microLife最新文献

{"title":"Functional insights into Solo-Cas4 in <i>Methanosarcina mazei</i> Gö1.","authors":"Luise Rentz, Lisa Hellwig, Sabine Schneider, Ruth A Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf024","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solo-Cas4 homologs are Cas4-family proteins found outside of canonical CRISPR-Cas operons. Here, we present the biochemical characterization of Solo-Cas4 from <i>Methanosarcina mazei</i> Gö1. We found significantly upregulated <i>solo-cas4</i> transcript levels during stationary phase, while remaining constant under oxygen exposure, temperature shifts, high salt conditions or virus challenge. Heterologously expressed as a SUMO-fusion, the purified tag-free protein displays an absorption peak at 420 nm, indicative of a [4Fe-4S]-cluster​. Size-exclusion-chromatography revealed that Solo-Cas4 forms a higher oligomeric complex, with an apparent molecular mass of 318 kDa. <i>In vitro</i> nuclease activity assays demonstrated that Solo-Cas4 cleaves metal-dependent linear dsDNA, with highest cleavage activity in the presence of Mn²⁺, followed by Mg²⁺, while Ca²⁺ and Cu²⁺ result in negligible cleavage. Isoleucine169 was identified to be crucial for catalysis, mutating it to alanine completely abolished nuclease activity​. Mutating any of the four conserved cysteines-proposed to coordinate the [4Fe-4S]-cluster did not affect nuclease activity; however, it abolishes metal cluster binding. Supercoiled circular dsDNA was preferentially nicked by Solo-Cas4 in the presence of Mg²⁺, whereas Mn²⁺ also led to linearization followed by complete degradation. Besides, ssDNA was cleaved by Solo-Cas4 but with lower activity. In agreement, Microscale thermophoresis analysis revealed strong dsDNA binding with highest affinity to supercoiled circular DNA, and weak ssDNA binding. Overall, these findings indicate that <i>M. mazei</i> Solo-Cas4 is a high oligomeric Cas4-family nuclease that preferentially targets supercoiled dsDNA and is upregulated during stationary growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal determinants contributing to translocation of <i>Candida albicans</i> yeast cells through the intestinal epithelial barrier.","authors":"Jakob L Sprague, Tim B Schille, Theresa Lange, Johannes Sonnberger, Stefanie Allert, Josefin Schönert, Lydia Kasper, Bernhard Hube","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf026","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Filamentous hyphae are the main invasive morphotype of the opportunistic fungal pathogen <i>Candida albicans</i>. However, yeast cells seem better suited for dissemination through the bloodstream during the progression of life-threatening systemic infections. While yeast cells are present together with hyphae in the intestine during commensal colonization, how yeast cells ultimately reach the blood following translocation of invasive hyphae is unknown. In this study we investigated potential mechanisms proposed for how yeast cells may enter the blood using an <i>in vitro</i> model of translocation based on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Our data show that yeast cells can passively translocate with invasive hyphae, though this requires host-cell damage facilitated by the peptide toxin candidalysin, encoded by <i>ECE1</i>. Independent of fungal-mediated damage, chemical disruption of the IEC layer by the mycotoxin patulin was sufficient to foster efficient translocation of <i>C. albicans</i> yeast cells alone. This was dependent on a significant loss of barrier integrity rather than host-cell damage itself. The same phenomenon was observed for oral clinical isolates, which more readily grow as yeast and pseudohyphal cells as compared to the standard SC5314 strain. The transition of hypha-to-yeast growth was also associated with translocation across IECs by increased expression of the yeast-essential gene <i>PES1</i>. This is the first study to directly investigate the mechanisms by which <i>C. albicans</i> yeast cells can translocate across IECs and to describe the fungal factors that contribute to this process.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12505492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small DUF1127 proteins regulate bacterial phosphate metabolism through protein-protein interactions with the sensor kinase PhoR.","authors":"Donata C L E Remme, Lea-Janina Tilg, Yvonne Pfänder, Jing Yuan, Franz Narberhaus","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf023","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domain of unknown function 1127 (DUF1127) is widely distributed among bacteria, often in proteins shorter than 50 amino acids. In the plant pathogen <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>, the absence of three small DUF1127 proteins leads to a range of phenotypic changes. In this study, we investigated the role of these small DUFs in phosphate acquisition. Upregulation of phosphate transport systems in the triple