American journal of cardiovascular disease最新文献

{"title":"Serum level of prophylactic antibiotics in cardiac surgery and its implication on surgical site infection (SSI).","authors":"Turki B Albacker,&nbsp;Hussain Alqattan,&nbsp;Saeed A Alqahtani,&nbsp;Sultan Alamro,&nbsp;Norah Alsuwaidan,&nbsp;Alhanouf Alaloola,&nbsp;Ahmed Eldemerdash,&nbsp;Bakir Bakir","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surgical site infection in cardiac surgery is still common despite applying preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis as per guidelines. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the relationship between perioperative antibiotics serum levels and the incidence of surgical site infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a prospective study that included all adult patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting between June and December 2018. The serum antibiotics levels were measured at 4 different time points. The patients were divided into two groups: The group who developed surgical site infection and the group who did not develop surgical site infection. The serum antibiotics levels were compared between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-seven consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. The overall rate of infection was 17.95% (14/78 patients). High pre-operative HbA1C levels were associated with a higher rate of SSI (SSI 8.46 ± 2.23 vs no SSI 7.28 ± 1.82, P = 0.04). Patients who developed surgical site infection had longer intervals between administration of prophylactic antibiotics and different parts of the procedure than those who did not develop infection T2 (SSI 3.09 ± 1.12 vs no SSI 2.32 ± 0.98, P = 0.004), T3 (SSI 5.74 ± 1.69 vs no SSI 4.68 ± 1.83, P = 0.024) and T4 (SSI 7.35 ± 1.97 vs no SSI 6.01 ± 2.11, P = 0.015).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prolonging different parts of cardiac surgery procedures could lead to higher risk of infection and better timing of intra-operative re-dosing of prophylactic antibiotics could be guided by measuring intra-operative serum concentrations of these antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490157/pdf/ajcd0012-0233.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4 Dimensional XStrain speckle tracking echocardiography: comprehensive evaluation of left ventricular strain and twist parameters in healthy Indian adults during COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Akhil Mehrotra,&nbsp;Shubham Kacker,&nbsp;Mohammad Shadab,&nbsp;Naveen Chandra,&nbsp;Alok Kumar Singh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>4D XStrain speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a feasible newer technology to evaluate the strain and rotational deformation of left ventricle (LV). We aimed to exhaustively present the normal value ranges of LV strain and twist parameter in healthy Indian adults during COVID-19 pandemic and furthermore to analyse their relationship with age and gender.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Study population consisted of 80 adults of 18-60 years (58 men, 22 women), which was arbitrarily divided into two groups: Group A <30 years and Group B >31 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GLS was higher in females (P<0.01) and in Group A (P<0.01). On the contrary GCS and GRS were higher in men (P=NS) and in Group B (P<0.01), at the mitral valve level. At the papillary muscle level GCS and GRS values are more in men (P<0.01) and in <30 years of age (P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). Furthermore, the values of numerous other strain parameters-GLSR, GCSR, GRSR, LGV, TV, TS, TSR, Shear, Shear rate, ROV and RV, reflected heterogeneous variation across gender and various age groups. Twist was greater in men and increased with increasing age (P<0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We have demonstrated a comprehensive data obtained in the current study utilizing 4D XStrain STE in healthy subjects. The LV speckle tracking software simultaneously provided 4D volumetric, strain, rotation and twist data in great detail. However, this distinctive technology has not been widely adopted and its evaluation is still limited to research applications. Therefore, further clinical studies are needed to validate our findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490166/pdf/ajcd0012-0192.