JVS-vascular science最新文献

{"title":"Moving away from metal: Step toward the future with bioresorbable vascular scaffolds and novel antiproliferative agents","authors":"Blair E. Warren MD, MSCS ,&nbsp;Kong-Teng Tan MD ,&nbsp;Dheeraj K. Rajan MD ,&nbsp;Miranda Witheford MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Sean Crawford MD, MSc ,&nbsp;Arash Jaberi MD, MEd ,&nbsp;Sebastian Mafeld MBBS","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common source of morbidity and mortality globally and is expected to raise increase in prevalence. Many endovascular techniques exist to manage PAD; however, there remains room for improvement, especially as it relates to below-the-knee vessels. Recent evidence and devices are leading to a resurgence of interest in bioresorbable vascular scaffolds and the -limus family of antiproliferative drugs in the PAD treatment space.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This nonsystematic review examines emerging technology for treatment of PAD with a specific focus on below-the-knee vessels and bioresorbable vascular scaffolds. Additional emerging and early technology such as novel delivery platforms are also briefly discussed with directions of future research highlighted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bioresorbable vascular scaffold biomechanics and history are highlighted. Foundational knowledge of antiproliferative agents and evolving agents in peripheral vascular disease are also described.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds are an additional endovascular tool for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. The integration with an antiproliferative agent may result in improved patency and performance; however, there is a paucity of data in the literature at present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atherosclerotic plaque instability in symptomatic non-significant carotid stenoses","authors":"Paul Cyréus MSc ,&nbsp;Katarina Wadén MD ,&nbsp;Sofie Hellberg MSc ,&nbsp;Otto Bergman PhD ,&nbsp;Mariette Lengquist MSc ,&nbsp;Eva Karlöf MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Andrew Buckler PhD ,&nbsp;Ljubica Matic PhD ,&nbsp;Joy Roy MD, PhD ,&nbsp;David Marlevi PhD ,&nbsp;Melody Chemaly PhD ,&nbsp;Ulf Hedin MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2025.100280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2025.100280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis is recommended for patients with &gt;70% stenosis, but not in those with &lt;50%. Because non-significant, low-degree stenoses may still cause strokes, refined risk stratification is necessary, which could be improved by assessing biological features of plaque instability. To challenge risk-stratification based on luminal narrowing, we compared biological features of carotid plaques from symptomatic patients with low-degree (&lt;50%) vs high-degree (&gt;70%) stenosis and explored potential mechanisms behind plaque instability in low-degree stenoses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Endarterectomy specimens were taken from symptomatic patients with high-degree (n = 204) and low-degree (n = 34) stenosis, all part of the Biobank of Karolinska Endarterectomies. Patient demographics, image-derived plaque morphology, and gene expression analyses of extracted lesions were used for comparisons. Plaque biology was assessed by transcriptomics using dimensionality reduction, differential gene expression, and gene-set enrichment analyses. Immunohistochemistry was used to study proteins corresponding to upregulated genes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The demographics of the two groups were statistically similar. Calcification, lipid-rich necrotic core, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque burden, and fibrous cap thickness were similar in both groups, whereas the sum of lipid-rich necrotic core and intraplaque hemorrhage was higher (<em>P</em> = .033) in the high-degree stenosis group. Dimensionality reduction analysis indicated poor clustering separation of plaque gene expression in low-compared with high-degree stenosis lesions, whereas differential gene expression showed upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 3A (log₂ fold change, 0.7212; <em>P</em> = .0003), and gene-set enrichment analyses identified pathways related to tissue hypoxia and angiogenesis in low-degree stenoses. Hypoxia-inducible factor 3-alpha protein was associated with smooth muscle cells in neo-vascularized plaque regions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Plaques from symptomatic patients with non-significant low-degree carotid stenoses showed morphologic and biological features of atherosclerotic plaque instability that were comparable to plaques from patients with high-degree stenoses, emphasizing the need for improved stroke risk stratification for intervention in all patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis irrespective of luminal narrowing. An increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 3A in low-degree stenotic lesions suggested mechanisms of plaque instability associated with tissue hypoxia and plaque angiogenesis, but the exact role of hypoxia-inducible factor 3A in this process remains to be determined.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical relevance</h3><div>Carotid plaques from symptomatic patients with &lt;50% stenosis show morphologic and biological features of plaque ","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of platelets and antiplatelets medications on immune mediation","authors":"Leela Morena MD ,&nbsp;Isabella Ferlini Cieri MD ,&nbsp;Daniel Marconi Mendes PhD ,&nbsp;Sasha P. Suarez Ferreira MD ,&nbsp;Shiv Patel BS ,&nbsp;Samir Ghandour MD ,&nbsp;Maria Fernanda Andrade BS ,&nbsp;Mohit Manchella BS ,&nbsp;Adriana A. Rodriguez MD ,&nbsp;Henry Davies MBBS, MD, MRSC ,&nbsp;Shruti Sharma PhD ,&nbsp;Anahita Dua MD, MS, MBA","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the mechanisms through which platelets and antiplatelet therapies modulate the immune response and propose directions for future research in this field, with a particular emphasis on their impact on treatment efficacy