Rare Metals最新文献

{"title":"Solvent extraction systems for selective isolation of light rare earth elements with high selectivity for Sm and La","authors":"Hossein Salehi,&nbsp;Samane Maroufi,&nbsp;Rasoul Khayyam Nekouei,&nbsp;Veena Sahajwalla","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03019-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03019-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study details a comprehensive approach focusing on the effective separation of light rare earth elements (REEs) via solvent extraction technique. A stock solution containing lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, and samarium was prepared by dissolving their pure mixed oxide (reclaimed from spent Ni-MH batteries) in a diluted HCl solution. Key extractants, including bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), Cyanex 572, trialkylphosphine oxide (Cyanex 923), and 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC 88A), along with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a phase modifier, were utilized to form organic systems. The extraction behavior and separability of these systems at various pH levels as well as their extraction mechanisms were investigated. The results demonstrated a direct relationship between the extraction trend and the experimental pH value, with enhanced selectivity when TBP was added. Notably, Nd and Pr exhibited similar extraction behaviors, with minor deviations from Ce, making their separation difficult to achieve. Sm extraction followed a distinct trend, allowing for its separation from other elements at pH ≤ 2. In contrast, La exhibited a low affinity for coordination with extractants when pH was ≤ 3.5, facilitating the separation of other elements from La, which could then be isolated in the raffinate. Among the studied organic systems, combinations of Cyanex 572 and PC 88A with TBP demonstrated superior performance in element separation. Optimum separation factors were calculated with <i>β</i>_Ce/La = 12, <i>β</i>_Nd/La = 87, <i>β</i>_Pr/La = 127, and <i>β</i>_Sm/La = 3191 for the former, and <i>β</i>_Sm/Ce = 54, <i>β</i>_Sm/Nd = 20, and <i>β</i>_Sm/Pr = 14 for the latter. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting extraction systems and designing experiments for the effective solvent extraction separation of light REEs from their mixture.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 3","pages":"2071 - 2084"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12598-024-03019-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143667901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-controlled doping of Eu3+ in SmCrO3 with modulated magnetic and dielectric properties","authors":"Wen-Jie Huang,&nbsp;Ruo-Xuan Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Wu,&nbsp;Yi-Min Cui,&nbsp;Rong-Ming Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03135-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03135-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Doping can optimize the magnetic and dielectric properties of SmCrO₃, thereby expanding its application of electronic sensing, information storage and low–frequency capacitors. Herein, the ceramic composites of SmCrO₃, Sm_1–<i>x</i>Eu_<i>x</i>CrO₃ (<i>x</i> = 0.05 and 0.20) and SmCr_1–<i>y</i>Eu_<i>y</i>O₃ (<i>y</i> = 0.05 and 0.20) were prepared by traditional solid-state reaction. The pristine and Eu-doped SmCrO₃ samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characterization results confirm the uniform doping of Eu³⁺ into SmCrO₃, with all compounds exhibiting an orthorhombic structure and good crystallinity. The temperature-dependent magnetization measurements show that doping does not change the Néel temperature (<i>T</i>_N, 197 K) and spin reorientation temperature (<i>T</i>_SR, 34 K) of all the Eu³⁺ doped SmCrO₃ ceramics. Notably, the magnetization of Sm_1–<i>x</i>Eu_<i>x</i>CrO₃ (<i>x</i> = 0.05 and 0.20) increases with greater doping content, whereas the magnetization of SmCr_1–<i>y</i>Eu_<i>y</i>O₃ (<i>y</i> = 0.05, 0.20) decreases with increased doping levels. The magnetizations of the Eu³⁺ doped SmCrO₃ samples can be tuned between 0.54 and 0.79 emu·g⁻¹ under 100 K and 20 kOe. The dielectric measurements illustrate that the doped samples exhibit higher dielectric constant and lower dielectric loss than those of pristine SmCrO₃ at temperatures exceeding 300 K. This work presents a straightforward method for effectively modulating the magnetic and dielectric properties of SmCrO₃.