mutant resulted in increased phosphate uptake, polyphosphate accumulation, and growth defects. Using Far-Western dot blots, pulldown experiments, and the bacterial two-hybrid system, we identified a direct interaction between the small DUFs and the sensor kinase PhoR, which regulates phosphate metabolism together with the response regulator PhoB. Complementation studies revealed that DUF1127 proteins from <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti, Rhodobacter sphaeroides</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> could restore the phenotypes in the <i>A. tumefaciens</i> triple mutant. Notably, an <i>E. coli</i> mutant lacking YjiS, the sole DUF1127 protein in this species, showed upregulated expression of phosphate uptake genes and accelerated phosphate uptake. Furthermore, we provide evidence for an interaction between YjiS and <i>E. coli</i> PhoR, suggesting that DUF1127-containing proteins may share a conserved regulatory function across different bacterial species. These findings provide new insights into the function of small DUF1127 proteins, demonstrating that they can act through protein-protein interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of RNase J in CRISPR RNA maturation in the cyanobacterium <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. PCC 6803.","authors":"Raphael Bilger, Friedel Drepper, Bettina Knapp, Tanja Berndt, Helena Landerer, Harald Putzer, Pitter F Huesgen, Wolfgang R Hess","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf022","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many bacteria and archaea use CRISPR-Cas systems, which provide RNA-based, adaptive, and inheritable immune defenses against invading viruses and other foreign genetic elements. The proper processing of CRISPR guide RNAs (crRNAs) is a crucial step in the maturation of the defense complexes and is frequently performed by specialized ribonucleases encoded by <i>cas</i> genes. However, some systems employ enzymes associated with degradosome or housekeeping functions, such as RNase III or the endoribonuclease RNase E. Here, the endo- and 5´-exoribonuclease RNase J was identified as an additional enzyme involved in crRNA maturation, acting jointly with RNase E in the crRNA maturation of a type III-Bv CRISPR-Cas system, and possibly together with a further RNase in the cyanobacterium <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. PCC 6803. Co-IP experiments revealed a small set of proteins that were co-enriched with RNase J, among them the exoribonuclease polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (PNPase). Despite a measured, strong 3' exonucleolytic activity of the recombinant enzyme, PNPase was not confirmed to contribute to crRNA maturation. However, the co-IP results indicate that PNPase in <i>Synechocystis</i> is an enzyme that can recruit either RNase E or RNase J, together with additional proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12464536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145187734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding the genetic toolbox of the obligate predatory bacterium <i>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</i> with inducible gene expression and CRISPR interference.","authors":"Charles de Pierpont, Benoît Derneden, Ophélie Remy, Géraldine Laloux","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf021","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</i> is an obligate predatory bacterium that invades the periplasm of diderm prey bacteria, where it elongates and produces multiple daughter cells through nonbinary division. Investigating the molecular determinants of this lifecycle is challenging because deleting genes required for predation also impairs survival. Furthermore, the scarcity of robust conditional gene expression systems has restricted functional studies in this bacterium. Here, we address these limitations by expanding the genetic toolbox for <i>B. bacteriovorus</i>. First, we analysed the relative strength of a series of promoters, providing new resources to fine-tune gene expression. We then established an isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible expression system that can be activated during both the attack and growth phases of the predator. Finally, we designed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) module for IPTG-inducible gene knockdown, enabling rapid and targeted depletion. As a proof of principle, CRISPRi-mediated silencing of the cell curvature gene <i>bd1075</i> reproduced the straight phenotype of the deletion mutant. Likewise, depletion of the tubulin homologue FtsZ-which we showed is essential for <i>B. bacteriovorus</i> survival-blocked cell division within the first replicative cycle, yielding filamentous progeny still able of exiting the prey cell. This highlights the intriguing potential of uncoupling key cell cycle and predatory processes. Overall, these tools significantly broaden the scope of genetic manipulation