Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacotherapy of Kienböck Disease and the Carpal Avascular Necrosis Family: A Narrative Review with a Four-Axis Translation Framework.","authors":"Dimitar Tenev, Benedikt Hochbein, Georgi Enev, Georgi Raykov, Nikolay Cherkezov, Jakob Adolf, Nikolay Dimitrov","doi":"10.3390/medicines13030027","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13030027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Kienböck disease (idiopathic avascular necrosis of the lunate) is treated almost exclusively surgically; its pharmacological evidence base comprises fewer than five primary publications and ~20 patient-level observations. Femoral-head, jaw, and knee osteonecrosis have decades of evidence, including randomised trials. We ask whether extra-carpal evidence can be translated to Kienböck disease and the wider Carpal Avascular Necrosis Family (lunate, scaphoid/Preiser, capitate, hamate, triquetrum). <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a narrative review reported per SANRA, searching PubMed, CrossRef, Google Scholar and three specialty registries from inception to 2026 across eleven drug classes and eleven skeletal sites. All references were independently verified against primary sources (PubMed/CrossRef). No Kienböck-specific randomised or controlled data exist; all conclusions therefore rest on indirect, extra-carpal evidence. <b>Results:</b> Three pathways (subchondral insufficiency fracture, microvascular ischaemia, hypercoagulability) predict drug-class plausibility differently by site. Iloprost is the candidate most consistently aligned across the translation axes, though no direct lunate data exist; teriparatide provides the only randomised evidence suggesting reversal of established osteonecrosis at any site (medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw). The lunate sits within a coherent carpal AVN family sharing end-arterial supply, Lichtman-grade trajectories, and a near-identical evidence vacuum. <b>Conclusions:</b> A Four-Axis Translation Framework (mechanistic alignment, anatomic concordance, Lichtman-stage applicability, lunate-specific risk-benefit geometry) is proposed to evaluate which extra-carpal evidence is admissible at the lunate; with the carpal AVN family construct, these are the review's two novel contributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13609115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Patient-Reported Olfactory Improvement Correlate with Quality of Life and Polyp Size Reduction in Patients with CRSwNP Treated with Dupilumab?","authors":"Brian Hernández-Martín, Miriam Del Carmen Marrero-Ramos, María Soledad Cabrera-Ramírez, Jesús Javier Benítez-Rosario, Carmen Delia Dávila-Quintana, María Sandra Domínguez-Sosa","doi":"10.3390/medicines13030026","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13030026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a key symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Dupilumab improves clinical outcomes, including patient-reported olfactory function. This study aimed to analyze correlations between patient-reported olfactory improvement, quality of life, and endoscopic outcomes in patients treated with dupilumab.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A real-life, single-center retrospective study included 35 patients with severe, uncontrolled CRSwNP treated with dupilumab. Patient-reported olfactory function was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS-olfaction), quality of life with the Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22), and polyp size with the Nasal Polyp Score (NPS) at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Changes from baseline were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, whereas correlations were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dupilumab was associated with significant improvements in patient-reported olfactory function, quality of life, and polyp size at 6 and 12 months. Improvements in VAS-olfaction correlated significantly with SNOT-22 at 6 months (<i>p</i> = 0.035) and 12 months (<i>p</i> = 0.024). In a sensitivity analysis excluding the smell/taste item from the SNOT-22, these correlations were attenuated and no longer reached statistical significance. No significant correlation was observed between patient-reported olfactory improvement and NPS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patient-reported olfactory improvement correlated with quality of life but not with reductions in global polyp burden. These findings suggest that this improvement may not be fully explained by changes in polyp size alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13609059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Central Nervous System: Uncovering Memantine's Modulatory Role in the Peripheral Nervous System.","authors":"Kyriaki Papadopoulou, Sophia Tsokkou, Ioannis Konstantinidis, Pavlos Pavlidis, Chrysanthi Sardeli, Dimitrios Kouvelas, Soultana Meditskou-Efthymiadou, Antonia Sioga, Theodora Papamitsou","doi":"10.3390/medicines13030025","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13030025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Memantine, an uncompetitive and voltage-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is clinically established for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. Its