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 3","pages":"1895 - 1904"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in modification of metal and noble metal nanomaterials for metal oxide gas sensors: a review","authors":"Dan-Hong Gao,&nbsp;Qiu-Chen Yu,&nbsp;Mesfin A. Kebeded,&nbsp;Yu-Yan Zhuang,&nbsp;Sheng Huang,&nbsp;Ming-Zhi Jiao,&nbsp;Xin-Jian He","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03027-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03027-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Highly sensitive gas sensors play an important role in applications, such as environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics and food testing. This paper reviews recent advances in metal-doped and noble metal-decorated chemo-resistive gas sensors with different nanostructures (ZnO, SnO₂, In₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃). It mainly includes the doping of metals such as Al, Fe and Cu, and the modification of noble metals such as Pd, Pt and Au, and introduces the bimetallic-modified materials possessing greater advantages than single metals in enhancing gas-sensitive performance. The results and problems of room-temperature detection of perovskite and metal oxide composite structural materials are also discussed. In addition, the potential applications of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gas sensing arrays and electronic nose smart sensing devices in disease diagnosis and environmental monitoring are presented through their limitations and development trends in areas such as smart homes. Finally, the main challenges and future prospects of metal oxide gas sensors are presented. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 3","pages":"1443 - 1496"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen vacancies in polyimide carbon enable stable zinc-ion storage","authors":"Luan Fang,&nbsp;Li Lin,&nbsp;Xiaotong Wang,&nbsp;Shuang Liu,&nbsp;Wenyue Shi,&nbsp;Zaiyuan Le,&nbsp;Limin Chang,&nbsp;Tianhao Xu,&nbsp;Hairui Wang,&nbsp;Ping Nie","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03084-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03084-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) are promising electrochemical energy storage systems with advantages of high-energy density, low cost, safety and environmental friendliness. However, application of carbon-based cathodes is limited by their low-energy density due to the lack of active sites. Herein, a chemisorption sites modulating strategy is proposed to construct nitrogen-doped polyimide carbon nanoflowers with abundant oxygen vacancies and carbonyl functionalization via high-temperature calcination and subsequent acid processing. The synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies, carbonyl groups, enhanced surface area and porous structure enables stable zinc-ion storage with high capacity. Remarkably, the carbon materials can circulate 20,000 cycles stably at a current density of 2 A·g⁻¹. After 10,000 cycles at a high rate of 3 A·g⁻¹, a capacity retention rate of 64% can still be achieved. The as-prepared ZIHCs provide an energy density of 65.61 Wh·kg⁻¹ at the power density of 197.82 W·kg⁻¹. Current research shows that polyimide-derived carbon material synthesized by acid activation provides a new idea for developing cathodes in aqueous ZIHCs.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 3","pages":"1674 - 1686"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuned bi-anisotropy of Y2Co14B nanocrystalline magnetic alloys toward high-frequency applications","authors":"Ling-Feng Wang,&nbsp;Ke-Bing Wang,&nbsp;Qi-Ming Chen,&nbsp;Chen Wu,&nbsp;Xin-Hua Wang,&nbsp;Mi Yan","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03104-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03104-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The prevalence of wide-bandgap semiconductors urges the development of advanced soft magnetic materials for high-frequency applications. While soft magnetic alloys are limited by resonances at elevated frequencies, the incorporation of planar anisotropy serves as an effective strategy to overcome this dilemma and extend their potential for high-frequency applications. Herein, nanocrystalline Y₂Co₁₄B alloys have been designed with tuned magnetocrystalline and shape bi-anisotropy via melt spinning and magnetic field-assisted annealing. With the application of zero, transverse, rotational and longitudinal magnetic fields (denoted as ZFA, TFA, RFA and LFA), the effects of field direction and annealing time on microstructural and performance evolution have been investigated. Compared with ZFA, magnetic field-assisted annealing not only promotes the growth of nanograins but also alters the coincidence degree between intrinsic easy-plane (IEP) and artificial easy-plane (AEP) structures. While the random distribution of IEP structure is achieved for the RFA due to the formation of non-orientated nanograins, directional magnetic field-assisted annealing contributes to preferentially orientated (006) nanograins, especially for the LFA, resulting in optimal coincidence between the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and shape anisotropy. Such enhancement facilitates the transformation of magnetic domain structures into in-plane configurations with strip-like features. Consequently, a large ratio between the out-of-plane and in-plane anisotropy (<i>H</i>_out/<i>H</i>_in) and improved softness of the alloy can be achieved, providing valuable references for future fabrication of rare-earth (R) transition-metal (T) alloys with superior easy-plane characteristics.