Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Celebrating AsMA's Diversity, Internationalism, and Mosaic of Interests and Voices - Building Aerospace Medicine Throughout the World.","authors":"Robert Orford","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.964PP.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.964PP.2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"267-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Response Efficiency Under Varying Audiovisual Display Modalities of Flight Deck Warnings.","authors":"Xia Zhang, Chen Li, Youchao Sun, Chuanqi Yan","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6530.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6530.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Warning information is mainly transmitted to pilots through visual and auditory forms in flight, with only a small portion transmitted through vibration. Poorly designed flight deck warnings have negative effects on pilot performance and safety. This study aimed to give insights into how different encoding forms of warnings act on pilot performance from a cognitive modeling perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four encoding forms were designed using voice prompts and flashing messages. An Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational based model was built to simulate the perception process. Flight simulator tests were carried out with four types of warnings triggered randomly for comparison with simulation results and thereby performed model validation. Statistical tests were performed to examine the significant differences and effect sizes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both cognitive models (response time 0.82 ± 0.06 s with voice vs. 1.37 ± 0.09 s without voice in static forms; 1.35 ± 0.56 s with voice vs. 1.83 ± 0.32 s without voice in flashing forms) and subjects' response time (1.42 ± 0.37 s with voice vs. 1.53 ± 0.42 s without voice in static forms; 1.43 ± 0.44 s with voice vs. 1.65 ± 0.43 s without voice in flashing forms) suggest the benefits of using voice prompts to improve performance, while flashing forms of warnings may impose an extra burden on cognition even though they bring the benefit of attracting attention.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>By carrying out a joint analysis with cognitive modeling and flight simulator tests, this work shows that designers can make use of alternative sensory channels for achieving a timely transfer of attention, but with a risk of increasing cognitive load. Zhang X, Li C, Sun Y, Yan C. Cognitive response efficiency under varying audiovisual display modalities of flight deck warnings. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):279-286.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"279-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodologies Using Artificial Intelligence to Detect Cognitive Decrements in Aviation Environments.","authors":"G Merrill Rice, Steven Linnville, Dallas Snider","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6555.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6555.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite significant advancements in aerospace engineering and safety protocols over the last decade, U.S. Naval mishap rates have remained essentially unchanged. This paper explores how researchers may leverage current artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to enhance aviation safety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A critical review was performed identifying aviation research protocols which have incorporated machine learning (ML) to enhance the accuracy of detecting common aviation hazards leading to cognitive decrements. The review proposes a three-step methodology for creating protocols to identify cognitive decrements in aviators: 1) sensor selection; 2) preprocessing techniques; and 3) ML algorithm development. Natural language processing was utilized to assist with the development of aviation-related denoising and ML algorithm tables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Several psychophysiological biosensors, enhanced by ML modeling, show promise in identifying cognitive deficits secondary to fatigue, hypoxia, and spatial disorientation. The most cited biosensors integrated with ML models include electroencephalographic, electrocardiographic, and eye-tracking devices. The application of preprocessing techniques to biosensor data is a critical methodological step prior to applying ML algorithms for data training and classification. ML algorithms utilized were categorized into supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised types, often used in combination for more accurate predictions.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Current literature suggests that AI, when used in conjunction with various psychophysiological sensors, can predict and potentially mitigate common aeromedical hazards such as fatigue, spatial disorientation, and hypoxia in simulated settings. The miniaturization of preprocessing and ML algorithmic hardware is the next phase of transitioning AI to operational environments for real-time continuous monitoring. Rice GM, Linnville S, Snider D. Methodologies using artificial intelligence to detect cognitive decrements in aviation environments. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):327-338.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"327-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Coronary Artery Calcium Scores in Astronauts.","authors":"Gordon L Klein, Daniel C Jupiter","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6590.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6590.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We previously published a model of how calcium from resorbing bone can enter and persist in the circulation with consequent precipitation in coronary arteries. The model was based on chronic inflammation as the source of continued bone resorption. We asked whether other forms of resorptive bone loss such as microgravity (disuse) might also be associated with bone calcium accumulation in coronary arteries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed a de-identified database provided by NASA consisting of 52 astronauts who had flown a space mission around two determinations of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores at 5-yr intervals and bone density determinations in the year prior to and 10 d and 1 yr following a space mission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that in 38.5% of the astronauts, their CAC scores changed between pre- and postflight, with 95% of the CAC scores increasing. These astronauts were significantly older than the 61.5% whose CAC scores did not change, although the mission length was not different between the groups. Both groups lost bone acutely but had partial recovery over the year postflight.