{"title":"Matters of life and death: the role of chromatin remodeling proteins in retinal neuron survival.","authors":"Pamela S Lagali, David J Picketts","doi":"10.1007/s12177-012-9080-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-012-9080-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retinal neurons are highly vulnerable to a diverse array of neurotoxic stimuli that leads to their degeneration, which is a major contributor to blindness. This review summarizes the role of epigenetic factors in mediating neuronal homeostasis and survival to protect against cell death and neurodegenerative conditions. Studies in human patients and mouse models implicate numerous chromatin modifications in neuroprotective processes including histone protein acetylation and methylation, DNA methylation, and ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Recent research has begun to uncover specific epigenetic mechanisms invoked by neurotoxic stimuli. Continued investigation in this area will be the key to the generation of therapeutic strategies for the intervention of retinal neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":" ","pages":"111-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-012-9080-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40211447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of diabetes on alpha-crystallins and other heat shock proteins in the eye.","authors":"Erich A Heise, Patrice E Fort","doi":"10.1007/s12177-011-9073-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9073-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes and its related complications represent a major growing health concern and economic burden worldwide. Ocular manifestations of diabetes include cataractogenesis and retinopathy, the latter being the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population. Despite numerous studies and recent progress, the exact pathophysiology of the disease remains to be fully elucidated and development of new and improved therapeutic strategies for this chronic condition are greatly needed. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved families of proteins, which are generally regarded as protective molecules that play a wide variety of roles and can be expressed in response to different types of cellular stresses. In recent years, numerous studies have reported their implication in various ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. The present review focuses on the potential implication of Hsps in ocular diabetic complications and discusses their specific mechanisms of regulation with respect to their expression, functions and alteration during diabetes. The review will conclude by examining the potential of Hsps as therapeutic agents or targets for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":"4 1-2","pages":"62-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-011-9073-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31143903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diabetes-related adduct formation and retinopathy.","authors":"Alan W Stitt, Timothy M Curtis","doi":"10.1007/s12177-011-9070-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9070-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is complex, reflecting the array of systemic and tissue-specific metabolic abnormalities. A range of pathogenic pathways are directly linked to hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia, and the retina appears to be exquisitely sensitive to damage. Establishing the biochemical and molecular basis for this pathology remains an important research focus. This review concentrates on the formation of a range of protein adducts that form after exposure to modifying intermediates known to be elevated during diabetes. These so-called advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) are thought to play an important role in the initiation and progression of diabetic retinopathy, and mechanisms leading to dysfunction and death of various retinal cells are becoming understood. Perspective is provided on AGE/ALE formation in the retina and the impact that such adducts have on retinal cell function. There will be emphasis placed on the role of the receptor for AGEs and how this may modulate retinal pathology, especially in relation to oxidative stress and inflammation. The review will conclude by discussion of strategies to inhibit AGE/ALE formation or harmful receptor interactions in order to prevent disease progression from the point of diabetes diagnosis to sight-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":"4 1-2","pages":"10-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-011-9070-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31150424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nuclear GAPDH: changing the fate of Müller cells in diabetes.","authors":"Prathiba Jayaguru, Susanne Mohr","doi":"10.1007/s12177-012-9085-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-012-9085-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Müller cells, the primary glial cells are a crucial component of the retinal tissue performing a wide range of functions including maintaining the blood-retinal barrier. Several studies suggest that diabetes leads to Müller cell dysfunction and loss. The pathophysiology of hyperglycemia-induced cellular injury of Müller cells remains only poorly understood. Recently, the concept that translocation of the predominantly cytosolic glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to the nucleus and its accumulation in this cellular compartment alters transcriptional events associated with cell death induction has gained major interest. High glucose conditions induce nuclear translocation and accumulation of GAPDH in the nucleus of Müller cells in vivo and in vitro. With regards to Müller cell dysfunction, the effects of nuclear accumulation of GAPDH are multifaceted. Considering the functional versatility of GAPDH including gene regulation, DNA repair, telomere protection, etc., it is of immense importance to explore possible GAPDH actions to unravel the mysteries around the role of GAPDH in hyperglycemia-induced cellular changes in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review focuses on the molecular events associated with the nuclear translocation of GAPDH and how it affects the fate of Müller cells in diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":" ","pages":"34-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-012-9085-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40233573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation: mechanisms and implications in diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Sarah X Zhang, Emily Sanders, Joshua J Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12177-011-9075-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9075-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary cellular compartment where proteins are synthesized and modified before they can be transported to their destination. Dysfunction of the ER impairs protein homeostasis and leads to the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER, or ER stress. While it has long been recognized that ER stress is a major cause of conformational disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, certain types of cancer, and type 2 diabetes, recent evidence suggests that ER stress is also implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases. These diseases include irritable bowel syndrome, atherosclerosis, diabetic complications, and many others. Diabetic retinopathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive damage to retinal vascular and neuronal cells, vascular leakage, and abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of ER stress in retinal inflammation and vascular damage in diabetic retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":"4 1-2","pages":"51-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-011-9075-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31170183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gregory I Liou, Saif Ahmad, