alexandria engineering journal最新文献

{"title":"Dual-branch attention-based multi-joint data fusion for enhanced action recognition in IoT-enabled environments","authors":"Jie Lian ,&nbsp;Baoyu Pang ,&nbsp;Choi Kyung Hwan ,&nbsp;Yuanying Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges of multi-joint data feature extraction and fusion, especially in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, this paper proposes a multi-joint action recognition model AttnFusionGRU based on a dual-branch attention mechanism. Traditional action recognition methods have limitations in capturing dynamic changes and key joint information. AttnFusionGRU uses a dual-branch attention mechanism to focus on key features in spatial and temporal dimensions respectively, combined with a lightweight SqueezeNet module and bidirectional GRU (BiGRU), to achieve efficient and accurate action recognition. Combined with IoT devices, this model can process a large amount of data from multi-source sensors in real time and with limited resources. Experiments on UCF101 and Human3.6M datasets show that the proposed model outperforms existing baseline models in Top-1, Top-5 accuracy and mean per-frame accuracy (MPFA), demonstrating good generalization and robustness. Ablation experiments further verify the key role of each module in performance improvement. Despite challenges such as computational overhead and environmental adaptability, this model has broad application prospects in IoT-driven fields such as intelligent monitoring, motion analysis, and medical rehabilitation, and provides an effective solution for multi-joint motion recognition, especially suitable for deployment in edge computing environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 672-686"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifurcation, modulation instability analysis, observation of closed solutions and effect of dispersion coefficient on soliton in relativity and quantum mechanics","authors":"Md. Mamunur Roshid ,&nbsp;M.M. Rahman ,&nbsp;Harun-Or-Roshid","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present paper aims to explore bifurcation analysis, modulation instability, soliton solutions, and the interaction of solitons for the third-order dispersion Klein-Fock-Gordon (K-F-G) equation. This equation incorporates both special relativity and quantum mechanics, providing a framework for understanding the behavior of such particles in relativistic settings. Initially, the bifurcation theory is employed to look at the dynamic behavior of nonlinear models. In figures 01–04, we provide an analytical and graphical study of the observed mechanism of static soliton through a saddle-node bifurcation for the K-F-G equation. Secondly, the Klein-Fock-Gordon (K-F-G) equation studies the devoting soliton solution, the interaction of soliton solutions, the effect of the nonlinear dispersion coefficient, and also the modulation instability. In this framework, we apply the new form of modified Kudryashov’s (NMK) technique and the unified solver technique to acquire diverse types of soliton solutions from the Klein-Fock-Gordon (K-F-G) equation. For the special value of the constraints, the shock wave, periodic wave, interaction of kink and periodic lump wave are obtained by the NMK scheme, and single soliton and periodic wave solutions are obtained by the unified solver technique. Additionally, we present the modulation instability for the K-F-G equation. The computational difficulties and outcomes highlight the clarity, effectiveness, and simplicity of the approaches, suggesting that these schemes can be applied to a variety of dynamic and static nonlinear equations governing evolutionary phenomena in computational physics as well as to other real-world situations and a wide range of academic fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 662-671"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploration of electroosmotically inspired peristaltic flow of Bingham fluid along a vertical channel with Ohmic heating","authors":"Hubba Umer ,&nbsp;M. Mustafa ,&nbsp;S. Hina","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transport and deposition of submicron particles in peristaltic flows with non-Newtonian fluids play a crucial role in physiological processes such as targeted drug delivery and biomedical filtration, where controlled particle transport is required. Consideration is given to the particle deposition in buoyancy inspired electroosmotic peristaltic motion inside a vertical channel containing viscoplastic (Bingham) fluid. Transverse magnetic field is assumed to have uniform strength and the resulting Joule heating is retained for heat transfer analysis. The imposition of boundary slip produces non-linearity in the boundary conditions for axial velocity. The governing equations are derived under lubrication approximations and transformed to a wave frame of reference using the Galilean transformations. The governing differential equations are numerically computed utilizing the NDsolve function integrated within Mathematica 12.0. Key parameters influencing the flow dynamics include the slip coefficient, Bingham number, Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity, Grashof numbers and magnetic field strength. Interestingly, boundary layers form near the cylinder walls which become thinner when yield stress is considered. Fluid motion decelerates significantly upon increasing fluid’s yield stress. In line with pervious works, the thermophoretic force increases particle distribution towards the cold wall. An intensification in the buoyance force markedly affects the axial flow and temperature field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 603-616"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chaotic multi-strategy adaptive walrus optimizer for global optimization and feature selection","authors":"Mohammed Azmi Al-Betar ,&nbsp;Elfadil A. Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.08.037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.08.037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The walrus optimizer (WO) is a new meta-heuristic algorithm designed to mimic the behaviors of oceanic walruses. However, the consistency of the results is impacted by modifications to the WO parameters. Eventually, the algorithm becomes constrained to local solutions, because minimizing the boundary is likely to lead to overlapping solutions. To address WO’s shortcomings, the proposed version of WO introduces the multi-strategy walrus optimizer (MSWO), an integrated version of WO with several purposeful strategies. Chaotic operator strategy, adaptive strategy, mutation strategy that introduces slight random changes to the search agents, and dynamic boundary location micro-adjustment strategy are some of these purposed strategies. First, a promising chaotic map that expands the search space and provides diversity is used as part of a chaotic approach to stop WO from converging in the early phases of optimization. Second, instability caused by changes in WO parameters is addressed using an adaptive technique. To enhance the population variety of the basic WO, a linear scaling approach is then applied to modify the search agents’ positions inside the dynamic border. The purpose of the dynamic learning procedure is to improve the ability of search agents to adapt to changing locations in the search space. Finally, to improve the speed of MSWO and help it break out of local optimums, a Gaussian mutation strategy is included, which determines the size and direction of these changes using a Gaussian distribution. In evaluation studies, the performance of the proposed MSWO algorithm was confirmed using the CEC2019 and CEC2020 benchmark test functions. The proposed MSWO algorithm was then used to address five conventional engineering problems to demonstrate its dependability and suitability for real-world problems. Furthermore, a few feature selection (FS) problems were used to assess MSWO’s applicability to challenging real-world optimization problems. The results of the evaluation experiments show that the proposed MSWO algorithm performs better than the basic WO method and other well-known algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 617-661"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the co-infection dynamics between tuberculosis and lung cancer: Insights from simulations","authors":"Saud Owyed ,&nbsp;Adil Jhangeer ,&nbsp;Seerat Fatima ,&nbsp;Nauman Raza ,&nbsp;Zeeshan Amjad ,&nbsp;Mustafa Bayram ,&nbsp;Taseer Muhammad","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The co-infection of Tuberculosis (TB) and Lung cancer poses a major global public health crisis, demanding a thorough understanding of their interactions. The interaction between diseases can be successfully modeled through a compartmental framework that incorporates TB vaccination class, manifesting critical awareness into disease propagation and treatment efficacy. The positivity, existence and invariant regions ensure biologically invariant and well-defined behaviors in the feasible region, making the model realistic. The next generation method is used to calculate the basic reproduction number <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> which is pivotal in analyzing the potential for disease transmission. The sensitivity of fundamental reproduction numbers for both TB and Lung cancer was investigated using Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient analysis. Local stability at the disease-free equilibrium can be evaluated using Routh’s criteria, and global stability at the disease-free equilibrium is established through Lyapunov functions. It provides a robust framework for understanding the long-term behavior of the system. The least squares approach is used to estimate parameters, resulting in a best-fit curve that efficiently represents the underlying data. Numerical simulations, particularly using the Adams–Bashforth method, illustrate the model’s behavior under two distinct conditions: <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> and effect on increasing vaccine effectiveness. Furthermore, graphical representations are presented for analyzing how modifying the transmission rate affects disease progression. While modeling and analysis give helpful insights, the complexities of TB and lung cancer interactions demand more study to enhance therapies and improve health standards across populations. Understanding