in <i>B. bacteriovorus</i> and open new avenues for in-depth investigation of its noncanonical biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf021"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12448681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145115310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of tracrRNAs reveals subgroup V2 of type V-K CAST systems.","authors":"Marcus Ziemann, Alexander Mitrofanov, Richard Stöckl, Omer S Alkhnbashi, Rolf Backofen, Wolfgang R Hess","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf020","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated transposons (CAST) consist of an integration between certain class 1 or class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems and Tn7-like transposons. Class 2 type V-K CAST systems are restricted to cyanobacteria. Here, we identified a unique subgroup of type V-K systems through phylogenetic analysis, classified as V-K_V2. Subgroup V-K_V2 CAST systems are characterized by an alternative tracrRNA, the exclusive use of Arc_2-type transcriptional regulators, and distinct differences in the length of protein domains in TnsB and TnsC. Although the occurrence of V-K_V2 CAST systems is restricted to Nostocales cyanobacteria, it shows signs of horizontal gene transfer, indicating its capability for genetic mobility. The predicted V-K_V2 tracrRNA secondary structure has been integrated into an updated version of the CRISPRtracrRNA program available on GitHub under https://github.com/BackofenLab/CRISPRtracrRNA/releases/tag/2.0.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12416283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The power of microbial life for the transformation towards a sustainable planet: key messages from the 2024 IUMS Congress in Florence, the city of the Renaissance.","authors":"Luisa Borgianni, Gianluigi Cardinali, Cristina Cassetti, Duccio Cavalieri, Carlotta De Filippo, Rachele De Giuseppe, Roberto Di Leonardo, Irina S Druzhinina, William Paul Duprex, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Uri Gophna, D İpek Kurtböke, Luisa Lanfranco, Diethard Mattanovich, Edward R B Moore, Nguyen K Nguyen, Jörg Overmann, Mariagrazia Pizza, Antonia Ricci, Eliora Z Ron, Amy Shurtleff, Lisa Stein, Ursula Theuretzbacher, Tone Tonjum, Marco Ventura, Iftach Yacoby, Paul Young, Andrey Yurkov, Rino Rappuoli","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf018","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2024 International Union of Microbiological Societies Congress was held in Florence, the city of Renaissance. The theme was to increase the awareness of the power of microbial life, recognizing that it can lead the transformation towards a sustainable planet. The meeting gathered over 1400 experts from more than 90 countries and focused on the transformative potential of microbiology in addressing global challenges and aligning microbial science with the Sustainable Development Goals. Six roundtable discussions explored the pivotal role of microbiology in mitigating climate change, preparing for pandemics, producing sustainable energy, promoting a One Health approach, understanding microbiome dynamics, and developing data infrastructure. The discussions revealed that microbes are still overlooked agents in sustainable solutions. Expert panellists at the roundtables discussed microbial innovations in hydrogen and biofuel production, conversion of greenhouse gases, biomanufacturing, and soil restoration, the role of microbiome in immune health, the importance of cross-kingdom interactions, and the integration of food, environmental, and microbiomes under the One Health framework. Panels stressed the need for equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics, and data sharing, especially in the face of antimicrobial resistance. The importance of global collaboration, data repositories, and regulatory alignment, was repeatedly emphasized. The congress invited calls for the formation of an international microbiology coalition, need for interdisciplinary partnerships, increased investment in microbial technologies, updating of regulatory frameworks, and integration of microbiome science into public health and environmental policy. Microorganisms are the oldest architects of nature, able to build a sustainable future for the planet.