pharmacodynamic profile, low-to-moderate affinity, rapid open-channel block, and strong voltage dependency allows selective inhibition of pathological NMDA overactivation while preserving physiological neurotransmission. Increasing evidence shows that these same mechanistic principles operate in the peripheral nervous system, where NMDA receptors contribute to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and maladaptive nociceptive signaling. <b>Purpose:</b> To synthesize emerging preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating memantine's modulatory and neuroprotective actions in peripheral neurons and glia and to outline implications for drug repurposing across neurology, pain medicine, oncology, supportive care, and ophthalmology. <b>Methodology:</b> A narrative integration of mechanistic studies, in vivo preclinical models, and heterogeneous clinical trials evaluating memantine's effects on peripheral sensory neurons, autonomic neurons, Schwann cells, retinal ganglion cells, and neuromuscular junction physiology. Evidence was examined across conditions involving excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic signaling, neuroinflammation, and neuropathic pain amplification. <b>Results</b>: Memantine consistently attenuates peripheral excitotoxic calcium influx, suppresses NOX-2-mediated ROS generation, stabilizes mitochondrial membrane potential, modulates Bax/Bcl-2 signaling, and reduces neuroinflammatory cytokine activity. It also inhibits dorsal horn wind-up selectively under neuropathic conditions. These convergent mechanisms yield protective effects across chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), diabetic neuropathy, traumatic nerve injury, phantom limb pain, retinal ganglion cell excitotoxicity, and organophosphate-induced neuromuscular toxicity. Clinical evidence includes improved multimodal neuropathy outcomes in diabetic neuropathy when combined with gabapentin, reduced phantom limb pain prevalence and intensity at six months, and a five-fold reduction in post-mastectomy neuropathic pain with pre-emptive administration. <b>Conclusions:</b> Memantine should be conceptually reframed as a system-wide neuroprotective agent with substantial translational potential beyond the CNS. Priorities for future development include NR2B-selective peripheral NMDA antagonists, peripherally restricted formulations, single-cell transcriptomic mapping of peripheral NMDA receptor subtypes, and adequately powered PNS-specific randomized trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148835525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paracetamol Responses Depend on Temperature, Life Stage, and Genetic Background in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> Across Generations.","authors":"Birk N R G Hundebøl, Jesper G Sørensen","doi":"10.3390/medicines13030024","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13030024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A key obstacle in toxicological research is investigating long-lasting or inherited effects and addressing the potential interaction between exposure and genetic background of the test subject. Such effects can be effectively investigated in short-lived and genetically managed model organisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To illustrate the biological complexity of the outcomes of toxicological experiments, we investigated the influence of life stages, sex, and temperatures in a generational study using paracetamol exposure as an example of drug toxicology. To also include genetic background, we used five highly inbred <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> lines from the <i>Drosophila</i> Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP). First, we assessed acute survival to paracetamol exposure at 19 °C and 25 °C, revealing clear genotype-specific dose-response curves and increased toxicity at lower temperature. We then conducted a generational experiment across three generations, in which flies were exposed during either the larval or adult life stage, and measured starvation tolerance and spontaneous activity to capture direct, intergenerational, and transgenerational effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results show that life stage, sex, and genotype each shaped the phenotypic outcome of paracetamol exposure. Adult exposure consistently decreased activity and increased starvation resistance, whereas juvenile exposure produced more variable and sex-dependent responses. Genotype further modulated these patterns, including markedly elevated lethality in one line at high paracetamol concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate that exposure timing and biological context critically influence toxicological outcomes, underscoring the need for methodological awareness when interpreting generational studies in model organisms and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13511354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148835556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Nasser et al. Potency of Combining <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> subsp. <i>camaldulensis</i> with Low-Dose Cisplatin in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinomas and MCF-7 Breast Adenocarcinoma. <i>Medicines</i> 2020, <i>7</i>, 