the complexities of this relationship is critical for controlling diseases and developing effective public health interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 564-581"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IRS-assisted cooperative offloading in integrated wireless power transfer and mobile edge computation system","authors":"Xue Chen ,&nbsp;Jing Luo ,&nbsp;Yurong Hu ,&nbsp;Huafeng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can intelligently control the wireless communication environment to improve communication quality and wireless power transfer (WPT) technology enables wireless devices powered over the air by dedicated wireless power transmitters for communications. Hence, the integration of IRS and WPT is a promising technology to provide sustainable energy supply and improve computing service in mobile edge computing (MEC) system. Inspired by this, we consider an IRS assisted wireless power transfer-mobile edge computing (WPT-MEC) system, where a hybrid access point (HAP) with server is deployed to charge the low-power wireless devices for sustainable energy supply by the radio-frequency (RF) signal. And the cooperative offloading scheme is adopted in such a system to improve the computation performance of wireless devices, in which the surrounding near devices with idle computation resource are enabled as helpers to use the harvested energy help far device execute computing tasks. All the devices are subject to the energy balance constraints, thus their energy consumption does not exceed the harvested energy from HAP. Under above setup, we maximize the total computation bits for all devices by jointly optimizing the time allocation, power allocation, local computing capability and IRS phase shift matrices during charging process and offloading process. Then, the non-convex optimization problem is transformed into four sub-problems solved by alternative optimization approach. Numerical results show that the IRS assisted WPT-MEC system with cooperation offloading scheme can significantly improve the performance of MEC system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 543-550"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating a vertical axis wind turbine for improved energy capture in low-wave OWC","authors":"Nurul Hiron ,&nbsp;Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari ,&nbsp;Lie Jasa ,&nbsp;I Nyoman Satya Kumara ,&nbsp;Nundang Busaeri ,&nbsp;Aceng Sambas ,&nbsp;Maha M. Helmi ,&nbsp;Ali M. Mubaraki ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Mohammed Sulaiman","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the energy harvesting efficiency of fish-ridge and Savonius turbines within an Oscillating Water Column (OWC) system. The main objective is to design and evaluate the performance of both turbines using a comparative analysis approach. After successfully identifying and comparing the performance characteristics of the fish-ridge and Savonius turbines, controlled experiments were conducted using a purpose-built OWC test apparatus. The simulations and experimental tests reveal that within the OWC system, the fish-ridge turbine achieves a Power Coefficient (CP) of 30%, whereas the Savonius turbine reaches only 24%. Additionally, the fish-ridge turbine demonstrates a torque extraction efficiency of 75.2% at a Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) of 0.4. It also initiates rotation at a lower wind speed of 0.8 m/s, achieving a steady speed of 450 rpm at 2 m/s, while the Savonius turbine requires a higher wind speed of 1.5 m/s to start and maintains 380 rpm at 3.25 m/s. These results indicate that within the OWC system employing a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT), the fish-ridge turbine exhibits greater sensitivity to lower wind speeds compared to the Savonius turbine, making it a more efficient option for low-wave energy conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 582-602"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic learning of auditory attention patterns under combinatorial space","authors":"Dongrui Gao ,&nbsp;Aisen Deng ,&nbsp;Manqing Wang ,&nbsp;Shihong Liu ,&nbsp;Haokai Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuanghu Liu ,&nbsp;Dingming Wu ,&nbsp;Pengrui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans exhibit auditory attentional selectivity in noisy environments, which provides biological inspiration for addressing the auditory attention decoding (AAD) problem. In recent years, geometric learning (GL) has demonstrated impressive performance in decoding noisy electroencephalography (EEG) signals. However, current techniques can be further improved while confronting low signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal complexity. Here, this paper proposes a multi-space dynamic learning strategy (MEC-MSL) under manifold–Euclidean combinatorics, which embeds knowledge spectra in different spaces to achieve robust feature learning in multi-dimensional spaces thereby decoding efficient auditory attention representations. Specifically, MEC-MSL enhances the representation of knowledge spectra in Euclidean space from multiple perspectives and incorporates an attention mechanism to calibrate contextual information, and then capturing more discriminative patterns. Simultaneously, a manifold self-attention module is developed to explore high-dimensional prior topological representations. Furthermore, a dynamic topological pattern learning module is constructed to fully characterize the local and global functional linkages of EEGs for efficient feature extraction in hybrid space. Experimental results on the KUL, DTU and AVED auditory attention datasets demonstrate that the proposed MEC-MSL achieves state-of-the-art decoding performance and computational efficiency, providing a novel solution for robust and efficient auditory attention representation. The source code is publicly available at <span><span>https://github.com/dddyuu/MEC-MSL</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 551-563"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance improvement of WLAN, LR-WPAN, WBAN using genetic fuzzy mechanism","authors":"Imran Ali Qureshi ,&nbsp;Nauman Ali Qureshi ,&nbsp;Kabeer Ahmed Bhatti ,&nbsp;Jianqiang Li ,&nbsp;Muhammad Mukhtar Qureshi ,&nbsp;Atta-Ur-Rahman ,&nbsp;Rashad Ahmed ,&nbsp;Tariq Mahmood ,&nbsp;Tanzila Saba","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>IEEE standards play a crucial role in wireless technology due to their low cost, power, complexity, and high throughput. However, challenges such as collision avoidance and node energy consumption remain. Nodes communicate with coordinators on a first-come, first-served basis, which increases the chances of collisions and high energy consumption. Wireless technology advancements emphasize the need to overcome these obstacles. We developed a Genetic Fuzzy mechanism by combining Genetic Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) to improve the performance of three IEEE standards: WLAN, LR-WPAN, and WBAN. The GA was used to optimize FLC configurations for enhanced system efficiency. Three approaches were proposed: GF-CWO for WLAN: This approach employs three algorithms to optimize the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) and Channel Status-based Sliding Contention Window (CS-SCW) mechanisms. GFCO for LR-WPAN: This method comprises five algorithms and uses Random Exponential Backoff (REB) and Survivability Aware Channel Allocation (SACA) algorithms integrated with fuzzylite in NS-3.20. Simulations showed GFCO outperformed SACA, boosting throughput, SR, PLR, and PD by 15.11%, 3.11%, 3.11%, and 5.52% in scenario-I, and by 12.06%, 9.0%, 9.0%, and 2.23% in scenario-II. GFuCWO for WBAN: This technique involves three algorithms to optimize the contention window using Alternate Binary Exponential Backoff (ABEB). Implemented in Castalia OMNeT++, it demonstrated improved results for the enhanced CSMA/CA method. The GFuCWO technique demonstrated superior performance in PDR, PLR, and E2D, with average enhancements of 4%–11% and 3%–13%, respectively. A comparative analysis of these methods highlighted their effectiveness in addressing network challenges and improving system performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 494-524"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A general epidemic model with variable-order fractional derivatives and Lévy noise: Dynamical analysis and application to historical influenza data","authors":"Yassine Sabbar ,&nbsp;Saud Fahad Aldosary","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.09.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a novel fractional-stochastic epidemic model that integrates <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>-stable Lévy jumps with time-dependent fractional derivatives, providing a comprehensive framework for capturing the complex dynamics of epidemiological systems. We rigorously establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions, with a particular emphasis on Ulam–Hyers (UH) stability to assess the system’s resilience to fluctuations and parameter variations. To support numerical investigations, we develop a MATLAB-based simulation framework that combines the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton (ABM) and Chambers–Mallows–Stuck (CMS) algorithms. This computational approach enables a detailed examination of how the stability index <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> and the fractional-order function <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> influence the system’s behavior. Furthermore, we conduct an extensive series of numerical tests to analyze the statistical properties of the generated distribution and perform a sensitivity analysis of key deterministic parameters governing transmission and vaccination. To assess the reliability of our approach, we validate the model using historical data from the 1919 Spanish flu outbreak in Sydney. We also perform stochastic model fitting to generate forward-looking predictions. These analyses demonstrate the model’s applicability and effectiveness in real-world epidemiological scenarios. Additionally, this study advances the mathematical modeling of infectious diseases and establishes a foundation for further developments in epidemiological research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 459-482"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}