Rare Metals最新文献

{"title":"Observation of dislocation-mediated plastic deformation in TiMoN coating","authors":"Sheng-Hao Zhou,&nbsp;Zhao-Guo Qiu,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Wang,&nbsp;Wei Yang,&nbsp;Ai-Ying Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03128-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03128-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The recently established theory has built clear connections between hardness and toughness and electron structure involving both valence electron concentration (VEC) and core electron count (CEC) in transition metal nitride (TMN) ceramics. However, the underlying deformation mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we conduct in-depth analysis on microstructure evolution during deformation of the high VEC–CEC solution TiMoN coatings having desired combination of high hardness and toughness. The effects of solid solution, preferred orientation linked with symbiotic compressive stress, grain size and dislocations are systematically discussed. We discover that numerous dislocations have been implanted into the nanocrystals of the TiMoN coating during the high-ionization arc deposition. Using two-beam bright-field imaging, we count the dislocation density and confirm occurrence of dislocation multiplication to form effective plastic deformation, which contributes to significant strain hardening, comparable to solid solution hardening, fine-grain hardening and compressive stress hardening. The improved dislocation activities also play a crucial role in enhancing the toughness by providing extra energy dissipation paths. This work gains new insights into the origins of mechanical properties of ceramic coatings and possibility to tune them via defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 4","pages":"2845 - 2852"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat treatment effects on Mg–Zn–Ag–xCa alloys: a study on corrosion resistance and antimicrobial activity in simulated physiological conditions","authors":"Xin-He Wu,&nbsp;Quan-Tong Jiang,&nbsp;Ya-Hui Geng,&nbsp;Dong-Zhu Lu,&nbsp;Na-Zhen Liu,&nbsp;Ji-Zhou Duan,&nbsp;Bao-Rong Hou","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03155-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03155-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance and antimicrobial activity of Mg–Zn–Ag–<i>x</i>Ca alloys under simulated physiological conditions. The focus of this research is to understand how to optimize the biomedical performance of the alloy by adjusting its composition, particularly its stability in simulated body fluids and its ability to counteract microbes. The corrosion behavior and antibacterial properties of silver-containing magnesium alloys with different calcium contents after solution treatment were studied. The results show that the addition of calcium affects the microstructure of the alloy, including grain refinement and the distribution of the second phase. It acts as a barrier at the microscopic scale, which helps to prevent the invasion of the corrosive agent, thereby improving the overall corrosion resistance of the material. The gradual increase in calcium initially has a positive effect on the properties of the alloy, especially in terms of corrosion resistance. However, when the calcium content increases to 1.5Ca, although the initial corrosion potential of the alloy increases, excessive calcium may lead to excessive accumulation of the second phase in the microstructure, which will have a negative impact on the long-term stability and corrosion resistance of the material. After corrosion, when the calcium content is 1.0 wt%, the surface roughness of the sample is 1.65 μm, with the surface being the smoothest, and the corrosion rate is 0.25 mm·year⁻¹. However, when the calcium content increases to 1.5 wt%, the sample exhibits the fastest corrosion rate at 0.45 mm·year⁻¹. The antibacterial properties of magnesium alloy were optimized by adding silver.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"3428 - 3446"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing ETL/CsPbBr3 buried interface contact for enhanced efficiency and stability of inorganic perovskite solar cells","authors":"Si-Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Xing Guo,&nbsp;Yu-Meng Xu,&nbsp;Yong Jiao,&nbsp;Zhen-Hua Lin,&nbsp;Jin-Cheng Zhang,&nbsp;Jian-Yong Ouyang,&nbsp;Li-Xin Guo,&nbsp;Yue Hao,&nbsp;Jing-Jing Chang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03108-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03108-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CsPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted significant interest for their remarkable stability under high temperatures and humidity. However, challenges such as energy loss at the CsPbBr₃/oxide buried interface and imperfect band alignment have impeded further efficiency enhancements. In this