{"title":"The ultimate bioengineering challenge","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00295-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00295-5","url":null,"abstract":"In our ultimate bioengineering challenge competition, we asked early-career bioengineers to theoretically tackle some of the most pressing global health challenges. They have risen to the occasion with enthusiasm, creativity and innovation.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 4","pages":"261-261"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-025-00295-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-sustained oxygen mask","authors":"Xuan Peng, Xinne Zhao, Željko Janićijević","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00300-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00300-x","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen masks typically rely on an external oxygen supply, whether in the form of oxygen tanks or capsules. In response to ‘the ultimate bioengineering challenge’ competition, we present the design of a self-sustained oxygen mask using lightweight biocompatible materials to provide extended oxygen supply and water collection for low-resource settings.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 4","pages":"267-268"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sisi Jia , Hui Lv , Qian Li , Chunhai Fan , Fei Wang
{"title":"DNA-based biocomputing circuits and their biomedical applications","authors":"Sisi Jia \u0000 , Hui Lv \u0000 , Qian Li \u0000 , Chunhai Fan \u0000 , Fei Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00303-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00303-8","url":null,"abstract":"DNA-based biocomputing circuits are chemical reaction networks with information-processing capability that take advantage of DNA molecular interactions. The high parallelism and intrinsic biocompatibility of DNA circuits allows liquid-phase computing for various biomedical applications. In this Review, we examine the design rules and implementation strategies of DNA circuits, outlining the engineering and function of DNA computing units, including switches, logic gates, amplifiers and neurons. We further discuss the integration of these computing units into DNA circuits by 3D free diffusion, surface-confined diffusion, localized diffusion using DNA nanostructures, and algorithmic assembly. Furthermore, we investigate how the temporal dynamics of DNA circuits can be regulated and highlight their application in cellular imaging, biosensing and diagnostics, in conditional therapeutics, and for the rewiring of endogenous gene networks. Finally, we discuss the challenges that remain to be addressed for the clinical translation DNA-based biocomputing, outlining key future research directions. DNA computing takes advantage of DNA molecular interactions to achieve information processing for liquid-phase computing. This Review discusses designing rules, implementation strategies and biomedical applications of DNA computing circuits.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 7","pages":"535-548"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fenglin Liu, Hongjian Zhou, Boyang Gu, Xinyu Zou, Jinfa Huang, Jinge Wu, Yiru Li, Sam S. Chen, Yining Hua, Peilin Zhou, Junling Liu, Chengfeng Mao, Chenyu You, Xian Wu, Yefeng Zheng, Lei Clifton, Zheng Li, Jiebo Luo, David A. Clifton
{"title":"Application of large language models in medicine","authors":"Fenglin Liu, Hongjian Zhou, Boyang Gu, Xinyu Zou, Jinfa Huang, Jinge Wu, Yiru Li, Sam S. Chen, Yining Hua, Peilin Zhou, Junling Liu, Chengfeng Mao, Chenyu You, Xian Wu, Yefeng Zheng, Lei Clifton, Zheng Li, Jiebo Luo, David A. Clifton","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00279-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00279-5","url":null,"abstract":"Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have received great attention owing to their capabilities for understanding and generating human language. Despite a trend in researching the application of LLMs in supporting different medical tasks (such as enhancing clinical diagnostics and providing medical education), a comprehensive assessment of their development, practical applications and outcomes in the medical space is still missing. Therefore, this Review aims to provide an overview of the development and deployment of LLMs in medicine, including the challenges and opportunities they face. In terms of development, we discuss the principles of existing medical LLMs, including their basic model structures, number of parameters, and sources and scales of data used for model development. In terms of deployment, we compare different LLMs across various medical tasks and with state-of-the-art lightweight models. Large language models have received great attention owing to their capabilities to understand and generate human language. This Review aims to provide an overview of the development and deployment of large language models in medicine, including the challenges and opportunities they face.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 6","pages":"445-464"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In vivo tracking of mRNA vaccine antigen expression","authors":"Christine-Maria Horejs","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00307-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00307-4","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications reports a positron emission tomography (PET) reporter system to measure the biodistribution and translational persistence of an mRNA-encoded antigen in the whole body, providing a non-invasive and precise route to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of mRNA vaccine antigen expression in vivo.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 4","pages":"269-269"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multifunctional bioelectronics for brain–body circuits","authors":"Atharva Sahasrabudhe, Claudia Cea, Polina Anikeeva","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00289-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00289-3","url":null,"abstract":"The brain continuously receives, integrates and responds to an influx of sensory signals emerging from the internal organs. This is mediated not only through direct neuronal connections defined by the peripheral nervous system, but also endocrine, humoral, metabolic and immune pathways. This complex, mostly imperceptible brain–body crosstalk is essential to maintaining physiological homeostasis. It has a critical role in cognitive and behavioural functions as well as in disorders of the nervous system. The functional and anatomical diversity of brain–body pathways means that multifunctional implantable neurotechnologies must be developed to facilitate causal studies during behaviour. Although ubiquitous in studies of brain function, the electrical, optical and chemical interrogation of organ–brain circuits remains a challenge. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in multifunctional implantable neurotechnologies with the goal of enabling long-term studies of brain–body signalling. We highlight the material selection, device architectures, integration challenges and power and data transfer approaches necessary to establish robust bioelectronic interfaces between the brain and the peripheral organs. The brain continuously receives, integrates and responds to an influx of sensory signals emerging from the internal organs; this crosstalk is difficult to interrogate causally. In this Review, we discuss developments in multifunctional implantable neurotechnologies aimed at establishing robust bioelectronic interfaces between the brain and the peripheral organs suitable for long-term studies of brain–body signalling.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 6","pages":"465-484"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seok Hwan Choi, Dohyung Kim, Youngseok Lee, Sangwoo Hong, Jinwoo Lee, Juho Jeong, Jaewon Su, Hyungjun Lim, Seung Hwan Ko