40.","authors":"Mohamad Nasser, Raghida Damaj, Othmane Merah, Akram Hijazi, Christine Trabolsi, Nour Wehbe, Malak Nasser, Batoul Al-Khatib, Ziad Damaj","doi":"10.3390/medicines13030023","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13030023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There was an error in the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Amide Functionality in the Last Five Years (2021-2025): Pharmaceutical Use, Trends and Synthetic Approaches.","authors":"Davide Benedetto Tiz","doi":"10.3390/medicines13030022","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13030022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The amide functional group remains a cornerstone of medicinal chemistry, serving as an indispensable scaffold in the design of modern therapeutics. This review presents an analysis of FDA-approved drugs (small molecules and peptides with MW < 1300 Da) containing amide functionality between 2021 and 2025, highlighting its continued and evolving role in addressing contemporary medical challenges. An analysis of these novel therapeutics reveals the remarkable functional versatility of the amide bond. In antiviral agents like nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid^®), amides form the structural backbone of peptidomimetics, enabling high-affinity binding to a viral protease. In precision oncology, as seen with adagrasib (Krazati^®), the amide acts as a critical, metabolically stable linker that positions a covalent warhead for selective inhibition of a mutant kinase. This analysis underscores that amide's unique combination of planarity, resonance stabilization, and capacity for robust hydrogen bonding continues to make it an essential element in the medicinal chemist's toolkit, underpinning the development of next-generation therapeutics across oncology, infectious diseases, and neurology. To provide a practical framework for drug discovery, the synthetic routes for each drug are detailed, with particular emphasis placed on the key amide-forming strategies employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Weight Loss: Early Real-World Evidence of Semaglutide in Obesity.","authors":"Steluța Constanța Boroghină, Amalia-Ioana Arhire, Teodora Papuc, Miruna Sînziana Chiper, Diana-Andreea Meluță, Sorana Maria Pîrcălabu, Roxana Andreea Dănăilă, Mădălina Cristache, Carmen Gabriela Barbu","doi":"10.3390/medicines13030021","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13030021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease that often proves resistant to lifestyle measures alone. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), are reshaping treatment, yet prospective real-world data remain limited. <b>Objective:</b> To prospectively assess the effects of once-weekly Semaglutide on weight, body composition, and metabolic health in obesity. Methods: An exploratory observational study of 37 patients initiating Semaglutide (mean age 31 years; 11 children and adolescents; 22 females) was conducted. All met obesity criteria (baseline BMI 34.7 kg/m²). Anthropometry, bioimpedance body composition, and fasting biochemistry were obtained at baseline and 3 months. Variables were reported as mean ± SD or median (IQR) according to normal/non-normal distribution, whether a parametric test or a Wilcoxon one was used. Parametric or non-parametric paired tests (two-sided α = 0.05) were applied. We also explored tri-ponderal mass index (TMI, kg/m³) and its correlations with metabolic markers. <b>Results</b>: At 3 months, body weight decreased by a median 8.0 kg (<i>p</i> < 0.001), BMI by 1.6 kg/m² (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Body fat percentage declined: 43.4% to 42.8% (<i>p</i> = 0.009), with a small reduction in skeletal muscle mass (-0.6 kg; <i>p</i> = 0.035). Fasting glucose improved (<i>p</i> = 0.030) and HOMA-IR fell significantly. HbA1c changes were minimal, consistent with near-normal baseline values. Triglycerides decreased, while total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, liver enzymes, creatinine, uric acid, and 25-OH vitamin D remained stable. Baseline TMI (median 20.13 kg/m³; IQR 3.80) correlated strongly with HOMA-IR (r = 0.766, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and moderately-to-strongly with body fat percentage (r = 0.621, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> In this real-world cohort, Semaglutide produced rapid, clinically meaningful improvements in weight, adiposity, and insulin resistance within 3 months. Findings suggest that Semaglutide may represent a promising adjunct to lifestyle therapy in obesity management.