may limit the ability to compare methodologies utilizing different fixatives and staining combinations. Continued research is needed for optimization and standardization of sperm processing, fixation, staining, and analysis of Florida manatee sperm as well as sperm from other marine mammal species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X24000333/pdfft?md5=01b848b697c8bd27dad1adc496cba229&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X24000333-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of urinary biomarkers of ovarian function in domestic Chinchilla lanigera: Assessing protocols for exogenous regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis","authors":"Verónica I. Cantarelli ,&nbsp;Gabriela Mastromonaco ,&nbsp;Georgina Galeano ,&nbsp;Marta Fiol de Cuneo ,&nbsp;Marina F. Ponzio","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the high value of its fur, indiscriminate hunting reduced <em>Chinchilla lanigera</em> wild populations virtually to the verge of extinction (IUCN critically endangered, CITES Appendix I). A key aspect for the implementation of <em>ex-situ</em> breeding programs for wild chinchilla depends on the integration of data obtained from assisted reproduction techniques applied to its domestic congener. One of the most widely used techniques is ovulation induction through the injection of exogenous synthetic drugs. In farm animals, ovarian inactivity allows for a more consistent response to inducer injection. Therefore, the objective in this study was to monitor and evaluate the endocrine patterns of ovarian dynamics and <em>in vivo</em> fertilization rates after exogenous ovarian activation in chinchillas using GnRH analogue and eCG. Seven ovulation induction protocols were tested in females (2–5 years of age) and urine samples were collected before, during and one week after inductor injections. Samples were analyzed for creatinine (Sigma #C3613), estrone conjugates and pregnanediol glucuronides (PdG-R13904, EC-R522–2, C.Munro) by EIA. The endocrine patterns of this species are not necessarily associated with behavioral signs of estrus. Therefore, non-invasive hormonal monitoring remains the only method that allows us to accurately explore ovarian activity. A longitudinal profile was obtained for each hormone and female. The results of our first experiment clearly showed that GnRH administration elicited a regular response only after a threshold value of 10 µg, although of little significance. The use of lower doses was not sufficient to achieve ovarian stimulation while higher doses of GnRH apparently resulted in the suppression of follicular activity, probably due to the effects of a negative feedback of GnRH over its release in the hypothalamus. Although both eCG doses produced similar responses, the 50 I.U. (0.1 I.U./g) dose caused a more powerful and steady response. A progressive increase in the concentrations of EC and PdG metabolites was also evidenced. Finally, the results regarding the pregnancy percentages obtained after the use of any of the protocols in farm animals were very limited, reaching maximum values of 17.2% whereas the control animals reached a percentage of 6.2%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X24000059/pdfft?md5=ce48ae7d1dfa9bb9203b03871693df1c&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X24000059-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139540511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An examination of several animal training procedures with a captive pre-pregnancy Capybara","authors":"F.M.P. Montenegro Donoso ,&nbsp;C.S. Pizzutto ,&nbsp;F.B. Passos Nunes ,&nbsp;F.M.G. Jorge ,&nbsp;S.C. Filippo Hagen ,&nbsp;EA.C. Assis Neto","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Training is a management practice that should be used to facilitate routine care and management of animals. If well planned, training promotes human-animal interactions and enables the completion of veterinary procedures required for effective health assessment with lower stress levels. Hence, it is indicated whenever ancillary tests are needed. A captive adult female capybara (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) housed in a public research laboratory in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, was used in this study. The animal expressed aversion to some keepers and escape behavior in the presence of strangers. The animal was trained before mating to enable pregnancy ultrasound examination with no need for restraint until delivery. Fourteen weeks of training using three techniques (<em>Counterconditioning, Habituation, and Operant Conditioning</em> using shaping with positive reinforcement<em>)</em> were needed to achieve project objectives. The training enabled appropriate ultrasound imaging. Unique images with high diagnostic value were obtained throughout pregnancy, with significant contributions to the reproductive management of the species. Training is also an essential element of good management practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X24000102/pdfft?md5=68e46534688f6c4d571cb97c3ee0f3da&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X24000102-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140160592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safeguarding genetic resources of curassow through cryopreservation and transplantation of post-mortem recovered testicular cells into recipient roosters","authors":"Marcel Henrique Blank ,&nbsp;Marcelo Demarchi Goissis ,&nbsp;Roberto Motta de Avelar Azeredo ,&nbsp;Luís Fábio Silveira ,&nbsp;Ricardo José Garcia Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cryopreservation and transplantation of testicular cells (TCs), especially spematogonial stem cells (SSCs), offers a new perspective for the genetic rescue of birds since traditional biobanking using semen and eggs are either inefficient or impractical. Here, we demonstrated that transplantation of TCs (which contained SSCs) from dead curassows were able to survive and colonize chicken testes, despite the phylogenetic distance between donors and recipients. Previously to transplants, TCs were collected, cryopreserved, thawed, and then labelled with PKH26. Subsequently, labelled TCs were transferred into gonads of sterilized recipient chickens, and monitored for their presence and development from 1 to 180 days after transplantation. The interval between collecting testes and processing them in the laboratory was crucial for TCs viability, but it did not affect the viability of undifferentiated spermatogonia within 24 hours <em>post-mortem</em>. Although positive correlation between testis weight and the total cells recovered was noticed, the number of undifferentiated spermatogonia comprised approximately 0.05% of the total TCs. Once the number of undifferentiated spermagonial stem cells was not sufficient, we decided to make transplants using crude TC fractions containing different types of germ and somatic cells. PKH26-positive cells were found in the cryosections of recipient testes until 42 days after transplantation, whereas the presence of the donor genomic DNA was confirmed until 120 days after transplantation. Taken together, our findings indicate that chicken testes can provide functional conditions for the survival and proliferation of germ cells rescued from individuals of another family of the Galliformes order. This approach represents a promising conservation tool for the recovery of testicular germ cells (including SSCs) from individuals of different ages (from embryos to adult males).