Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Covellite CuS Nanoparticles for BLEDs","authors":"Yukti Gupta,&nbsp;Neena Jaggi","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00947-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00947-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, tulsi extract mediated hydrothermal method is utilized for the synthesis of Covellite CuS nanoparticles. To optimize the synthesised nanoparticles for their application in Blue Light Emitting Diode (BLEDs), the effect of reaction time on their structural and optical properties, was studied at 100 °C for 8 h, 12 h, and 16 h. Here, a biomolecule eugenol present in tulsi extract acted as a good reducing, stabilizing, and catalytic agent. The diffraction and morphological studies were conducted using X-Ray Diffraction and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis respectively. The particle size decreases with the increase in reaction time and the structural parameters matched well with the covellite CuS hexagonal phase prepared at 12 h reaction time. Ultraviolet-visible absorption studies reveal that the bandgap of nanoparticles was found in the range of 3.64–3.8 eV. The Photoluminescence spectroscopy and CIE chromaticity plot reveal that the sample synthesized at 12 h has a low recombination rate and emits light in the blue region which suggests that it can be utilized in devices like blue LEDs and lamps. Statement of relevance. In the present study, the green synthesis approach is adopted by using Tulsi extract as a solvent for synthesizing Covellite CuS nanoparticles via the hydrothermal route. The optical properties of synthesized sample reveal that the sample can be a potential n-type material for Blue LEDs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"33 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147611964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Liquefaction Behavior in Poorly Graded Fine Sand Reinforced by Stone Columns","authors":"Md Naseem Ahamad,&nbsp;Neelu Patel,&nbsp;V. P. Singh","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00970-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00970-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bahraich district (Uttar Pradesh, India) falls under seismic zone IV. The subsoil deposits in the Bahraich region consist of uniformly graded sand with a loose to medium-density profile and water tables vary at shallow depth. All these geological, compositional and state criteria lead to liquefaction during earthquakes. One particular ground improvement approach that lowers the risk of liquefaction and associated ground deformation is the installation of stone column in loose soil. Numerical analysis for implementation of stone columns in this region provides a better and efficient insight for the implementation of this technique to enhance ground condition and decrease the risk of liquefaction. In this study, (3D) finite element (FE) numerical analysis has been performed to simulate the stone column (SC). For 3D FE analysis an open-source computational platform OpenSeesPL is used. OpenSeesPL has a robust user interface that simplifies the effort-intensive pre and post processing phases. Initially, a liquefaction susceptibility analysis (LSA) was conducted, considering local geological, compositional, state, and historical criteria. The LSA indicates that the site under consideration is susceptible to liquefaction up to a significant depth (7.50 m), with a very high level of severity. Following that, a comparative analysis was performed between unimproved liquefiable soil and improved soil to demonstrate the impact of stone columns (SC) on the response of liquefiable soil to earthquake of 6.8 Mw. It was found that lateral displacement was reduced by 83.36% and excess pore pressure was reduced by 27.91%. The results of the present study were compared with other investigations, and it was found that the results are closely matching. Subsequently, a parametric study was also conducted to assess the influence of each factor such as area replacement ratio (A_rr = 9%, 13%, 20%), diameter of stone column (D = 0.4 m, 0.8 m, 1.0 m, 1.2 m ) and stone column (SC) permeability (k_sc = 0.01 m/s, 0.1 m/s, 1.0 m/s) on lateral surface displacement and excess pore pressure (EPP). The results show that increasing A_rr, D, and k leads to reduction in lateral displacement and EPP. The maximum reduction in lateral displacement was 83.38%, 86.46% and 93.73% and maximum reduction in EPP was 10%, 26.65% and 94.43% respectively at A_rr = 20%, D = 1.2 m and k_sc = 1.0 m/sec. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that the installation of stone column is an effective measure for ground improvement and the mitigation of liquefaction in loose, saturated fine sand deposits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 2","pages":"213 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148496739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Implications of Exponentially Decaying Internal Heat Generation on Mixed Convection Flow from a Vertical Porous Plate Influenced by Hydrodynamics and Thermal Partial Slip","authors":"Basant K. Jha,&nbsp;Gabriel Samaila","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00967-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00967-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article contains crucial details about how internal heat generation affects mixed convection slip flow past a vertical plate. The simplified first-order differential equations are integrated with Maple Software 2022. One of the most important discoveries is that internal heat generation acts as a barrier to stop heat from flowing from the left to the right plate edge. However, this could be averted by considering strong mixed convection to covect away the heat conducted through the left plate surface and the internal heat generated. But for weak mixed convection, the movement of the fluid from the left to the right surface is achievable even with minimal internal heat generation. Since the right plate surface temperature is warmer (higher) than the left plate surface, the flow properties, in this case, are also affected by the internal heat generation, which also causes the reverse heat flow from the plate. Particle injection could also be used to avert unwanted reversed flow for various hydrodynamic slip conditions considered. <i>Research relevance</i> Internal heat generation can be used in heat transmission, nuclear reactors, post-accident heat removal operations, modeling of the combustion process, production of metal waste from nuclear fuel, and phase transition. However, the analysis of internal heat generation is influenced by the plate surface. The constant or convective boundary conditions were taken into account by various previous researchers. In this communication, momentum and thermal partial slip conditions are applied to the plate surface. The fundamental novelty of this article is the combination of internal heat generation, hydrodynamics, and thermal partial slip conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 2","pages":"185 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148496696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy Deductive Systems in Sheffer Stroke Hilbert Algebras","authors":"Young Bae Jun,&nbsp;Tahsin Oner","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00968-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00968-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the aim of discussing the deductive system in Sheffer stroke Hilbert algebras using fuzzy sets, the notions of fuzzy deductive system and positive subset in Sheffer stroke Hilbert algebras are introduced, and their properties are investigated. Conditions under which a fuzzy set can be a fuzzy deductive system are explored, and characterizations of a fuzzy deductive system are considered. The situation in which a positive subset will be a deductive system with respect to the conditions that fuzzy sets have is discussed. Also, the situation in which <i>t</i>-level set and <span>(Q_{t})</span>-set of a fuzzy set will be deductive systems with respect to the conditions that fuzzy sets have is explored. Finally, fuzzy deductive systems by their level deductive systems are classified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 2","pages":"193 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148496740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the (A_{alpha }) matrix over finite metacyclic groups","authors":"Aditya Singh,&nbsp;Yogendra Singh,&nbsp;Anand Kumar Tiwari,&nbsp;S. Pirzada","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00933-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00933-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The <span>(A_{alpha })</span> matrix of a graph <i>G</i> is defined as <span>(A_{alpha }(G) = alpha D(G) + (1-alpha )A(G))</span>, where <i>D</i>(<i>G</i>) and <i>A</i>(<i>G</i>) denote the degree diagonal matrix and adjacency matrix of the graph <i>G</i>, respectively. In this article, we determine the eigenvalues of <span>(A_{alpha })</span> matrix for the power graph of a class of metacyclic groups. We set upper and lower bounds for the largest eigenvalues of <span>(A_{alpha })</span> matrix associated with the power graphs of the finite cyclic group of order <i>n</i> and the metacyclic group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Relationship Between Shear Wave Velocity and Penetration Resistance in Indo-Gangetic Plain, Northern India","authors":"Pawan Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Uma Shankar,&nbsp;A. P. Singh","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00953-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00953-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Earthquake mitigation and soil investigation for seismic hazard analysis in a potentially active seismic zone around the southern Himalayan region are significant concerns. Since the alluvium soil deposits have a substantial effect on the amplitude of ground motion during earthquake energy transmission. In evaluating the soil stiffness of the layer overlying bedrock; it is necessary to measure the shear wave velocity (SWV) of the soil horizon. To calculate SWV, microtremor array measurements (MAM) were performed nearby borehole locations drilled to a depth of 30 m with standard penetration test blow counts (SPT) N values. This study presents power regression analysis to establish a relationship between SWV and SPT-N values. The laboratory analysis of index properties was conducted concurrently with the collecting of soil samples from boreholes. The lithology extracted from the drilled borehole has shown that the clay is of low plasticity, with dominant silty sand followed by medium to fine-grained sand to a depth of 30 m. The established empirical relationship in this study suggests a correlation coefficient (R²) value of 0.554 for uncorrected N values showing a reasonably strong correlation, and 0.402 for corrected N values (overburden correction), indicating a moderate correlation. Accordingly, uncorrected SPT-N values indicate that shear wave velocity strongly correlates with in-situ conditions with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.554 for all types of soil. As per the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) classification, the study area comes under class D soil based on shear wave velocity and N values. In addition, a new empirical relationship was established between SWV and SPT-N values in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) used for mitigation of seismic hazards and vigilance in geotechnical engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"65 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147611968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Resource Allocation Based on Multi-modal Foraging by Honey Bee Swarms","authors":"S. S. Vinod Chandra,&nbsp;R Saritha","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00956-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00956-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper applies a novel algorithm inspired by the multi-modal foraging behaviour of honey bee swarms to dynamic resource allocation problems. Resource allocation efficiently allocates resources to different activities according to requirements for optimal results. Real-time resource allocation problems are dynamic and are prone to parameter drifts during operation time and model sensitivities with an associated uncertainty factor with the model parameters. Mathematical optimization methods on such problems have a tolerance level associated with the design constraints, which inversely affects optimization efficiency at higher risks. The developed algorithm shows a complexity of O(mn), and the experimental results demonstrate the resilience of the proposed technique. The algorithm optimizes the objective functions in linear time and converges within a finite number of iterations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"91 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147614774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Futuristic Assessment of the Impact of Shock Waves in Supersonic Passenger Aircraft","authors":"Lakshmanan Kasi,&nbsp;Perarasu Thangavelu","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00962-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00962-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The realm of high-speed aviation, driven by the aerospace industry’s pursuit of top-tier air transport performance, has ushered in the era of supersonic aircraft. These aircraft offer rapid and secure access to long-distance destinations, yet the presence of shock waves introduces complexities influencing maneuverability and aircraft characteristics. This comprehensive review delves into the potential ramifications of shock waves in the context of commercial supersonic aircraft. It introduces and categorizes shock waves based on their attachment to the aircraft. The review explores experimental studies and numerical approaches to understand flow characteristics essential for commercial supersonic transport. The primary objective is to establish a clear conceptual framework for shock waves in commercial supersonic aircraft, facilitating real-time elucidation of shock wave mechanisms in complex scenarios. This review recognizes the challenges posed by shock waves and paves the way for an informed and collaborative approach to harness the full potential of commercial supersonic aviation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"165 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40010-025-00962-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147611962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient and Robust Estimators for the Population Mean of Non-normally Distributed and Contaminated Data","authors":"Aamir Majeed Chaudhary,&nbsp;Aamir Sanaullah,&nbsp;Muhammad Hanif,&nbsp;Iram Saleem,&nbsp;Prayas Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00957-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00957-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of estimators that remain efficient under both normal and nonnormal conditions remains a critical challenge in statistical inference, particularly in the presence of data contamination and outliers. While several estimation methods have been proposed in the literature, limited attention has been given to constructing robust and highly efficient estimators within the broader class of long-tailed symmetric (LTS) distributions. This study addresses this gap by proposing new robust estimators for the population mean based on two distinct estimation approaches: Tiku’s modified maximum likelihood estimation (MMLE) and Lloyd’s generalized least squares estimation (GLSE). These methods are particularly suited to handle departures from normality and are applicable across the entire LTS family of distributions. The performance of the proposed estimators is assessed and compared with existing conventional estimators. Key performance indicators such as mean square errors (MSEs) and asymptotic relative efficiencies (REs) are computed using extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that the proposed estimators outperform their traditional counterparts in small sample settings and demonstrate increasing efficiency and decreasing MSEs as sample size grows. A real-data application is also provided to illustrate the practical utility and robustness of the proposed estimators in real-world scenarios. This study contributes to the existing literature by offering a flexible and reliable estimation strategy that enhances inference in settings characterized by long-tailed behavior and nonnormality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"103 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147614776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Theoretical Linear Attenuation and Scattering Coefficients of Polymethyl Methacrylate","authors":"A. BÖKE","doi":"10.1007/s40010-025-00959-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40010-025-00959-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, C₅H₈O₂) is widely used as a human breast tissue equivalent in medical X-ray technology. PMMA is preferred for reference and dosimetry measurements due to the resemblance in breast tissue’s attenuation and scattering characteristics. This study aims to correctly obtain the theoretical linear attenuation coefficients and the differential linear coherent scattering profile of PMMA. The calculations were produced by numerical integration based on the diffraction properties and small-angle scattering. The results were obtained with a different approach method and compared with experimental and theoretical counterparts. The close similarities of PMMA to attenuation and scattering properties of carcinoma and fibroglandular breast tissues were shown in the mammography energy range. When the theoretical linear attenuation coefficients were compared with the XCOM data widely used in the literature, it was seen that the present results were 7.02–12.10% closer to the experimental findings than the XCOM data in the energy range of 20–30 keV. The attenuation coefficients are of great interest to medical research. We strongly believe that our results will give valuable information for breast tissue characterization and modeling in MC code.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":744,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"139 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147611967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}