microLife最新文献

{"title":"<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>-derived outer membrane vesicles package β-lactamases to promote antibiotic resistance.","authors":"Subhash Dhital,&nbsp;Pankaj Deo,&nbsp;Manasa Bharathwaj,&nbsp;Kristy Horan,&nbsp;Joshua Nickson,&nbsp;Mohammad Azad,&nbsp;Isabella Stuart,&nbsp;Seong H Chow,&nbsp;Sachith D Gunasinghe,&nbsp;Rebecca Bamert,&nbsp;Jian Li,&nbsp;Trevor Lithgow,&nbsp;Benjamin P Howden,&nbsp;Thomas Naderer","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea. The treatment of gonorrhoea is becoming increasingly challenging, as <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> has developed resistance to antimicrobial agents routinely used in the clinic. Resistance to penicillin is wide-spread partly due to the acquisition of β-lactamase genes. How <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> survives an initial exposure to β-lactams before acquiring resistance genes remains to be understood. Here, using a panel of clinical isolates of <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> we show that the β-lactamase enzyme is packaged into outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) by strains expressing <i>bla</i>_TEM-1B or <i>bla</i>_TEM-106, which protects otherwise susceptible clinical isolates from the β-lactam drug amoxycillin. We characterized the phenotypes of these clinical isolates of <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> and the time courses over which the cross-protection of the strains is effective. Imaging and biochemical assays suggest that OMVs promote the transfer of proteins and lipids between bacteria. Thus, <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> strains secret antibiotic degrading enzymes via OMVs enabling survival of otherwise susceptible bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a0/fb/uqac013.PMC10117772.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9517174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remembering Pepe Casadesús.","authors":"Francisco García-Del Portillo,&nbsp;Nara Figueroa-Bossi,&nbsp;Lionello Bossi","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac016","url":null,"abstract":"On Tuesday, 2 August 2022, Josep (Pepe) Casadesús unexpectedly passed away while on vacation in his native Catalonia. Pepe was born on 11 September 1951, in his grandparents’ house, a small ‘masía’, in the municipality of Casserres, region of Catalonia, Spain. Pepe was trained as microbiologist at the ‘Estación Experimental del Zaidín-CSIC’ in Granada, Spain, working in the laboratory of José Olivares. He obtained his PhD degree in 1980 with a thesis on ‘Genetic studies in Rhizobium meliloti’. In 1983, after a 2year stay at the ‘Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory’ of Ray Dixon at the University of Sussex (to learn molecular biology), he moved to the laboratory of John Roth at the University of Utah, in Salt Lake City, for a second postdoctoral period. John Roth’s lab had pioneered the use of Salmonella enterica (serovar Typhimurium) as a model organism for bacterial genetic studies. The charm and power of Salmonella genetics combined with the intellectual liveness of the lab would have an ever-lasting impact on Pepe’s scientific life. Not only did he adopt Salmonella as a model system for his subsequent studies, but he was also strongly inspired by the spirit and practices of Roth’s lab when he started his own group at the University of Seville in 1985. He never imposed experiments on his students, but preferred experimental strategies to take shape during open and friendly discussions, only occasionally animated by his persuasive skills. He returned to Utah as a visiting professor for two extended periods of time, in 1988 and in 2000. Besides enjoying the company of some faculty at the Biology Department, he loved the magnificent decor of Salt Lake City mountains. He especially liked taking walks in Red Butte Canyon, at the eastern edge of the University campus, where colour changes in the fall can overwhelm your senses (Fig. 1). After two other stays as visiting professor at the Biozentrum, Universität Basel (Switzerland) and at the Università degli Studi di Sassari (Sardinia, Italy), in 1999, Pepe became full Professor of Genetics at the University of Seville, where he stayed for the rest of his career. He received many distinctions related to his academic activity, but undoubtedly what was most rewarding for him was the appreciation and respect he received from his former students and alumni. He trained many researchers in his lab and his lectures inspired many students to undertake a career in science. Pepe was the editor of several journals like PLoS Genetics (from 2011) and was the ambassador of the American Society for Microbiology in Europe. In 2018, he was elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and in 2019 of the European Academy for Microbiology. He did extensive work as reviewer of papers and grant proposals for institutions in the USA, IberoAmerica, and the European Commission. In his nearly 40 years of activity, Pepe’s research covered various aspects of Salmonella biology. Early on, he became fascinated by the mechanisms ","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/79/bc/uqac016.PMC10117750.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9516241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviving the view: evidence that macromolecule synthesis fuels bacterial spore germination.","authors":"Bing Zhou,&nbsp;Sima Alon,&nbsp;Lei Rao,&nbsp;Lior Sinai,&nbsp;Sigal Ben-Yehuda","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Gram positive bacterium <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and its relatives are capable of forming a durable dormant long-lasting spore. Although spores can remain dormant for years, they possess the remarkable capacity to rapidly resume life and convert into actively growing cells. This cellular transition initiates with a most enigmatic irreversible event, termed germination, lasting only for a few minutes. Germination is typified by a morphological conversion that culminates in loss of spore resilient properties. Yet, the molecular events occurring during this brief critical phase are largely unknown. The current widely accepted view considers germination to occur without the need for any macromolecule synthesis; however, accumulating data from our laboratory and others, highlighted here, provide evidence that both transcription and translation occur during germination and are required for its execution. We further underline numerous overlooked studies, conducted mainly during the 1960s-1970s, reinforcing this notion. We propose to revisit the fascinating process of spore germination and redefine it as a pathway involving macromolecule synthesis. We expect our perspective to shed new light on the awakening process of a variety of spore-forming environmental, commensal, and pathogenic bacteria and possibly be applicable to additional organisms displaying a quiescent life form.