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12392887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avirulent <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> T3SS-negative strains belonging to Clade 5 produce variable quantities of secondary metabolites.","authors":"Selene García-Reyes, Christophe Rusniok, Mylène Robert-Genthon, Eric Faudry, Laura Gomez-Valero, Viviane Chenal-Francisque, Laurent Guyon, Yvan Caspar, Gloria Soberón Chávez, Carmen Buchrieser, Ina Attrée","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf019","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pseudomonas</i> species are ubiquitous in the environment and serve as valuable source of enzymes and secondary metabolites for industrial applications. <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> secretes metalloproteases, such as elastase LasB and produces bioactive small molecules, including pyocyanin, rhamnolipids, and pyoverdine, with potential biotechnological applications. However, the interest in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> for industrial use has been limited due to the virulence-associated Type III Secretion System (T3SS), a key factor in host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we genotypically and phenotypically characterized a collection of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains naturally lacking T3SS-encoding genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these strains belong to two distinct clades. Several strains exhibited low or no cytotoxicity on epithelial cell lines and were avirulent in the <i>Galleria</i> infection model. The level of LasB and the three metabolites-pyocyanin, rhamnolipids, and pyoverdine-varied independently of virulence profiles. Notably, we identified avirulent strains capable of producing at least two secondary metabolites, including mono-rhamnolipids, highlighting their potential for biotechnological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12400803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144994621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> selection and cost of bacteriophage resistance on natural <i>Escherichia coli</i>.","authors":"Luís Leónidas Cardoso, Marla Sofie Gaissmaier, Alexandra von Strempel, Tim Keys, Monica Steffi Matchado, Marta Salvado Silva, Diana Ring, Emma Slack, Bärbel Stecher","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteriophages are a promising tool for treating bacterial infections, given the rise and spread of antibiotic resistances. However, phage-resistant bacteria can emerge during treatment, jeopardizing the success of therapy<i>. In vitro</i> studies with model organisms have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms by which phage resistance can evolve. However, the relevance of these findings often remains unclear. Here, we investigate the selection of phage-resistant variants and the cost of phage resistance <i>in vitro</i> and in the murine gut using a clinically relevant <i>Escherichia coli</i> K1 strain and a strain-specific phage cocktail. By performing experimental evolution studies in both settings, we obtained different phage-resistant <i>E. coli</i> mutants. Genome resequencing identified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the K1 capsule as bacterial surface structures altered in phage-resistant mutants. Targeted deletions of <i>waaO</i>, encoding an ɑ-1,3 glucosyltransferase, involved in the synthesis of the R core of LPS, a gene encoding a predicted O-antigen ligase and <i>emrR</i> involved in capsule gene regulation were generated and confirmed their role in phage-resistance. <i>Escherichia coli</i> mutants deficient in LPS or capsule showed a growth advantage <i>in vitro</i> when exposed to phages but LPS-deficient mutants exhibited severely attenuated growth in the murine gut, even in the presence of phages. Our observations add to the evidence that bacteria in the intestinal environment face a high cost of phage resistance conferred by cell surface alteration, which is not apparent in nutrient-rich culture media. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider the context in which phage cocktails are tested, particularly when studying phage efficacy and evolution of phage resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic CRISPR Array Analysis Tool: a novel graph-based approach to finding CRISPR arrays in metagenomic datasets.","authors":"Fikrat Talibli, Björn Voß","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf016","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsml/uqaf016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated genes (CRISPR-Cas) is a bacterial immune system also famous for its use in genome editing. The diversity of known systems could be significantly increased by metagenomic data. Here we present the Metagenomic CRISPR Array Analysis Tool (MCAAT), a highly sensitive algorithm for finding CRISPR arrays in unassembled metagenomic data. It takes advantage of the properties of CRISPR arrays that form multicycles in de Bruijn graphs. We show that MCAAT reliably predicts CRISPR arrays in bacterial genome sequences and that its assembly-free graph-based strategy outperforms assembly-based workflows and other assembly-free methods on synthetic and real metagenomes. Our new approach will help to increase the diversity of known CRISPR-Cas systems and enable studies of spacer evolution within metagenomic data sets.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"6 ","pages":"uqaf016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12342471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}