study, TiO₂, SnO₂, or ZnO was employed as electron transport layer (ETL) materials, respectively, in CsPbBr₃-based PSCs to optimize the band alignment at the ETL/CsPbBr₃ interface and enhance the film quality of CsPbBr₃ materials. The research findings indicate that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs is influenced by the choice of ETL material. Specifically, TiO₂-based PSCs achieved a PCE of 10.37% efficiency, higher than SnO₂- or ZnO-based PSCs. This disparity in PCE can be attributed to variations in open-circuit voltage, which stem from different band alignments at the ETL/CsPbBr₃ interface. Notably, superior photovoltaic performance was consistently observed in TiO₂-based PSCs due to the substantial conduction band offset (∆<i>E</i>_c) at the TiO₂/CsPbBr₃ interface and the high quality of the CsPbBr₃ film. This not only enhances electron extraction at the TiO₂/CsPbBr₃ interface but also diminishes non-radiative recombination at the interface, as confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments. Furthermore, photodetectors (PDs) based on TiO₂/CsPbBr₃ heterojunction exhibit high photoresponse and photodetectivity. In conclusion, this study underscores the critical importance of the buried interface contact in CsPbBr₃ and offers a direct approach for fabricating efficient and stable inorganic PSCs and PDs.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"3069 - 3079"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation mechanism of reinforcements in Nb4FeSi-containing Nb–Si-based in situ composites: eutectoid transformation and reorientation behavior","authors":"Qi-Bin Wang,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Rui-Run Chen,&nbsp;Xiao-Wei Wang,&nbsp;Yan-Qing Su,&nbsp;Heng-Zhi Fu","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03030-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03030-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nb–Si-based in situ composites are receiving attention as a substitute for Ni-based alloys in aerospace, while poor toughness limits its application. In this work, the toughness of Nb₄FeSi-containing Nb–Si-based alloys was improved by hot deformation. The different deformation behaviors of reinforcements from traditional alloys, including the eutectoid decomposition of β-Nb₅Si₃, and the stacking faults (SFs) and reorientation-induced plasticity (RIP) effect of Nb₄FeSi, are revealed. During hot deformation, the β-Nb₅Si₃ phase undergoes the eutectoid decomposition to obtain the α-Nb₅Si₃ and niobium-based solid solutions (Nbss) phases, which α-Nb₅Si₃ and Nbss satisfy the relationship {110}_α//{110}_Nbss. The [<span>({1}overline{1}{text{0}})</span>] SFs and lath-like reoriented variants are formed in the Nb₄FeSi phase, where the matrix and variants follow [001]_m//[111]_v, (<span>({1}overline{1}{text{0}})</span> )_m//(<span>({1}overline{1}{text{0}})</span> )_v. Furthermore, the interface between matrix and variant is Σ33c symmetrical tilt boundaries, manifested as (<span>({1}overline{1}{text{0}})</span>)/60°. The fracture toughness of the deformed alloy reaches 18.31 MPa·m^1/2 at 1300 °C/0.005 s⁻¹/0.7, which is 49% higher than the initial alloy.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"3376 - 3391"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thickness-dependent carriers transport in Sb2Se3 thin film solar cells","authors":"Zi-Xiu Cao,&nbsp;Chuan-Yu Liu,&nbsp;Jian-Peng Li,&nbsp;Jia-Bin Dong,&nbsp;Shi-Hao Hu,&nbsp;Wei-Huang Wang,&nbsp;Xu Wu,&nbsp;Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03171-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03171-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structural design of n-i-p in antimony selenide (Sb₂Se₃) thin film solar cells can effectively improve the low carrier collection efficiency caused by the lower doping concentration of Sb₂Se₃. However, the unideal carrier transport ability of the intrinsic light-absorbing layer remains a major limitation for its power conversion efficiency improvement. Herein, it is discovered that the carrier transport in Sb₂Se₃ thin films strongly depends on the film thickness of the absorber layer in n-i-p structure. By exploring the carrier transport mechanism under different thicknesses of light-absorbing layers, a suitable absorber layer with thickness of 550 nm is demonstrated can effectively separate, transport, and extract photogenerated carriers in Sb₂Se₃ solar cells. Finally, the vapor transport deposition processed Sb₂Se₃ solar cells achieve the highest PCE of 7.62% with a short-circuit current density of 30.71 mA·cm⁻². This finding provides a constructive guidance for the future researches on Sb₂Se₃ thin film solar cells with n-i-p structure.