and surgical outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive review of recent studies investigating the role of platelets in immune modulation, specifically highlighting their involvement in pathogen recognition, leukocyte recruitment, and lymphocyte activation. Additionally, the review evaluates the impact of antiplatelet therapies, such as aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, on immune responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Recent studies have emphasized the critical role of platelets in immune-driven applications, namely, atherosclerosis, cancer, viral infections, and sepsis. These studies also suggest that antiplatelet therapies may alter immune responses. However, the precise mechanisms through which platelets and antiplatelet drugs influence immune responses, as well as their effects on post-treatment and surgical outcomes, are not yet fully elucidated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Recent studies highlight the important role of platelets in immune processes, such as in atherosclerosis, cancer, viral infections, and sepsis, and suggest that antiplatelet therapies can influence immune responses. However, the exact mechanisms by which platelets and antiplatelet drugs modulate these responses remain unclear. This area presents valuable opportunities for future research to uncover these mechanisms, which could lead to novel therapeutic strategies and better clinical outcomes for patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma proteome-wide Mendelian randomization reveals the association of extracellular matrix proteins with abdominal aortic aneurysm","authors":"Samuel Khodursky PhD ,&nbsp;Shuai Yuan PhD ,&nbsp;Joshua M. Spin MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Philip S. Tsao PhD ,&nbsp;Michael G. Levin MD ,&nbsp;Scott M. Damrauer MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2025.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2025.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common and life-threatening vascular disease. Genetic studies have identified numerous risk loci, many potentially encoding plasma proteins. However, the causal effects of plasma proteins on AAAs have not been thoroughly studied. We used genetic causal inference approaches to identify plasma proteins that have a potential causal impact on AAAs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Causal inference was performed using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). For AAAs, we utilized recently published summary statistics from a multi-population genome-wide association meta-analysis including 39,221 individuals with and 1,086,107 individuals without AAAs from 14 cohorts. We used protein quantitative trait loci (protein quantitative trait loci) identified in two large-scale plasma-proteomics studies (deCODE and UKB-PPP) to generate genetic instruments. We tested 2783 plasma proteins for possible causal effects on AAAs using two-sample MR with inverse variance weighting with common sensitivity analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MR identified 90 plasma proteins associated with AAAs at a false discovery rate &lt;0.05, with 25 supported by colocalization analysis. Among those supported by both MR and colocalization were proteins such as PCSK9 (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.4; <em>P</em> &lt; 1e-10), LTBP4 (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.6-4.6; <em>P</em> &lt; 1e-10), and COL6A3 (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.7; <em>P</em> &lt; 1e-6). Gene Ontology analysis revealed enrichment of proteins (extracellular matrix; OR, 7.8; <em>P</em> &lt; 1e-4), some with maximal mRNA levels in aortic tissue. Bi-directional MR suggested plasma level changes were not caused by liability to AAA itself. Colocalization analysis showed that an aortic expression quantitative trait locus for COL6A3, and a splicing quantitative trait locus for LTBP4 colocalized with their respective plasma pQTLs and AAA signals.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results highlight proteins and pathways with potential causal effects on AAAs, providing a foundation for future functional experiments. These findings suggest a possible causal pathway whereby genetic variation affecting extracellular matrix proteins expressed in the aortic wall cause their levels to change in blood plasma, influencing development of AAAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toll-Like Receptor 4, a potential therapeutic target of lower limb ischemic myopathy that raises further questions","authors":"Ali H. Hakim, Ulf Hedin","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"60 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139824700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A central arteriovenous fistula reduces systemic hypertension in a mouse model","authors":"Anand H. Brahmandam, Rafael Alves, Hao Liu, Luis Gonzalez, Y. Aoyagi, Yuichi Ohashi, John T. Langford, Carly Thaxton, R. Taniguchi, Weichang Zhang, Hualong Bai, B. Yatsula, Alan Dardik","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139892707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Future Occlusion or Stenosis of Lower Extremity Bypass Grafts Using Artificial Intelligence to Simultaneously Analyze All Flow Velocities Collected in Current and Previous Ultrasound Exams","authors":"Xiao Luo, Fattah Muhammad Tahabi, Dave M. Rollins, A. Sawchuk","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100192","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"72 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139874367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Skeletal Muscle Damage in Chronic Limb Threatening Ischaemia","authors":"Navi Ali, Patel Hemanshu, Shiwen Xu, Baker Daryll, Abraham David, Tsui Janice","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"121 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139829132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A porcine model of thoracic aortic aneurysms created with a retrievable drug infusion stent graft mirrors human aneurysm pathophysiology","authors":"Dahlia M. Kenawy MD ,&nbsp;Jordan F. Stafford MD ,&nbsp;Foued Amari MS ,&nbsp;Drayson Campbell BS ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul MS, MPH ,&nbsp;Jennifer Leight PhD ,&nbsp;Youngjae Chun PhD ,&nbsp;Bryan W. Tillman MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Aneurysm pathophysiology remains poorly understood, in part from the disparity of murine models with human physiology and the requirement for invasive aortic exposure to apply agents used to create aneurysm models. A retrievable drug infusion stent graft (RDIS) was developed to isolate the aortic wall intraluminally for drug exposure. We hypothesized that an RDIS could deliver aneurysm-promoting enzymes to create a porcine model of thoracic aneurysms without major surgical exposure.