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cinnamon-Derived Compounds Reduce PD-L1 Expression in UV-Exposed Human Skin Cell Line.","authors":"Chidambaram Ramanathan, Richard J Bloomer, Gus Romero","doi":"10.3390/medicines13020020","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13020020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objective:</b> Ultraviolet A and B (UVAB) radiation is a major environmental factor that induces DNA damage and upregulates programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in skin cells, thereby contributing to immune evasion and impaired tissue repair. This study evaluated the protective effects of two purified compounds, Cinnamtannin B1 (CTB-1) and Cinnamtannin D1 (CTD-1), as well as cinnamon extract, in UVAB-irradiated human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. <b>Methods:</b> HaCaT cells were exposed to low (20 kJ/m² UVA, 1.3 kJ/m² UVB), medium (30 kJ/m² UVA, 2 kJ/m² UVB), and high (40 kJ/m² UVA, 2.7 kJ/m² UVB) UVAB doses of UVAB radiation. Dose-dependent effects of CTB-1 and CTD-1 (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 µg/ mL) and cinnamon extract (0, 5, 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL), as well as time-dependent effects (12, 24, and 72 h), were evaluated by measuring PD-L1 expression, cell viability, and DNA damage. <b>Results:</b> CTD-1 was the most effective compound, significantly reducing UVAB-induced PD-L1 expression and DNA double-strand breaks without compromising cell viability. CTB-1 also demonstrated protective effects at specific doses and time points; however, higher concentrations reduced cell viability. Cinnamon extract was protective at low concentrations but cytotoxic at higher doses. <b>Conclusions:</b> CTD-1, CTB-1, and cinnamon extract attenuated UVAB-induced cellular damage in HaCaT cells, with CTD-1 demonstrating the most favorable protective profile. These findings support the potential of cinnamon-derived compounds as therapeutic candidates for preventing UVAB-induced skin damage and immune dysregulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13304358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148321121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrative Review of Novel Nicotine-Delivery Systems and Emerging Pharmaceuticals for Tobacco Cessation.","authors":"Srilekha Mutukula, Taylor Gagne-Hatfield, Zachary R Dunbar","doi":"10.3390/medicines13020019","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13020019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Debate continues to swirl around the effectiveness of novel nicotine-delivery products such as snus and e-cigarettes as tobacco cessation aids. The purpose of this review is to quantify the state of research on modern products, including e-products, and established or developing pharmaceuticals on assisting nicotine users in achieving cessation. <b>Methods:</b> This study relied on a comprehensive assessment of research articles, clinical trials, drug approvals, and textbook material available via PubMed, Ovid Wolters Kluwer, and Wiley. We utilized Python 3.14.2, Anaconda3, the ShinyWeb App, and Py.Litstudy to investigate the selected literature. Our key study elements are product evolution and cessation behavior associated with e-cigarettes, snus, nicotine gum, nicotine dermal patches, bupropion, varenicline, and cytisine. <b>Results:</b> This manuscript assessed 144 manuscripts published between 1952 and 2025. E-cigarettes and snus, while containing some limited cessation benefit, were not identified to be effective enough at attaining cessation (when used exclusively) to be prescribed as cessation tools. Cytisine was identified as having very similar cessation outcomes to established pharmaceuticals such as varenicline. <b>Conclusions:</b> Since their iteration, e-cigarettes and snus products were marketed as cessation aids. This review found that there is scant evidence to support that modern snus and e-cigarette products work as cessation aids when used in exclusion of other more traditional approaches to cessative aid. Additionally, more modern pharmaceuticals such as cytisine may have benefit as solo cessation tools over novel nicotine-delivery products.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13303636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148321097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) Bacteremia-Guidelines and Recent Developments.","authors":"Ashlesha Kaushik, Julia Fomicheva, Kimberly Zellmer, Corey Thieman, Sandeep Gupta","doi":"10.3390/medicines13020018","DOIUrl":"10.3390/medicines13020018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) remains a major cause of serious infection and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Clinical presentations range from localized disease to severe, life-threatening infections, including bacteremia and sepsis with metastatic complications such as infective endocarditis and osteoarticular involvement. MRSA bacteremia carries a high risk of dissemination and death, underscoring the importance of early recognition and effective management. Optimal treatment requires timely initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy in conjunction with source control when indicated. Despite advancements in treatment, persistent MRSA bacteremia continues to pose significant clinical challenges. Given the complexity of these infections, a clear understanding of current treatment strategies is essential for clinicians. In this narrative review, we summarize contemporary guideline-based approaches to the management of MRSA bacteremia, highlight key pharmacologic considerations of available antimicrobial agents, and discuss knowledge gaps and recent developments in both established and emerging therapies aimed at improving outcomes in these challenging infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":74162,"journal":{"name":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13303543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148321091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}