{"title":"Synthetic polymer receptors for cold-chain-free paper diagnostics","authors":"Ayşegül Bülbül, Adil Denizli","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00440-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00440-8","url":null,"abstract":"Paper-based diagnostics remain constrained by the thermodynamic fragility of biological recognition elements. Synthetic polymers, such as molecularly imprinted polymers, offer a synthetic route to storage-resilient, cold-chain-independent platforms.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 7","pages":"589-590"},"PeriodicalIF":42.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cell sheet engineering","authors":"Christine C. McKee, Joyce Y. Wong","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00437-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00437-3","url":null,"abstract":"Cell sheet engineering enables scaffold-free tissue reconstruction, while preserving native cell–cell junctions and extracellular matrix architecture. However, the clinical translation of this technology has been hindered by high production costs, limited open-source protocols, regulatory challenges and functional limitations, in particular with regards to mechanical stability. In this Review, we first describe how cell sheets are fabricated using stimuli-responsive substrates and examine their applications in cardiac, hepatic, uterine, tendon, ligament and paediatric contexts. We then discuss key mechanical considerations in cell sheet engineering, including strategies to modulate mechanical properties through sheet stacking, anisotropy control through micropatterning, and cyclic mechanical conditioning. By addressing technical innovations and remaining challenges, we provide a framework for expanding the utility of cell sheet engineering to mechanically demanding tissue environments. Cell sheet engineering offers a scaffold-free approach to tissue reconstruction. This Review outlines fabrication methods, key mechanical design strategies and innovations aimed at enabling the use of cell sheets in mechanically demanding tissues.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 8","pages":"793-803"},"PeriodicalIF":42.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Favour Nerrise, Narayan Schütz, Qingyu Zhao, Christine Gould, Arnold Milstein, Kevin Schulman, Victor W. Henderson, James Landay, Li Fei-Fei, Feng Vankee Lin, Ehsan Adeli
{"title":"A framework of digital biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Favour Nerrise, Narayan Schütz, Qingyu Zhao, Christine Gould, Arnold Milstein, Kevin Schulman, Victor W. Henderson, James Landay, Li Fei-Fei, Feng Vankee Lin, Ehsan Adeli","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00433-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00433-7","url":null,"abstract":"Digital biomarkers (DBMs) are a new class of health indicators derived from digital technologies — including smartphones, wearable devices and ambient sensors — that enable continuous, real-time monitoring of signals in everyday settings. By providing richer and more dynamic data than conventional, point-in-time measurements, DBMs offer fresh opportunities for remote patient assessment, personalized care and large-scale biomedical research. Importantly, DBMs function as powerful complementary tools to traditional biomarkers that can screen candidates for more invasive tests and provide contextual data between clinical visits. This Review provides a standardized classification of DBMs focused on neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, mild cognitive impairment, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, spinocerebellar ataxia and dementia with Lewy bodies, centred around three questions: what is being measured (the concept of interest), how it is measured (the sensing technologies) and why it is measured (the application areas). By examining these dimensions, we highlight the potential of DBMs to transform clinical monitoring, early detection and therapeutic interventions in these disorders. Digital biomarkers derived from smartphones, wearables and ambient sensors enable continuous, real-world monitoring of neurological disease. This Review proposes a standardized framework for classifying digital biomarkers across neurodegenerative diseases, structured around what is measured, how it is sensed and why it is applied, highlighting opportunities for improved monitoring, early detection and personalized care.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 7","pages":"675-694"},"PeriodicalIF":42.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148159351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arjun Balachandar, Gianluca Sorrento, Eduardo M. Moraud, Marco Bonizzato, Alfonso Fasano
{"title":"Neuromodulation for gait disorders","authors":"Arjun Balachandar, Gianluca Sorrento, Eduardo M. Moraud, Marco Bonizzato, Alfonso Fasano","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00431-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00431-9","url":null,"abstract":"Gait impairments are among the most debilitating symptoms of neurological disorders. Abnormalities such as freezing of gait, weakness (paresis or paralysis) and imbalance remain resistant to standard treatments and severely restrict mobility, independence and quality of life. Although deep brain stimulation is highly effective for many motor symptoms, its benefits for gait and balance have been inconsistent. Emerging brain and spinal neuromodulation strategies across neurological disorders highlight the need for more distributed and adaptive approaches that better engage the neural circuits underlying locomotion. Next-generation neurotechnologies support this shift, incorporating algorithms that leverage anatomical, electrophysiological and movement-related feedback to optimize contact selection and adapt stimulation in real time. Together with a growing understanding of neural mechanisms of gait dysfunction across disorders, these multifaceted approaches are enabling targeted interventions that account for spatial and temporal dynamics of gait control. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in neuromodulation for gait impairments, focusing on freezing of gait, weakness and imbalance across parkinsonian disorders, spinal cord injury, stroke and cerebellar ataxia. We propose a conceptual framework for tailoring neurotechnologies to gait dysfunction, mapping disrupted gait subcomponents and their neural substrates to targeted stimulation with spatiotemporal precision, integrating mechanistic and technological principles across aetiologies. Finally, we outline key priorities for clinical translation. Gait impairments such as freezing, weakness and imbalance remain resistant to standard therapies across neurological disorders. This Review examines advances in neuromodulation, from refining deep brain stimulation to integrating spinal and distributed strategies. It discusses adaptive neurotechnologies, mechanistic insights and a framework for tailoring spatiotemporally precise interventions to restore gait control.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 7","pages":"636-652"},"PeriodicalIF":42.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stress-testing scientific narratives","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00434-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00434-6","url":null,"abstract":"Broad, field-level evaluations can test whether the narratives that organize a field still hold once evidence is aggregated across models, methods and contexts.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 4","pages":"287-287"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-026-00434-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neuroengineering as a systems engineering discipline","authors":"Silvestro Micera, Filippo Agnesi","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00439-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00439-1","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroengineering is not simply applied (neuro)science; it is a systems engineering discipline. Limits in translational failures often reflect insufficient system integration rather than device limitations. Adopting proven systems engineering methods (from requirements engineering to verification and validation) offers a principled route from laboratory innovation to durable clinical deployment.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 7","pages":"584-586"},"PeriodicalIF":42.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niccolò Pagliarani, Alberto Comoretto, Nana Obayashi, Buse Aktaş, Kaitlyn P. Becker, Johannes T. B. Overvelde, Lynne Craig, Amy Winters, Kate Devlin, Louis-Philippe Demers, Jonas Jørgensen, Josie Hughes, Matteo Cianchetti, Perla Maiolino
{"title":"Aesthetics as a core design dimension for human-centred robotic systems","authors":"Niccolò Pagliarani, Alberto Comoretto, Nana Obayashi, Buse Aktaş, Kaitlyn P. Becker, Johannes T. B. Overvelde, Lynne Craig, Amy Winters, Kate Devlin, Louis-Philippe Demers, Jonas Jørgensen, Josie Hughes, Matteo Cianchetti, Perla Maiolino","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00435-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00435-5","url":null,"abstract":"Barriers to the widespread adoption of robots often stem less from limitations in technical capability than from the social, cultural and interpretive contexts in which these systems are encountered. We therefore argue that aesthetics should be treated as a core design dimension, alongside functionality and safety, to support meaningful and situated human–robot interactions.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 6","pages":"481-483"},"PeriodicalIF":42.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148262031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A gut–liver axis governs the fate of drug delivery vectors","authors":"Sadra Bakhshandeh","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00436-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00436-4","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Science reports a previously unrecognized gut microbiota-driven endocrine circuit that maintains Kupffer cell activation, thereby dictating the systemic efficiency of therapies delivered by nanocarriers.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 4","pages":"300-300"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expanding global access to mRNA vaccines","authors":"Behnaz Eshaghi, Robert Langer, Ana Jaklenec","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00424-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00424-8","url":null,"abstract":"mRNA vaccines benefit from rapid design, scalable manufacturing and strong safety profiles, and they are being preclinically and clinically explored for various infectious diseases, cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, global access to mRNA vaccines remains limited by technical, logistical, economic, regulatory and ethical challenges. In this Review, we discuss the current mRNA vaccine landscape, from approved products to emerging candidates, and outline key barriers to equitable access. We highlight engineering strategies to address these barriers, including thermostability improvements, alternative administration routes, new delivery systems and alternative RNA platforms, such as self-amplifying and circular RNA, as well as the integration of artificial intelligence- and machine learning-based design and optimization. We also discuss the regulatory, ethical and social dimensions of vaccine deployment, as well as the importance of building public trust and community engagement. Coordinated technical and policy advances are essential to remove barriers, enhance access and advance global health equity. mRNA vaccines combine rapid design, scalable manufacturing and strong safety profiles with applications across infectious diseases, cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, global access to mRNA vaccines remains limited. This Review explores how achieving equitable access depends on overcoming technical, logistical, economic and regulatory barriers through innovations in thermostability, delivery systems, alternative RNA platforms, artificial intelligence-driven design and optimization, and coordinated policy strategies.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 7","pages":"614-635"},"PeriodicalIF":42.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-026-00424-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bioresorbable microneedles track organ health","authors":"Laura Schmid","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00432-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00432-8","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Biomedical Engineering reports a bioresorbable flexible microneedle sensor array for continuous monitoring of organ function for at least 7 postoperative days.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 4","pages":"299-299"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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