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X24000151/pdfft?md5=8df29da4fd31f188c9aff5e465c44d4b&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X24000151-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140342309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spermatogenic cycle of a tropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (Squamata, Viperidae): Characterization, duration of seminiferous epithelium cycle and daily sperm production","authors":"Flávia Cappuccio de Resende ,&nbsp;Carolina Felipe Alves de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Nathalia de Lima e Martins Lara ,&nbsp;Leonardo Carvalho ,&nbsp;Gleide Fernandes de Avelar","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spermatogenesis is a biological process that occurs inside the seminiferous tubules and results in the production of highly specialized cells, the spermatozoa. The Neotropical rattlesnake <em>Crotalus durissus</em> is a medical-importance snake species that presents a seasonal reproductive pattern. Here we characterized for the first time the spermatogenesis of a Neotropical snake species. Testes of 15 mature male specimens of <em>C. durissus</em> were evaluated. Through histomorphometry analyses was determined that around 94 % of the testis parenchyma is occupied by seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous epithelium in rattlesnake is composed of different generations of germ cells that are organized in eight stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle (SEC). The sperm release occurs at stage II and a multi-stage pattern was observed in this species. Surprisingly, two rounded spermatids generations were present from stage I to IV. Using the proliferation cell marker BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine), the duration of spermatogenesis was calculated based on the most advanced germ cell labeled, which was established at 40.80 days. High efficiency of Sertoli cell associated with a short duration of SEC rendered a powerful sperm production observed for <em>C. durissus</em>. These features indicate a well-established adaptation of this species to reach an enormous number of gametes, which is one of the various mechanisms developed to guarantee survival and maintain the genes passing over the next generations.</p></div><div><h3>Simple summary</h3><p>All species have one main goal, which is to pass their genes over to the next generations. In order to do that, males and females produce specialized cells that combined, will allow the generation of a new life. The male gamete, the spermatozoon, is produced inside the testes in a process named spermatogenesis. Besides it has been described for many species, especially mammals, little is known regarding the spermatogenesis of snakes. Thus, the present study revealed that rattlesnakes’ spermatogenesis is such organized as in humans. While in other animals only one generation of rounded spermatids is part of the spermatogenic stage, in rattlesnakes were observed two generations of rounded spermatids present in 4 out of 8 stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. The existence of the extra generation of rounded spermatids results in approximately one additional cycle for spermatogenesis completion. However, the total duration of spermatogenesis, which means the time to produce the spermatozoa, still stands among the fastest ones, being around 41 days. Also, the additional germ cell population resulted in a high Sertoli cell support capacity. These parameters have a strong influence over the daily sperm production, which reaches more than 100 million spermatozoa per gram of testis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X24000308/pdfft?md5=b9c9b63211e535345fb7d72d657be4a5&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X24000308-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141434999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum regarding missing Animal Ethics Approval Statement in previously published articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X23000533/pdfft?md5=08290de3e2337e0725a2b7a984ae3528&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X23000533-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138769779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quarter century of CANDES: The state of embryo technologies in companion animals, non-domestic and endangered species","authors":"Gabriela F. Mastromonaco","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Companion animals, non-domestic and endangered species (CANDES) encompass a group of animals that do not include traditional livestock species (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats). Historically, lack of commercial interest or need resulted in a lag in the development and application of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in CANDES. A number of factors impeded progress, including the species-specific nature of reproductive biology and difficulties accessing research material. The past 25 years have seen a growth in cell-based technologies (stem cell derivation, genome editing), offering a new horizon of possibilities to the current state-of-the-art for assisted reproduction in CANDES. This review highlights some of the challenges and successes in working with these diverse species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X23000545/pdfft?md5=6e3cea2186d65dc7f70a49b5df6f66f4&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X23000545-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138839559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum regarding missing Animal Ethics Approval Statement in previously published articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75220,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology wild","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773093X23000521/pdfft?md5=dd719c95f011dffde7fd68caadc8f4f3&pid=1-s2.0-S2773093X23000521-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138557795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}