{"title":"Bioinspired dynamic colour change","authors":"Seok Hwan Choi, Dohyung Kim, Youngseok Lee, Sangwoo Hong, Jinwoo Lee, Juho Jeong, Jaewon Su, Hyungjun Lim, Seung Hwan Ko","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00298-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00298-2","url":null,"abstract":"Organisms possess a diversity of colours to promote their survival and reproductive success, using various mechanisms, including pigmentation, bioluminescence and structural colouration. These colouration strategies serve crucial ecological functions, such as crypsis for camouflage, aposematism for predator deterrence and vibrant displays that attract pollinators and potential mates. In particular, the ability to dynamically alter colour in response to environmental stimuli allows organisms to rapidly modify their appearance for communication, predation and defence. Drawing inspiration from these natural phenomena, dynamic colour change systems can be designed for applications in optics, sensors and biomedicine. In this Review, we discuss the biological mechanisms driving natural colouration and dynamic colour change, outlining how these can be recreated in engineered systems using structured materials, such as photonic crystals, liquid crystals, metasurfaces and thin films. We highlight how artificial dynamic colour systems can be designed to respond to different stimuli, such as mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal and magnetic stimuli, examining their application in various fields, including in biomedical devices, sensing and displays. Organisms have evolved diverse colouration strategies, including dynamic colour change, which enables their rapid adaptation to environmental stimuli. This Review discusses the recreation of bioinspired colouration and dynamic colour change mechanisms for applications in optics, sensors and biomedicine.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 7","pages":"579-595"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicolas H. Voelcker, Andy Tay, Ciro Chiappini, Roey Elnathan
{"title":"The art and science of collaboration in bioengineering research","authors":"Nicolas H. Voelcker, Andy Tay, Ciro Chiappini, Roey Elnathan","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00302-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00302-9","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving effective collaboration in bioengineering is an art and a science. Here we outline strategies for building and sustaining interdisciplinary partnerships, and outline challenges, opportunities and funding options for establishing and strengthening collaborative research.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 7","pages":"531-533"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Andrijevic, Ana Spajic, Irbaz Hameed, Kevin N. Sheth, Sam Parnia, Adam D. Griesemer, Robert A. Montgomery, Nenad Sestan
{"title":"Mechanisms and strategies for organ recovery","authors":"David Andrijevic, Ana Spajic, Irbaz Hameed, Kevin N. Sheth, Sam Parnia, Adam D. Griesemer, Robert A. Montgomery, Nenad Sestan","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00293-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00293-7","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen is essential for the viability of mammalian cells. Disruptions in circulation lead to a cessation of oxygen delivery, which causes decreased ATP production, intracellular acidosis and oedema. If blood flow is reintroduced, this initiates secondary cellular damage usually facilitating cell death. Nonetheless, such outcomes are not inevitable; cells from various organs have been recovered in vitro after extended periods without blood supply, with emerging technologies aimed at scaling up these findings. Perfusion systems, inspired by heart–lung machines, provide mechanical support by restoring circulation, regulating temperature, exchanging gases and modifying circulating perfusate with various pharmacological compounds. Together, perfusion systems and perfusates have mitigated cellular demise and recovered injured tissues, potentially revolutionizing resuscitation medicine and organ transplantation. This Review summarizes the biological mechanisms of cellular injury, perfusate modifications and mechanistic approaches for reinstating circulation, and offers perspectives on the future of organ and whole-body recovery. Emerging perfusion technologies restore circulation and mitigate cell damage post ischaemia and reperfusion, showing promise for resuscitation medicine and organ transplantation. This Review explores cellular injury mechanisms, machine perfusion approaches and perfusate modifications for organ and whole-body recovery following circulatory cessation.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 7","pages":"596-611"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Implantable bioelectronic devices for photoelectrochemical and electrochemical modulation of cells and tissues","authors":"Jiuyun Shi, Pengju Li, Saehyun Kim, Bozhi Tian","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00285-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00285-7","url":null,"abstract":"Electroceuticals are bioelectronic devices that provide or modulate electrical or electrochemical signals to regulate physiological functions. In particular, devices designed for energy conversion are capable of transforming electrical energy into alternative forms of energy, such as heat or light, or vice versa, thereby enabling the photoelectrochemical and electrochemical modulation of biological systems, for example, to control muscle movement or cardiac rhythm. Such energy conversion approaches offer remote control and enhanced precision, surpassing the limitations of direct tissue and cell stimulation with traditional electroceutical devices, such as pacemakers, including mechanical mismatch at interfaces and wired communication. In this Review, we explore the fundamental principles of photoelectrochemical and electrochemical modulation of cells and tissues, emphasizing behaviour under physiological conditions. We then examine the development and application of implantable bioelectronics that use photoelectrochemical and electrochemical processes for modulation. Finally, we discuss future directions for energy conversion devices in implantable electroceuticals. Electroceuticals apply electrical or electrochemical signals to regulate physiological functions. This Review explores (photo)electrochemical modulation in implantable electroceuticals, highlighting energy conversion principles and device designs for the remote control of biological systems.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"3 6","pages":"485-504"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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