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Due to lack of uniform sampling times, we could not correlate changes in CAC score with bone loss and would advocate for synchronous determinations of CAC and bone density pre- and postflight. Klein GL, Jupiter DC. Elevated coronary artery calcium scores in astronauts. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):356-359.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"356-359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisions to Limits for 2-Propanol in Spacecraft Air.","authors":"Valerie Elizabeth Ryder","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6601.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6601.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The original spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for 2-propanol were established by NASA in 1996. 2-propanol is an irritant that may also cause central nervous system effects at high concentrations. Limits for 1 and 24 h were set at 400 and 100 ppm based on human exposure data. Limits for 7, 30, and 180 d were set at 60 ppm using the same human data but further accounting for the small number of subjects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted using keywords \"isopropyl alcohol\" and further narrowed with keywords \"toxicity\" and \"inhalation.\" Additionally, studies cited in the development of occupational and acute exposure limits were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While no new toxicity studies were identified since the SMACs were established, a study that was not previously discussed in the existing documentation was identified. The data suggest that the original SMACs remain relevant, and we chose only to increase the 24-h limit from 100 to 200 ppm, the current occupational limit. We also determined that it is appropriate to apply the existing nominal SMAC of 60 ppm to missions of 1000 d.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>NASA is committed to ensuring that spacecraft limits for chemicals in air and water are based on the most recent evidence and risk assessment methodologies. As such, we periodically review historical limits to ensure they are both adequately protective and not overly restrictive. For this compound, there is no new evidence to indicate significant change is required. Ryder VE. Revisions to limits for 2-propanol in spacecraft air. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):360-362.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"360-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot Performance on Original and Modified Attitude Indicators with and without Acute Stress.","authors":"Hao Jiang, Xu Liu, Xing Peng, Qi Zhu, Quanchuan Wang, Jiazhong Yang","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6542.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6542.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spatial disorientation and stress pose significant threats to flight safety. The attitude indicator (AI) is crucial for pilots to maintain spatial orientation. This study aims to investigate pilot performance with the original and a modified AI under stress and nonstress conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>There were 52 pilots recruited and divided into a control group and a stress group. The stress group underwent the Trier Social Stress Test to induce acute stress, while the control group performed a nonstress task. Both groups then completed flight attitude recovery tasks using the original and a modified AI. The modified AI featured two white bars added around the original AI to enhance the display of the aircraft's attitude.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The stress group exhibited significantly higher heart rates (88.01 ± 14.03 bpm) and subjective anxiety scores (35.82 ± 9.41) compared to the control group (83.22 ± 6.57 bpm; 32.26 ± 5.81). In the control group, accuracy with the modified AI (94.9% ± 5.1%) was significantly higher than with the original AI (91.8% ± 6.6%). Additionally, the modified AI reduced pitch reversal errors and roll reversal errors. In the stress group, the modified AI increased accuracy for smaller initial pitch and bank angles and reduced roll reversal errors.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The addition of visual cues in the periphery of the AI improved performance under nonstressed conditions. Under stress, the visual cues enhanced accuracy for smaller pitch and bank angles and reduced roll reversal errors. These findings provide insights for the ergonomic design of cockpit instruments. Jiang H, Liu X, Peng X, Zhu Q, Wang Q, Yang J. Pilot performance on original and modified attitude indicators with and without acute stress. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):296-303.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"296-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated Hearing Loss on Speech Recognition, Flight Performance, and Workload in Aviators.","authors":"Jennifer Noetzel, Paula Henry, Ryan Mackie, Kara Cave, J R Stefanson, J Kyle Hale, Kevin Andres, Heath Jones","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6570.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6570.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hearing loss can compromise U.S. Army aviators' performance, safety, and situational awareness, resulting in increasing mental workload and listening effort. This study evaluated simulated hearing loss on performance and cognitive workload among Army aviators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixed-effects linear regression study design was used. A total of 21 aviators underwent clinical audiological testing and simulated flight performance assessments. Simulated hearing loss and workload were manipulated to investigate their effects on speech recognition, flight performance, and subjective workload. Flight simulator routes included normal hearing and simulated hearing loss conditions for both high and low workloads. Task load questionnaires were administered for subjective workload assessments and compared across conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Speech recognition scores decreased with increasing levels of hearing loss. In-flight speech intelligibility declined in high workload conditions, with a 26% decrease for mild hearing loss and a 40% decrease for severe hearing loss. High workload conditions degraded flight performance and response times to a secondary task which was exacerbated by simulated hearing loss. Workload scores validated increased workload with simulated hearing loss. No significant findings were observed on the hearing assessment.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Findings suggest hearing loss negatively impacts speech recognition and flight performance, especially under high workloads. These results support the importance of addressing hearing loss in aviators. Further research is needed to determine if the clinically adapted Modified Rhyme Test can reflect the impact of hearing loss on aviator performance. Noetzel J, Henry P, Mackie R, Cave K, Stefanson JR, Hale JK, Andres K, Jones H. Simulated hearing loss on speech recognition, flight performance, and workload in aviators. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):269-278.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"269-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Pulmonary Damage from Exposure to Composite Fibers in Helicopter Fires.","authors":"Monika Laugesen, Karsten Lindgaard","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6521.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6521.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in the aircraft industry, including in helicopters. When exposed to fire, airborne fibers can be released from the composite and pose a risk to exposed humans-the fear being that it may pose a similar health hazard as asbestos fibers, particularly the pulmonary damage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature review was performed in the PubMed database. Four search strings were made deliberately extensive to find relevant articles on the narrow subject.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search resulted in a total of 330 titles. Of these, 73 abstracts were found relevant, of which 28 articles and finally 18 articles were included.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The health hazards of the different fiber types were found to be as follows: fiberglass has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as: \"Not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity in humans\", with no later studies indicating that decision as being inaccurate. Studies on p-aramid have found a transient pulmonary inflammatory response which is not present 1 mo after exposure. Carbon/graphite has not been thoroughly investigated, but temporary lung inflammation, reversible after 10 d, has been described. Studies have not agreed on the number of fibers released in a fire, but many factors play an important role as to how many are produced, such as high temperatures (>600-850°C), turbulence, and situations like pool fire and a flashover. The knowledge on long-term outcomes after short-term exposures of fibers is scarce, and studies following up victims from aircraft incidents and firefighters as well as next-in-line helpers would be highly relevant. Laugesen M, Lindgaard K. Potential pulmonary damage from exposure to composite fibers in helicopter fires. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):350-355.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 4","pages":"350-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent Model for High Altitude and Ebullism Exposure Studies.","authors":"Alejandro Garbino, Derek Nusbaum, Shawn Goughnour, Sawan Dalal, Maria-Vittoria G Carminati, Jonathan Clark","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6509.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6509.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ebullism is the pathophysiological process that occurs as a result of exposures to extremely low ambient pressures, traditionally below 47 mmHg (<0.9 psi, ∼63,000 ft/19,202 m equivalent). However, this field of research has made minimal progress since the 1940s-1960s, when the physiology of high altitude/space operations was being explored. This lack of progress is in part because it is thought of as invariably lethal and also because it requires unique facilities to simulate these environments. As a result, no standardized time/pressure profiles or animal models have been established.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A rodent animal model (N = 20) was exposed to rapid depressurization as low as 0.3 mmHg for up to 2 min; controls were placed in the chamber but not exposed to a pressure change. Autopsies were performed to characterize the pathophysiology of ebullism at extreme altitudes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A three-tiered pressure approach was developed that allows for varying degrees of exposure (pressure and time). Although previous studies focused on exposures above or below the Armstrong Line (∼63 kft), we noted significant thermal impacts due to exceeding the water triple point (∼120 kft).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This initial study highlights the different pathophysiological regimes that exist beyond Armstrong's line and subdivides ebullism exposures into two different classes, which can be operationally associated with cabin vs. suit depressurization events. These are now presented as Type A Complex Ebullism and Type B Simple Ebullism. The former is characterized by a combination of barotrauma, hypoxia, ebullism, and decompression sickness, while the latter presents as only ebullism. Garbino A, Nusbaum D, Goughnour S, Dalal S, Carminati M-VG, Clark J. Rodent model for high altitude and ebullism exposure studies. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):198-205.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"198-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cochlear Implants in Aviators.","authors":"David G Schall","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6468.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6468.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cochlear implants (CIs) have revolutionized the management of deafness. Combined with newborn screening, children are being identified earlier and rehabilitated with CIs, allowing them to be mainstreamed in the education system. The aviation community has begun to see a new generation of pilots who are now seeking careers in aviation with the use of CI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review using the Ovid Medline database was conducted. A search for airmen within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airman Medical Certification System with a diagnostic code for CIs was reviewed up to the year 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are no studies to date documenting airmen with CIs. The FAA has certified 42 airmen with Cis, including 10 with First Class Medical Certificates. Airmen with CIs have been able to successfully pursue careers in aviation from general aviation to commercial airline pilot in the United States.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>CIs are used for both bilateral and single-sided deafness and are becoming more prevalent within the general population. Applicants with CIs are now seeking careers in aviation in increasing numbers. The FAA has successfully certified airmen from Class III to Class I airline pilots. It requires appropriate evaluation and screening, including a medical flight test to document adequate communication, recognition of alarms within the cockpit, and the ability to communicate with air traffic control. Schall DG. Cochlear implants in aviators. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):260-263.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"260-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}