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33478389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the diagnostic value of three clinical criteria Wells', YEARS and modified Geneva in pregnant women with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism.","authors":"Somayeh Sadeghi,&nbsp;Parvin Bahrami,&nbsp;Sareh Kimiyaee Far,&nbsp;Zahra Arabi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) during pregnancy is a challenging medical issue due to complications of X-ray-based imaging studies such as Ct-angiography for neonates and pregnant women. Here we aimed to assess the predictive values of three clinical criteria for diagnosing PTE during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study performed in 2018-2020 on 166 pregnant women suspected of PTE. We reviewed the documents of all patients referred to our medical center with suspected symptoms of PTE. The demographic characteristics of the patients, signs and clinical findings upon the arrival of patients as well as their laboratory tests including D-dimer with a history of abortion or delivery and leg symptoms were entered into the data collection form. Then, according to the information extracted from the patient's files, each patient was evaluated by all clinical PTE criteria, including Wells, YEARS and modified Geneva. For each patient according to clinical criteria and all three algorithms, clinical suspicion for PTE and treatment or non-treatment was determined were compared to the final MDCT result of patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Well's criteria had 100% sensitivity, 6.47% specificity, a positive predictive value of 7.8% and a negative predictive value of 100%. In patients with Well's score of more than four, the sensitivity and specificity of PTE diagnosis were 100% and 6% respectively. The modified Geneva criteria had 100% sensitivity, 8.89% specificity, a positive predictive value of 8.21% and a negative predictive value of 100%. The modified Geneva criteria had 100% sensitivity, 7.74% specificity, positive predictive value of 8.44% and a negative predictive value of 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Wells, YEARS and modified Geneva criteria could significantly rule out PTE in pregnancy with 100% sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490165/pdf/ajcd0012-0240.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33478392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and preventive strategy.","authors":"Chayakrit Krittanawong,&nbsp;Neil Maitra,&nbsp;Anirudh Kumar,&nbsp;Joshua Hahn,&nbsp;Zhen Wang,&nbsp;Daniela Carrasco,&nbsp;Hong Ju Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Sun,&nbsp;Hani Jneid,&nbsp;Salim S Virani","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began to spread internationally, now impacting more than 293,750,692 patients with 5,454,131 deaths globally as of January 5, 2022. COVID-19 is highly pathogenic and contagious which has caused a large-scale epidemic impacting more deaths than the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2002-2003 or the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemic in 2012-2013. Although COVID-19 symptoms are mild in most people, in those with pre-existing comorbidities there is an increased risk of progression to severe disease and death. In an attempt to mitigate this pandemic, urgent public health measures including quarantining exposed individuals and social distancing have been implemented in most states, while some states have even started the process of re-opening after considering both the economic and public health consequences of social distancing measures. While prevention is crucial, both novel agents and medications already in use with other indications are being investigated in clinical trials for patients with COVID-19. The collaboration between healthcare providers, health systems, patients, private sectors, and local and national governments is needed to protect both healthcare providers and patients to ultimately overcome this pandemic. The purpose of this review is to summarize the peer-reviewed and preprint literature on the epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, and available therapies as well as to propose a preventive strategy to overcome the present global pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490164/pdf/ajcd0012-0153.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33478390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of achieving euthyroidism on pulmonary artery systolic pressures in hyperthyroidism-associated pulmonary hypertension - a systematic review.","authors":"Shireen R Chacko,&nbsp;Pradhum Ram,&nbsp;Tamaryn Fox,&nbsp;Naveen Sooknanan,&nbsp;Kevin Bryan Lo,&nbsp;Ritesh G Menezes,&nbsp;Savita Lasrado,&nbsp;Glenn Eiger,&nbsp;Anjali Vaidya","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this systematic review, we seek to clarify the impact of treatment of hyperthyroidism on pulmonary hypertension in patients with both these conditions. We included 39 of 709 articles retrieved, that studied patients with hyperthyroidism and pulmonary hypertension (PH). From these, those with a documented pre-treatment Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) > 35 mmHg and complete follow up were analyzed, yielding 3 case series and 22 case reports with a total of 81 cases. A significant improvement in PASP was noted with achieving euthyroidism in the 3 case series. The case reports showed a significant reduction in mean PASP from 60.5 ± 13.2 mmHg to 37.5 ± 10.1 mmHg (p < 0.001) in patients with Grave's disease with achieving euthyroidism. No deaths were reported during the follow up period. Achievement of a euthyroid state in patients with hyperthyroidism is associated with statistically significant reductions in PASP.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490158/pdf/ajcd0012-0212.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33478391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of supra coronary aortic repair technique in patients with acute aortic dissection type A.","authors":"Mahmood Saeidi,&nbsp;Minoo Movahedi,&nbsp;Aryan Rafiee Zadeh,&nbsp;Fahimeh Shirvany,&nbsp;Milad Saeidi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute aortic dissection type A (AADA) is a fatal event that requires an emergent surgical operation. Here, we decided to evaluate the outcome of supra coronary aortic repair technique in patients with type A acute aortic dissection for 16 years in Isfahan Chamran hospital that one surgeon performed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study performed in 2019 in Isfahan on documents of 54 patients who underwent supra-coronary repair surgery for type A aortic dissection during 2004 to 2019. We collected patient's demographic information, the condition of patient's vital signs at the time of admission to the hospital and before surgery, the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time and other variables. We also collected data regarding patient's mortality and possible surgical complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evaluation of surgical complications showed that acute renal failure (ARF) was the most common complication (87%) followed by postoperative bleeding in ICU that required surgical operation (18.5%), neurologic complications (13%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (9.3%) and chronic renal failure (CRF) (1.9%). The mortality rate was 14.8% (8 patients). The most frequent reason for mortality was bleeding (50%), major neurologic complications (37.5%), multiple organ failure (25%), cardiac failure (12.5%) and CRF (12.5%). Patients with mortality had significantly higher age compared to other patients (P = 0.03), significantly higher duration of CPB use (P = 0.03), higher frequency of irregular peripheral pulses (P = 0.01), higher frequency of abnormal carotid pulses (P = 0.04), and higher bleeding volume in the ICU (P = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Age, disturbed preoperative clinical condition, postoperative bleeding, and organ failure could increase the rates of mortality of AADA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490162/pdf/ajcd0012-0247.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early reversibility of histological changes after experimental acute cardiac volume-overload.","authors":"Christa Huuskonen,&nbsp;Mari Hämäläinen,&nbsp;Nooa Kivikangas,&nbsp;Timo Paavonen,&nbsp;Eeva Moilanen,&nbsp;Ari A Mennander","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unloading the heart may aid recovery after acute cardiac volume-overload (AVO). We experimentally investigated whether unloading the heart after AVO by heterotopic transplantation histologically impacts myocardial outcome. Thirty-two syngeneic Fisher 344 rats underwent surgery for abdominal arterial-venous fistula to induce AVO. Seven hearts were heterotopically transplanted one day after AVO to simulate a non-working state of the left ventricle (AVO+Tx). In addition, six rats without AVO or surgery (Normal) and five rats with sham surgery (Sham) served as controls. Myocardial outcome was studied using histology and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis for hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), E-selectin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), vascular endothelial growth factor alpha (VEGFα), matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9), chitinase-3-like protein (YKL-40) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Relative ischemia of the right ventricle and septal intramyocardial arteries was decreased in AVO+Tx as compared with AVO (0.04±0.01 vs. 0.09±0.02, PSU, <i>P</i>=0.040 and 0.04±0.01 vs. 0.16±0.02, PSU, P=0.008, respectively). Quantitative RT-PCR showed an increase in the expression of iNOS, YKL-40 and VEGFα, and decrease in ANP in AVO+Tx as compared with AVO (5.78±1.23 vs. 2.46±0.81, <i>P</i>=0.039, 22.39±5.22 vs. 10.79±1.70, <i>P</i>=0.039 and 1.15±0.22 vs. 0.60±0.08, <i>P</i>=0.030, and 1.32±0.16 vs. 2.85±0.70, <i>P</i>=0.039, respectively). Unloading the heart by heterotopic transplantation induces early ischemic recovery of intramyocardial arteries after AVO. A non-working state reverses acute ischemic myocardial injury after AVO.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490159/pdf/ajcd0012-0205.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac autonomic dysfunctions in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an investigative study with heart rate variability measures.","authors":"Anu Panackal Purackal John,&nbsp;Kaviraja Udupa,&nbsp;Santhosh Avangapur,&nbsp;Magadi Umeshchandra Sujan,&nbsp;Ganagarajan Inbaraj,&nbsp;Prathyusha Parthipulli Vasuki,&nbsp;Anita Mahadevan,&nbsp;Rudramunisetty Anilkumar,&nbsp;Mysore AnkeGowda Shekar,&nbsp;Talakad Narasappa Sathyaprabha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common yet underdiagnosed complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Heart rate variability (HRV), a sensitive diagnostic marker of cardiovascular risk, could help detect CAN at its earliest stage. However, the progression of CAN based on age and disease duration in T2DM is lacking. In this study, we propose to explore the occurrence of CAN in patients with varying stages and duration of T2DM. This cross-sectional study involves participants with T2DM (n = 160) and healthy volunteers (n = 40) with an age range of 30-60 years of both genders. Patients in the T2DM group were further subdivided into four subgroups based on their disease duration [Prediabetes, disease duration <5 yrs (D1), 5-10 yrs (D2), and >10 yrs (D3)]. All participants underwent short-term HRV recording for 20 minutes and analyzed for both time and frequency domain measures. The study results showed a significant increase in Heart Rate (HR) in D1 (P = 0.031) and D3 (P = 0.001) groups compared to healthy controls. The time-domain measures of HRV were significantly reduced in the T2DM group compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, this reduction is more intense in the D3 group than in D2 and D1. Correspondingly, in frequency domain parameters: total power, high-frequency power, and low-frequency power were significantly reduced in all the T2DM groups compared to healthy controls. The study concludes that the overall HRV (as determined by total power), sympathetic activity (low frequency power) and parasympathetic activity (time domain measures and high frequency power) were significantly reduced in all the diabetic subgroups except prediabetes as compared to the healthy controls, implying that both sympathetic and parasympathetic limbs are symmetrically affected in T2DM patients even in the earliest stages (<5 yrs) implying subclinical cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the earliest stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490161/pdf/ajcd0012-0224.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome.","authors":"Robert J Henning","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>603,711,760 confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported throughout the world and 6,484,136 individuals have died from complications of COVID-19 as of September 7, 2022. Significantly, the Omicron variant has produced the largest number of COVID-19 associated hospitalizations since the beginning of the pandemic. Cardiac injury occurs in ≥20% of the hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and is associated with cardiac dysrhythmias in 17 to 44%, cardiac injury with increases in blood troponin in 22 to 40%, myocarditis in 2 to 7%, heart failure in 4 to 21%, and thromboembolic events in 15 to 39%. Risk factors for cardiac complications include age >70 years, male sex, BMI ≥30 kg/m², diabetes, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, and moderate to severe pneumonia at hospital presentation. Patients with prior cardiovascular disease who contract COVID-19 and experience a significant increase in their blood troponin concentration are at risk for mortality rates as high as 69%. This review focuses on the prevalence, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of CoV-2 injury to the cardiovascular system and the current recommended treatments in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in order that medical personnel can decrease the morbidity and mortality of patients with COVID-19 and effectively treat patients with Covid and post Covid syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490160/pdf/ajcd0012-0170.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular function curve: confusion, clarification and new insights.","authors":"Michael Y Ko,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Yang,&nbsp;Suzan Kamel-ElSayed,&nbsp;Serena Y Kuang","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vascular function curve (VFC) in cardiovascular physiology describes the relationship between the <i>steady state</i> venous return (VR in L/min, in the Y-axis) and the <i>steady state</i> right atrial pressure (RAP in mmHg, in the X-axis). However, in some literature, the RAP is considered the independent variable (IV) and the VR the dependent variable (DV), whereas in other literature, the VR is the IV and the RAP the DV. Because of this confusion, when the VFC is combined with the cardiac function curve (CFC), which describes the relationship between the <i>steady state</i> cardiac output and the RAP, it is not strange that the interpretations of the combination are problematic. Hence, in this article, we will trace the origin of the inconsistency, differentiate the VFC into two types based on who created them, and differentiate the RAP into RAP as the IV and DV respectively. Through these in-depth analyses, the confusion will be clarified and new insights into the combination of a VFC with the CFC will develop.</p>","PeriodicalId":7427,"journal":{"name":"American journal of cardiovascular disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490163/pdf/ajcd0012-0254.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33477981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}