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9517173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Akirin/Subolesin regulatory mechanisms at host/tick-pathogen interactions.","authors":"José de la Fuente,&nbsp;Sara Artigas-Jerónimo,&nbsp;Margarita Villar","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqab012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqab012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ticks and tick-borne pathogens such as <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> affect human and animal health worldwide and thus the characterization of host/tick-pathogen interactions is important for the control of tick-borne diseases. The vertebrate regulatory proteins Akirins and its tick ortholog, Subolesin, are conserved throughout the metazoan and involved in the regulation of different biological processes such as immune response to pathogen infection. Akirin/Subolesin have a key role in host/tick-pathogen interactions and exert its regulatory function primarily through interacting proteins such as transcription factors, chromatin remodelers and RNA-associated proteins. Recent results have provided evidence of <i>akirin</i>/<i>subolesin</i> genetic interactions and the interaction of Akirin/Subolesin with histones, thus suggesting a role in direct chromatin remodeling. Finally, and still to be proven, some models suggest the possibility of direct Akirin/Subolesin protein interactions with DNA. Future research should advance the characterization of Akirin/Subolesin interactome and its functional role at the host/tick-pathogen interface. These results have implications for translational biotechnology and medicine for the development of new effective interventions for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqab012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3f/81/uqab012.PMC10117763.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9516236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating the efficacy of vaccines on the epidemiological dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in a membrane computing model.","authors":"Marcelino Campos,&nbsp;José M Sempere,&nbsp;Juan C Galán,&nbsp;Andrés Moya,&nbsp;Rafael Cantón,&nbsp;Carlos Llorens,&nbsp;Fernando Baquero","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Membrane computing is a natural computing procedure inspired in the compartmental structure of living cells. This approach allows mimicking the complex structure of biological processes, and, when applied to transmissible diseases, can simulate a virtual 'epidemic' based on interactions between elements within the computational model according to established conditions. General and focused vaccination strategies for controlling SARS-Cov-2 epidemics have been simulated for 2.3 years from the emergence of the epidemic in a hypothetical town of 10320 inhabitants in a country with mean European demographics where COVID-19 is imported. The age and immunological-response groups of the hosts and their lifestyles were minutely examined. The duration of natural, acquired immunity influenced the results; the shorter the duration, the more endemic the process, resulting in higher mortality, particularly among elderly individuals. During epidemic valleys between waves, the proportion of infected patients belonging to symptomatic groups (mostly elderly) increased in the total population, a population that largely benefits from standard double vaccination, particularly with boosters. There was no clear difference when comparing booster shots provided at 4 or 6 months after standard double-dose vaccination. Vaccines even of moderate efficacy (short-term protection) were effective in decreasing the number of symptomatic cases. Generalized vaccination of the entire population (all ages) added little benefit to overall mortality rates, and this situation also applied for generalized lockdowns. Elderly-only vaccination and lockdowns, even without general interventions directed to reduce population transmission, is sufficient for dramatically reducing mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9521985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic survey of the microbiome of ancient Siberian permafrost and modern Kamchatkan cryosols.","authors":"Sofia Rigou,&nbsp;Eugène Christo-Foroux,&nbsp;Sébastien Santini,&nbsp;Artemiy Goncharov,&nbsp;Jens Strauss,&nbsp;Guido Grosse,&nbsp;Alexander N Fedorov,&nbsp;Karine Labadie,&nbsp;Chantal Abergel,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Claverie","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the context of global warming, the melting of Arctic permafrost raises the threat of a reemergence of microorganisms some of which were shown to remain viable in ancient frozen soils for up to half a million years. In order to evaluate this risk, it is of interest to acquire a better knowledge of the composition of the microbial communities found in this understudied environment. Here, we present a metagenomic analysis of 12 soil samples from Russian Arctic and subarctic pristine areas: Chukotka, Yakutia and Kamchatka, including nine permafrost samples collected at various depths. These large datasets (9.2 × 10¹¹ total bp) were assembled (525 313 contigs > 5 kb), their encoded protein contents predicted, and then used to perform taxonomical assignments of bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic organisms, as well as DNA viruses. The various samples exhibited variable DNA contents and highly diverse taxonomic profiles showing no obvious relationship with their locations, depths or deposit ages. Bacteria represented the largely dominant DNA fraction (95%) in all samples, followed by archaea (3.2%), surprisingly little eukaryotes (0.5%), and viruses (0.4%). Although no common taxonomic pattern was identified, the samples shared unexpected high frequencies of β-lactamase genes, almost 0.9 copy/bacterial genome. In addition to known environmental threats, the particularly intense warming of the Arctic might thus enhance the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistances, today's major challenge in public health. β-Lactamases were also observed at high frequency in other types of soils, suggesting their general role in the regulation of bacterial populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d0/a0/uqac003.PMC10117733.