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 2","pages":"1243 - 1255"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The amorphization strategies of two-dimensional transition metal oxide/(oxy)hydroxide nanomaterials for enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting","authors":"Si-Bin Duan,&nbsp;Yu-Qing Wang,&nbsp;Rui Cao,&nbsp;Yi-Fei Sun,&nbsp;Wen Zhang,&nbsp;Rong-Ming Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03082-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03082-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amorphous two-dimensional transition metal oxide/(oxy)hydroxide (2D TMO/TMHO) nanomaterials (NMs) have the properties of both 2D and amorphous materials, displaying outstanding physicochemical qualities. Therefore, they demonstrate considerable promise for use in electrocatalytic water splitting applications. Here, the primary amorphization strategies for achieving the 2D TMO/TMHO NMs are comprehensively reviewed, including low-temperature reaction, rapid reaction, exchange/doping effect, ligand modulation, and interfacial energy confinement. By integrating these strategies with various physicochemical synthesis methods, it is feasible to control the amorphization of TMO/TMHO NMs while maintaining the distinctive benefits of their 2D structures. Furthermore, it delves into the structural advantages of amorphous 2D TMO/TMHO NMs in electrocatalytic water splitting, particularly emphasizing recent advancements in enhancing their electrocatalytic performance through interface engineering. The challenges and potential future directions for the precise synthesis and practical application of amorphous 2D TMO/TMHO NMs are also provided. This review aims to establish a theoretical foundation and offer experimental instructions for developing effective and enduring electrocatalysts for water splitting.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 2","pages":"822 - 840"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen-doped lignin mesoporous carbon/nickel/oxide nanocomposites with excellent lithium storage properties","authors":"Ping-Xian Feng,&nbsp;Qi-Liang Chen,&nbsp;Dong-Jie Yang,&nbsp;Huan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03192-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03192-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing high-capacity carbon-based anode materials is crucial for enhancing the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, we presented a nitrogen-doped lignin mesoporous carbon/nickel/nickel oxide (NHMC/Ni/NiO) nanocomposite for developing high-capacity LIBs anode materials through carbonization and selective etching strategies. The synthesized NMHC/Ni/NiO-0.33 composite exhibited a highly regular microstructure with well-dispersed Ni/NiO particles. The composite had a surface area of 408 m²⋅g⁻¹, a mesopore ratio of 75.0%, and a pyridine–nitrogen ratio of 58.9%. The introduction of nitrogen atoms reduced the disordered structure of lignin mesoporous carbon and enhanced its electrical conductivity, thus improving the lithium storage capabilities of the composite. Following 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A⋅g⁻¹, the composite demonstrated enhanced Coulomb efficiency and rate performance, achieving a specific discharge capacity of 1230.9 mAh⋅g⁻¹. At a high-current density of 1 A⋅g⁻¹, the composite exhibited an excellent specific discharge capacity of 714.6 mAh⋅g⁻¹. This study presents an innovative method for synthesizing high-performance anode materials of LIBs.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 2","pages":"889 - 900"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-depth understanding of the band alignment and interface states scenario in Bi2O2Se/SrTiO3 ultrathin heterojunction","authors":"Ke Zhang,&nbsp;Yu-Sen Feng,&nbsp;Lei Hao,&nbsp;Jing Mi,&nbsp;Miao Du,&nbsp;Ming-Hui Xu,&nbsp;Yan Zhao,&nbsp;Jian-Ping Meng,&nbsp;Liang Qiao","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03062-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03062-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bismuth oxyselenide (Bi₂O₂Se), a novel quasi-two-dimensional charge-carrying semiconductor, is recognized as one of the most promising emerging platforms for next-generation semiconductor devices. Recent advancements in the development of diverse Bi₂O₂Se heterojunctions have unveiled extensive potential applications in both electronics and optoelectronics. However, achieving an in-depth understanding of band alignment and particularly interface dynamics remains a significant challenge. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive experimental investigation into band alignment utilizing high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS), while also thoroughly discussing the properties of interface states. Our findings reveal that ultrathin films of Bi₂O₂Se grown on SrTiO₃ (with TiO₂ (001) termination) exhibit Type-I (straddling gap) band alignment characterized by a valence band offset (VBO) of approximately 1.77 ± 0.04 eV and a conduction band offset (CBO) around 0.68 ± 0.04 eV. Notably, when accounting for the influence of interface states, the bands at the interface display a herringbone configuration due to substantial built-in electric fields, which markedly deviate from conventional band alignments. Thus, our results provide valuable insights for advancing high-efficiency electronic and optoelectronic devices, particularly those where charge transfer is highly sensitive to interface states.</p>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 2","pages":"1204 - 1212"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-wide band electromagnetic wave absorption by decorating the magnetic particles on two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx","authors":"Tong hui Li,&nbsp;Lin Ma,&nbsp;Li Wang,&nbsp;Hai bo Wang,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Meng yao Han,&nbsp;Diao feng Li,&nbsp;Chun guang Bai,&nbsp;Ming dong Dong,&nbsp;Long hai Shen,&nbsp;Song Ma,&nbsp;Feng Qi","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03170-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03170-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The single-layer Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>/MXene has become a special electromagnetic wave absorber near the terahertz band because of its abundant surface groups and excellent conductivity. However, the macro-preparation of single-layer Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>/MXene shows significantly difficult to influence its application. The two-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> is easily prepared to have high production, but its weak absorption ability due to high surface conductivity also restricts its application. To realize the strong electromagnetic wave absorption of two-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>/MXene, a new strategy with magnetic FeNi nanoparticles decorating Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>/MXene composites (FeNi-Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>) were proposed and the effective electromagnetic wave absorption features covering 170–220 GHz that means the absorption band width reach 50 GHz. With an absorber composite film thickness being only 0.6 mm, the absorptivity of the composite is enhanced with the increase of decorating FeNi nanoparticles and promote up to 75% when the FeNi nanoparticles loading content reaches 30 wt%. The improvement of absorption is attributed to the introduction of soft magnetic FeNi to adjust the high surface conductivity of MXene and improve the electromagnetic balance of the absorber.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 3","pages":"1844 - 1855"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143667969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances and future prospects of ruthenium phosphide electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction","authors":"Jin Li,&nbsp;Xin-Yi Wang,&nbsp;Bian-Jie Zhu,&nbsp;Zhan Zhou,&nbsp;Kun-Ming Pan,&nbsp;Xian-Ming Liu,&nbsp;Zi-Long Zhuang,&nbsp;Qiao-Bao Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03168-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03168-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electrochemical water splitting is a highly promising approach for producing carbon–neutral hydrogen. The development of efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial to lowering the energy barriers and enhancing hydrogen production. This drives the search for HER electrocatalysts that are not only cost-effective and abundant but also exhibit high activity and long-term stability. In this review, we provide an in-depth analysis of recent progress in the application of ruthenium phosphides as HER electrocatalysts, offering key insights into their design and performance. Meanwhile, we explore various strategies to enhance their catalytic efficiency, such as increasing the availability of active sites and optimizing their electronic structure. Finally, we outline the key challenges and future directions for developing the next generation of ruthenium phosphide-based HER electrocatalysts.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 3","pages":"1411 - 1442"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}