American journal of cardiovascular disease最新文献

{"title":"Cardiac autonomic dysfunctions in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an investigative study with heart rate variability measures.","authors":"Anu Panackal Purackal John,&nbsp;Kaviraja Udupa,&nbsp;Santhosh Avangapur,&nbsp;Magadi Umeshchandra Sujan,&nbsp;Ganagarajan Inbaraj,&nbsp;Prathyusha Parthipulli Vasuki,&nbsp;Anita Mahadevan,&nbsp;Rudramunisetty Anilkumar,&nbsp;Mysore AnkeGowda Shekar,&nbsp;Talakad Narasappa Sathyaprabha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common yet underdiagnosed complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Heart rate variability (HRV), a sensitive diagnostic marker of cardiovascular risk, could help detect CAN at its earliest stage. However, the progression of CAN based on age and disease duration in T2DM is lacking. In this study, we propose to explore the occurrence of CAN in patients with varying stages and duration of T2DM. This cross-sectional study involves participants with T2DM (n = 160) and healthy volunteers (n = 40) with an age range of 30-60 years of both genders. Patients in the T2DM group were further subdivided into four subgroups based on their disease duration [Prediabetes, disease duration <5 yrs (D1), 5-10 yrs (D2), and >10 yrs (D3)]. All participants underwent short-term HRV recording for 20 minutes and analyzed for both time and frequency domain measures. The study results showed a significant increase in Heart Rate (HR) in D1 (P = 0.031) and D3 (P = 0.001) groups compared to healthy controls. The time-domain measures of HRV were significantly reduced in the T2DM group compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, this reduction is more intense in the D3 group than in D2 and D1. Correspondingly, in frequency domain parameters: total power, high-frequency power, and low-frequency power were significantly reduced in all the T2DM groups compared to healthy controls. The study concludes that the overall HRV (as determined by total power), sympathetic activity (low frequency power) and parasympathetic activity (time domain measures and high frequency power) were significantly reduced in all the diabetic subgroups except prediabetes as compared to the healthy controls, implying that both sympathetic and parasympathetic limbs are symmetrically affected in T2DM patients even in the earliest stages (<5 yrs) implying subclinical cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the earliest stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 4","pages":"224-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490161/pdf/ajcd0012-0224.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular function curve: confusion, clarification and new insights.","authors":"Michael Y Ko,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Yang,&nbsp;Suzan Kamel-ElSayed,&nbsp;Serena Y Kuang","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vascular function curve (VFC) in cardiovascular physiology describes the relationship between the <i>steady state</i> venous return (VR in L/min, in the Y-axis) and the <i>steady state</i> right atrial pressure (RAP in mmHg, in the X-axis). However, in some literature, the RAP is considered the independent variable (IV) and the VR the dependent variable (DV), whereas in other literature, the VR is the IV and the RAP the DV. Because of this confusion, when the VFC is combined with the cardiac function curve (CFC), which describes the relationship between the <i>steady state</i> cardiac output and the RAP, it is not strange that the interpretations of the combination are problematic. Hence, in this article, we will trace the origin of the inconsistency, differentiate the VFC into two types based on who created them, and differentiate the RAP into RAP as the IV and DV respectively. Through these in-depth analyses, the confusion will be clarified and new insights into the combination of a VFC with the CFC will develop.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 4","pages":"254-261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490163/pdf/ajcd0012-0254.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECG frequency changes in potassium disorders: a narrative review.","authors":"Navid Teymouri,&nbsp;Sahar Mesbah,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Hossein Navabian,&nbsp;Dorsa Shekouh,&nbsp;Mahsa Mohammadi Najafabadi,&nbsp;Narges Norouzkhani,&nbsp;Mohadeseh Poudineh,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Qadirifard,&nbsp;Saba Mehrtabar,&nbsp;Niloofar Deravi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes are one of the valuable diagnostic clues for recognizing abnormalities. Potassium is one of the essential electrolytes in cardiac cells, and its variations affect ECG. Potassium disorders, including hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in authoritarian states, may lead to heart dysfunctions and could be life-threatening, and urgent interventions are needed in this conditions. The current review summarizes studies to elucidate the correlation between potassium disorders and ECG demonstrations. In this review, we summarized ECG changes related to hyperkalemia and interventions. Moreover; animal studies on ECG changes related to hyper- and hypokalemia are provided. The studies showed peaked T wave, as well as expanded QRS complex and low P amplitude, are important changes that can guide us to immediate diagnosis. ECG Changes in severe hyperkalemia that can endanger patients' lives are noteworthy. Manifestations change in hyperkalemia, for correct diagnosis clinical history of the patients is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 3","pages":"112-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9301030/pdf/ajcd0012-0112.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40618953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of endothelial function and vascular stiffness in patients affected by dilated cardiomyopathy on treatment with sacubitril/valsartan.","authors":"Ludovica Amore,&nbsp;Fabio Alghisi,&nbsp;Edoardo Pancaldi,&nbsp;Greta Pascariello,&nbsp;Angelica Cersosimo,&nbsp;Giuliana Cimino,&nbsp;Nicola Bernardi,&nbsp;Emiliano Calvi,&nbsp;Carlo Mario Lombardi,&nbsp;Edoardo Sciatti,&nbsp;Enrico Vizzardi,&nbsp;Marco Metra","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The multiple beneficial effects of sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction are vastly known, but still no or few mentions have been made regarding its effects on endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>To understand more deeply if sacubitril/valsartan may have a role on endothelial function and arterial stiffness, 15 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were evaluated through transthoracic echocardiography, peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT^®) and applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor^® Px system). These noninvasive exams were performed at the beginning of the study and after 6 months of sacubitril/valsartan treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aortic stiffness parameters didn't differ after 6 months of treatment. Augmentation pressure (P=0.889), augmentation index (P=0.906) and sphygmic wave velocity (P=0.263) increased slightly, but they weren't found to be statistically significant. Systolic, diastolic, and differential central arterial pressure didn't differ at the beginning and at the end of the study. RHI (reactive hyperemia index) increased significantly after 6 months (P=0.001) as well as augmentation index corrected for 75 bpm. Ejection fraction (32.21% ± 5.7 to 38.43% ± 8.4; P=0.010) and diastolic dysfunction degree (P=0.021) improved. There was an improvement in mitral regurgitation that wasn't statistically significant (P=0.116). TAPSE didn't change while pulmonary systolic arterial pressure increased, although not significantly (22.83 mmHg ± 4 to 27.33 mmHg ± 6; P=0.068) and within the normal range values.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Even though in a study with a limited number of patients, sacubitril/valsartan improved endothelial function, left ventricular function, MR, and diastolic function significantly in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and reduced LVEF. It showed no effects on vascular stiffness.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 3","pages":"125-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9301027/pdf/ajcd0012-0125.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40618951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ticagrelor use in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: one year follow up in a community hospital.","authors":"Sarath Lal Mannumbeth Renjithlal,&nbsp;Mohamed Magdi,&nbsp;Keerthi Renjith,&nbsp;Mostafa Reda Mostafa,&nbsp;Musaib Syed,&nbsp;Fahd Shaukat,&nbsp;Viqarunnisa Zahid,&nbsp;Nathan Ritter","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Current guidelines from American College of Cardiology (ACC) recommend ticagrelor over clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. We have observed many patients being switched from ticagrelor to clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our hospital. Our goal is to evaluate the use rate of ticagrelor and categorize the reasons for non-use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective data analysis of all patients who underwent PCI at Unity Hospital of Rochester, New York, from January 2019 to January 2020. A total of 330 patients underwent PCI for ACS over the year. After exclusions, 277 patients were enrolled in the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 277 patients, 179 (65%) completed one year of ticagrelor therapy, and 98 (35%) stopped ticagrelor and transitioned to clopidogrel. The most common reason for switching from ticagrelor was dyspnea (42 patients), followed by cost concerns (41 patients).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>At our community hospital, completion of one-year use of ticagrelor post-PCI occurred in 65% of patients. The most common reasons for discontinuation are dyspnea and medication cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 3","pages":"143-148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9301028/pdf/ajcd0012-0143.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40618952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endothelial function evaluation in idiopathic vs. ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.","authors":"Edoardo Pancaldi,&nbsp;Chiara Tedino,&nbsp;Mauro Riccardi,&nbsp;Fabio Alghisi,&nbsp;Giuliana Cimino,&nbsp;Greta Pascariello,&nbsp;Emiliano Calvi,&nbsp;Edoardo Sciatti,&nbsp;Enrico Vizzardi,&nbsp;Marco Metra","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>In the latest years an emerging interest has risen towards the role of endothelial dysfunction (ED) in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) since the very first steps of the disease. Since the prevalent etiology of HF is ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), it is still not clear whether the connection with ED is linked to HF itself or to atherosclerosis. The aim is to determine the presence of ED in subjects with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) compared to ICM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this observational study 107 patients were enrolled, 65 of them suffering from IDCM and 42 from ICM. ED was assessed as peripheral arterial tonometry by means of EndoPAT device. The Reactive Hyperaemia Index (RHI) was calculated, ED being established with RHI values ≤1.67 and normal endothelial function >2.00 (grey area between 1.67 and 2.00).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ED, expressed both as RHI ≤1.67 and RHI ≤2.00, showed a similar prevalence in the two groups. However, they differed as regards sex, dyslipidemia and statin use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Endothelial function, evaluated through peripheral artery tonometry, seems equally compromised in patients with IDCM and ICM.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 3","pages":"136-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9301029/pdf/ajcd0012-0136.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40619402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.","authors":"Mohamed Magdi,&nbsp;Mostafa Reda Mostafa,&nbsp;Waiel Abusnina,&nbsp;Ahmad Al-Abdouh,&nbsp;Ramy Doss,&nbsp;Sarah Mohamed,&nbsp;Chidera Philippa Ekpo,&nbsp;Richard Alweis,&nbsp;Bipul Baibhav","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is a complex clinical syndrome marked by different phenotypes and related comorbidities. Transthyretin amyloidosis is an underestimated phenotype. We aim to evaluate the prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A search strategy was designed to utilize PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Google scholar to locate studies whose primary objective was to analyze the prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis in heart failure preserved ejection fraction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 271 studies initially identified, 5 studies comprising 670 patients were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis was 11%. Patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy were more likely to be males (RR 1.38; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.75; P<0.01; I²=37%), and more likely to have low voltage criteria on ECG (RR 2.98; 95% CI 1.03 to 8.58; P=0.04; I²=75%) compared with transthyretin negative group. They also have higher SMD of age (SMD 0.73; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.97; P<0.01; I²=0%), and NT-proBNP (SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.93; P=0.04; I²=36%) compared with transthyretin negative group. On reported echocardiogram, they have higher SMD of mass index (SMD 0.77; 95% CI 0.27 to 1.27; P<0.01; I²=65%), posterior wall thickness (SMD 0.92; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.21; P<0.01; I²=0%), and septal wall thickness (SMD 1.49; 95% CI 0.65 to 2.32; P<0.01; I²=87%) compared with transthyretin negative group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Transthyretin amyloidosis affects 11% of HFpEF patients. Therefore, screening HFpEF patients at risk of cardiac amyloidosis is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 3","pages":"102-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9301026/pdf/ajcd0012-0102.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40619401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concomitant acute limb ischemia and myocardial infarction: another challenge of COVID-19's hypercoagulability.","authors":"Ouissal Aissaoui,&nbsp;Salem Husam,&nbsp;Anass Mounir,&nbsp;El Ghali Benouna,&nbsp;Othmane Benmallem,&nbsp;Chafik El Kettani,&nbsp;Lahoucine Barrou","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19, actual pandemic due to SARS COV 2 is associated with numerous thromboembolic complications. Although venous thrombosis including pulmonary embolisms have been widely described, arterial localization seems rarely reported. Acute limb ischemia and myocardial infarction are two major consequences of arterial thrombosis and their concomitant occurrence among COVID-19 patients is extremely rare. It is an evident aspect of hypercoagulability and a real challenge to physicians. We herein describe the management of a 77 years old COVID-19 patient presenting an acute lower limb ischemia with concomitant myocardial infarction. He underwent coronary angiography with subsequent stent placement then was transferred to the operating room where a thrombectomy was performed. The outcome was poor as the cardiogenic shock persisted in addition to a reperfusion syndrome with multiorgan failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 3","pages":"149-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9301031/pdf/ajcd0012-0149.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40618950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ischemic cardiomyopathy versus non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients: clinical characteristics, management, and long-term outcomes.","authors":"Hanan B Al Backr, Turki B Albacker, Fayez Elshaer, Nur Asfina, Fahad A AlSubaie, Anhar Ullah, Ahmad Hayajneh, Osama Almogbel, Fakhr AlAyoubi, Waleed Al Habeeb","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes mellitus causes ischemic heart disease (IHD) through macrovascular or microvascular involvement. Diabetes-associated hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity further increase coronary artery disease risk and can cause left ventricular hypertrophy leading to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction independent of IHD. This study was undertaken to evaluate the differences in demographics, clinical characteristics, Echocardiographic parameters, management, and outcomes between non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients in cohort of diabetes patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included diabetes patients with reduced ejection fraction (≤40) who were hospitalized with heart failure between January 2014 and February 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1; ICM and group 2; NICM. Data obtained on above mentioned features including mortality and heart failure readmissions were compared between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 612 diabetes patients admitted with acute heart failure were screened of which 442 were included. Group 1 (ICM) had 361 patients (81.7%) and group 2 (NICM) had 81 patients (18.3%). Patients in group 1 were older, predominantly males and with higher prevalence of hypertension, smoking and insulin dependent Diabetes while group 2 patients had higher BMI and higher prevalence of cardiac rhythm problems. No significant difference was detected in 5-year-mortality between the two groups (P=0.165). However, heart failure associated hospitalizations were higher in group 2 though it was not statistically significant (P=0.062).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was no difference in 5-years mortality between ICM and NICM in diabetes patients. However, NICM patients had higher prevalence of obesity and rhythm problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"12 2","pages":"56-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9123415/pdf/ajcd0012-0056.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10254393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital admissions for mitral stenosis in pregnancy in the United States: a thirteen-year analysis.","authors":"N. Lima, D. Patel, Nikhil Sundaram, R. D. de Castro, Cuyler Huffman, Mireya Diaz, S. Linares, T. Melgar","doi":"10.1016/s0735-1097(22)02719-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(22)02719-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":"71 1","pages":"10-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80422365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}