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9510007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonessential tRNA and rRNA modifications impact the bacterial response to sub-MIC antibiotic stress.","authors":"Anamaria Babosan,&nbsp;Louna Fruchard,&nbsp;Evelyne Krin,&nbsp;André Carvalho,&nbsp;Didier Mazel,&nbsp;Zeynep Baharoglu","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance develops as a major problem in infectious diseases treatment. While antibiotic resistance mechanisms are usually studied using lethal antibiotic doses, lower doses allowing bacterial growth are now considered as factors influencing the development and selection of resistance. Starting with a high-density Tn insertion library in <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> and following its evolution by TN-seq in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, we discovered that RNA modification genes can have opposite fates, being selected or counter-selected. We, thus have undertaken the phenotypic characterization of 23 transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications deletion mutants, for which growth is globally not affected in the absence of stress. We uncover a specific involvement of different RNA modification genes in the response to aminoglycosides (tobramycin and gentamicin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), β-lactams (carbenicillin), chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim. Our results identify t/rRNA modification genes, not previously associated to any antibiotic resistance phenotype, as important factors affecting the bacterial response to low doses of antibiotics from different families. This suggests differential translation and codon decoding as critical factors involved in the bacterial response to stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9510008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection for nonspecific adhesion is a driver of FimH evolution increasing <i>Escherichia coli</i> biofilm capacity.","authors":"Mari Yoshida,&nbsp;Stanislas Thiriet-Rupert,&nbsp;Leonie Mayer,&nbsp;Christophe Beloin,&nbsp;Jean-Marc Ghigo","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial interactions with surfaces rely on the coordinated expression of a vast repertoire of surface-exposed adhesins. However, how bacteria dynamically modulate their adhesion potential to achieve successful surface colonization is not yet well understood. Here, we investigated changes in adhesion capacity of an initially poorly adherent <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain using experimental evolution and positive selection for mutations improving adhesion and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. We showed that all identified evolved populations and clones acquired mutations located almost exclusively in the lectin domain of <i>fimH</i>, the gene coding for the α-d-mannose-specific tip adhesin of type 1 fimbriae, a key <i>E. coli</i> virulence factor. While most of these <i>fimH</i> mutants showed reduced mannose-binding ability, they all displayed enhanced binding to abiotic surfaces, indicating a trade-off between FimH-mediated specific and nonspecific adhesion properties. Several of the identified mutations were already reported in the FimH lectin domain of pathogenic and environmental <i>E. coli</i>, suggesting that, beyond pathoadaptation, FimH microevolution favoring nonspecific surface adhesion could constitute a selective advantage for natural <i>E. coli</i> isolates. Consistently, although <i>E. coli</i> deleted for the <i>fim</i> operon still evolves an increased adhesion capacity, mutants selected in the ∆<i>fim</i> background are outcompeted by <i>fimH</i> mutants revealing clonal interference for adhesion. Our study therefore provides insights into the plasticity of <i>E. coli</i> adhesion potential and shows that evolution of type 1 fimbriae is a major driver of the adaptation of natural <i>E. coli</i> to colonization.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/c7/uqac001.PMC10117834.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9516237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ushering in a new era of single-cell transcriptomics in bacteria.","authors":"Christina Homberger,&nbsp;Lars Barquist,&nbsp;Jörg Vogel","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcriptome analysis of individual cells by single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has become routine for eukaryotic tissues, even being applied to whole multicellular organisms. In contrast, developing methods to read the transcriptome of single bacterial cells has proven more challenging, despite a general perception of bacteria as much simpler than eukaryotes. Bacterial cells are harder to lyse, their RNA content is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of eukaryotic cells, and bacterial mRNAs are less stable than their eukaryotic counterparts. Most importantly, bacterial transcripts lack functional poly(A) tails, precluding simple adaptation of popular standard eukaryotic scRNA-seq protocols that come with the double advantage of specific mRNA amplification and concomitant depletion of rRNA. However, thanks to very recent breakthroughs in methodology, bacterial scRNA-seq is now feasible. This short review will discuss recently published bacterial scRNA-seq approaches (MATQ-seq, microSPLiT, and PETRI-seq) and a spatial transcriptomics approach based on multiplexed <i>in situ</i> hybridization (par-seqFISH). Together, these novel approaches will not only enable a new understanding of cell-to-cell variation in bacterial gene expression, they also promise a new microbiology by enabling high-resolution profiling of gene activity in complex microbial consortia such as the microbiome or pathogens as they invade, replicate, and persist in host tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9517166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbes live in a society, just like us.","authors":"Sarah Wettstadt","doi":"10.1093/femsml/uqac008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsml/uqac008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>About the scientific life of Philippe Sansonetti.</p>","PeriodicalId":74189,"journal":{"name":"microLife","volume":"3 ","pages":"uqac008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117743/pdf/uqac008.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9757456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}