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Retrievable nitinol stent graft frames were designed with an isolated drug delivery chamber, covered with polytetrafluoroethylene, and connected to a delivery wire with a drug infusion catheter installed to the outer chamber. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved Yorkshire pigs (n = 5) underwent percutaneous access of the femoral artery, baseline aortogram and stent placement in the thoracic aorta followed by 30-minute exposure to a cocktail of elastase, collagenase, and trypsin. After aspiration of excess drug, stent retrieval, and femoral artery repair, animals were recovered, with angiograms at 1 and 4 weeks followed by explant. Histological analysis, in situ zymography, and multiplex cytokine assays were performed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The RDIS isolated a segment of anterior aorta angiographically, while the center lumen preserved distal perfusion during drug treatment (baseline femoral mean arterial pressure, 70 ± 14 mm Hg; after RDIS, 75 ± 12; <em>P</em> = .55). Endovascular induction of thoracic aneurysms did not require prior mechanical injury and animals revealed no evidence of toxicity. Within 1 week, significant aneurysmal growth was observed in all five animals (1.4 ± 0.1 cm baseline to 2.9 ± 0.7 cm; <em>P</em> = .002) and only within the treated region of the aorta. Aneurysms persisted out to 4 weeks. Aneurysm histology demonstrated loss of elastin and collagen that was otherwise preserved in untreated aorta. Proinflammatory cytokines and increased matrix metalloproteinase activity were increased significantly within the aneurysm.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>An RDIS achieves isolated drug delivery while preserving distal perfusion to achieve an endovascular porcine model of thoracic aneurysms without major surgery. This model may have value for surgical training, device testing, and to better understand aneurysm pathogenesis. Most important, although the RDIS was used to simulate aortic pathology, this tool offers intriguing horizons for focused therapeutic drug delivery directly to aneurysms and, more broadly, focused locoregional drug delivery to vessels and vascular beds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666350324000233/pdfft?md5=081f8c71c9fcfe81f38b0cc25693ed2d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666350324000233-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141715761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The radiographic relationship of the femoral head, inguinal ligament, and common femoral artery bifurcation for optimal vascular access","authors":"Anand Brahmandam MD ,&nbsp;Joshua Huttler BA ,&nbsp;Kirthi Bellamkonda MSc ,&nbsp;Ocean Setia MD ,&nbsp;Jonathan A. Cardella MD ,&nbsp;William Stewart PhD ,&nbsp;Raul J. Guzman MD ,&nbsp;Cassius Iyad Ochoa Chaar MD, MS, MPH","doi":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Common femoral artery (CFA) access is commonly used for endovascular interventions. Access site complications contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. This study characterizes the radiographic variability in the relationship of the femoral head, the inguinal ligament, and the CFA bifurcation, to identify the zone of optimal CFA access.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Human cadaver dissection of the inguinal ligament and CFA bifurcation was performed. The inguinal ligament and CFA bifurcation were marked with radiopaque pins and plain anteroposterior radiographs were obtained. Radiographic measurements of the femoral head length, the distance of the top of the femoral head to the inguinal ligament, and to the CFA bifurcation were obtained. Results were reported as percentage of femoral head covered by the inguinal ligament or the CFA bifurcation relative to the top of the femoral head. A heatmap was derived to determine a safe access zone between the inguinal ligament and CFA bifurcation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Forty-five groin dissections (male, n = 20; female, n = 25) were performed in 26 cadavers. The mean overlap of the inguinal ligament with the femoral head was 11.2 mm (range, −19.4 to 27.4 mm). There were no age (&lt;85 vs ≥85 years) or sex-related differences. In 82.6% of cadaveric CFA exposures, there was overlap between the inguinal ligament and femoral head (mean, 27.7%; range, −85.7% to 70.1%), with 55.6% having a &gt;25% overlap. In 11.1%, there was an overlap between the lower one-third of the femoral head and the CFA bifurcation. Cumulatively, heatmap analysis depicted a &gt;80% likelihood of avoiding the inguinal ligament and CFA bifurcation below the midpoint of the femoral head.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Significant variability exists in the relationship between the inguinal ligament, CFA bifurcation, and the femoral head, suggesting the lack of a consistently safe access zone. The safest access zone in &gt;80% of patients lies below the radiographic midpoint of the femoral head and the inferior aspect of the femoral head.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74035,"journal":{"name":"JVS-vascular science","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666350324000075/pdfft?md5=74563e889c098870416176f9c73dad33&pid=1-s2.0-S2666350324000075-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140462865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}