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"3051 - 3059"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locally-doped MoS2 monolayer with in-plane bifunctional heterostructure toward overall water splitting","authors":"Zhuo-Jun Duan,&nbsp;Hang Xia,&nbsp;Han-Ze Li,&nbsp;Gong-Lei Shao,&nbsp;Yi-Zhang Ren,&nbsp;Xuan Tang,&nbsp;Qiu-Nan Liu,&nbsp;Jin-Hua Hong,&nbsp;Sheng Dai,&nbsp;Yung-Chang Lin,&nbsp;Kazu Suenaga,&nbsp;Yong-Min He,&nbsp;Song Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03201-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03201-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exploring earth-abundant, highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen and oxygen evolution is crucial for water splitting. However, due to their distinct free energies and conducting behaviors (electron/hole), balancing the catalytic efficiency between hydrogen and oxygen evolution remains challenging for achieving bifunctional electrocatalysts. Here, we report a locally-doped MoS₂ monolayer with an in-plane heterostructure acting as a bifunctional electrocatalyst and apply it to the overall water splitting. In this heterostructure, the core region contains Mo/S vacancies, while the ring region was doped by Fe atoms (in two substitution configurations: 1Fe_Mo and 3Fe_Mo-V_S clusters) with a p-type conductive characteristic. Our micro-cell measurements, combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, reveal that the vacancies-rich core region presents remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity while the Fe-doped ring gives an excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, thus forming an in-plane bifunctional electrocatalyst. Finally, as a proof-of-concept for overall water splitting, we constructed a full-cell configuration based on a locally-doped MoS₂ monolayer, which achieved a cell voltage of 1.87 V at 10 mA·cm⁻², demonstrating outstanding performance in strong acid electrolytes. Our work provides insight into the hetero-integration of bifunctional electrocatalysts at the atomic level, paving the way for designing transition metal dichalcogenide catalysts with activity-manipulated regions capable of multiple reactions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"3130 - 3140"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in metal-iodine batteries: progress and perspectives","authors":"Zi-Zhou Shen,&nbsp;Dian-Heng Yu,&nbsp;Hong-Ye Ding,&nbsp;Yi Peng,&nbsp;Yi-Hao Chen,&nbsp;Jing-Wen Zhao,&nbsp;Heng-Yue Xu,&nbsp;Xiao-Tian Guo,&nbsp;Huan Pang","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03048-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03048-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their long cycle life, high energy density, remarkable charging capability and low self-discharge rate. Nevertheless, this development is hampered by the challenges of the iodine cathode and metal anode, including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), sluggish kinetics, shuttle effect of polyiodine ion at the cathode and dendrite formation, corrosion and passivation at the anode. This review summarizes recent developments in metal-iodine batteries, including zinc-iodine batteries, lithium-iodine batteries, sodium-iodine batteries, etc. The challenges in the cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator of metal-iodine batteries are discussed, along with the corresponding design and synthesis strategies and specific methods to improve the electrochemical performance. Selecting appropriate cathode hosts, constructing surface protective layers, adding anode additives, making three-dimensional anode designs and employing better electrolytes and functional separators to obstruct the production and shuttling of polyiodine ions are highlighted. Finally, future guidelines and directions for the development of metal-iodine batteries are proposed.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 4","pages":"2143 - 2179"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterointerface-induced unsaturated coordinated oxygen centers of Cu2V2O7 enable efficient photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation","authors":"Zheng-Yi Huang,&nbsp;Min-Heng Lin,&nbsp;Yi-Ying Chen,&nbsp;Ting Ouyang,&nbsp;Bing-Xin Lei,&nbsp;Zhao-Qing Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03106-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03106-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Four-electron oxygen evolving reaction is limited by proton adsorption and desorption, making its reaction kinetics sluggish, which poses a major challenge for catalyst design. Here, we present an unsaturated coordination interface by constructing a fast electron transfer channel between Cu₂V₂O₇ (CVO) and BiVO₄ (BVO). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and theoretical calculations results confirm that CVO and BVO between interfaces are bonded by the way of unsaturated coordination oxygen (O_uc). The O_uc optimizes the O–O coupled energy barrier at the V active site and promotes the disconnection of O–H bond, which increases the photocurrent intensity of CVO by 6 times. In addition, due to the high electronegativity of the O_uc, the bonding energies of Bi–O and Cu–O at the interface are enhanced, resulting in the long-term stability of the photoanode during the water splitting. Finally, by integrating the working electrode with a polysilicon solar cell, we assembled a device that demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance, achieving a hydrogen production rate of 100.6 μmol·cm⁻², and maintaining a hydrogen-to-oxygen volume ratio of 2:1 after continuous operation for 4 h. This discovery aids in a deeper understanding of photoanode design and offers further insights for industrial applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"3170 - 3181"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXenes-based separators with nanoconfined two-dimensional channels for high-performance lithium–sulfur battery","authors":"Yi-Hui Zhao,&nbsp;Shuai Li,&nbsp;Yu-Lu Huo,&nbsp;Zhen Li,&nbsp;Lan-Lan Hou,&nbsp;Yong-Qiang Wen,&nbsp;Xiao-Xian Zhao,&nbsp;Jian-Jun Song,&nbsp;Jing-Chong Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03098-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03098-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high energy density and capacity have garnered significant research attention among various energy storage devices. However, the shuttle effect of polysulfides (LiPSs) remains a major challenge for their practical application. The design of battery separators has become a key aspect in addressing the challenge. MXenes, a promising two-dimensional (2D) material, offer exceptional conductivity, large surface area, high mechanical strength, and active sites for surface reactions. When assembled into layered films, MXenes form highly tunable two-dimensional channels ranging from a few angstroms to over 1 nm. These nanoconfined channels are instrumental in facilitating lithium-ion transport while effectively impeding the shuttle effect of LiPSs, which are essential for improving the specific capacity and cyclic stability of Li–S batteries. Substantial progress has been made in developing MXenes-based separators for Li–S batteries, yet there remains a research gap in summarizing advancements from the perspective of interlayer engineering. This entails maintaining the 2D nanochannels of layered MXenes-based separators while modulating the physicochemical environment within the MXenes interlayers through targeted modifications. This review highlights advancements in in situ modification of MXenes and their integration with 0D, 1D, and 2D materials to construct laminated nanocomposite separators for Li–S batteries. The future development directions of MXenes-based materials in Li–S energy storage devices are also outlined, to drive further advancements in MXenes for Li–S battery separators.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"2921 - 2944"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steering K/C dual sites to orient Lewis acid/oxygen species for photo-upgrading of biomass sugars into lactic acid","authors":"Qi-Zhi Luo,&nbsp;Jin-Shu Huang,&nbsp;Teng-Yu Liu,&nbsp;Ji-Li Yuan,&nbsp;Artem S. Belousov,&nbsp;Sheng-Kun Li,&nbsp;Song Yang,&nbsp;Hu Li","doi":"10.1007/s12598-024-03176-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12598-024-03176-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photocatalytic selective synthesis of lactic acid (LA) from biomass sugars with a single heterogeneous catalyst is promising but challenging due to the multiple reaction steps involved. Herein, a K-doped C-rich red polymerized carbon nitride (RPCN) photocatalyst with uniform K/C dual sites was constructed by a molten salt template method, which was highly efficient for cascade isomerization dehydration of glucose to LA with &gt; 90% selectivity under visible light and gentle conditions. Control experiments and theoretical calculations expounded that the introduced K/C dual sites could improve the light capture ability and photogenerated charge separation efficiency, while the K species provided sufficient Lewis acid sites (adsorption sites) for the isomerization of glucose to fructose. Meanwhile, the introduced C sites that substitute N atoms could promote electrons to be captured by adsorbed oxygen for selective generation of superoxide radicals, which was highly efficient for the scission of the C3–C4 bond in fructose, exclusively furnishing LA. Importantly, the RPCN photocatalyst was also suitable for the photocatalytic upgrading of various biomass saccharides into LA with high yields of 81.3%–95.3% and could be recycled for five consecutive cycles. The tailored construction of dual sites by localization of space charge lightens an avenue for multi-step conversion of biomass with pronounced selectivity.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":749,"journal":{"name":"Rare Metals","volume":"44 5","pages":"3218 - 3233"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}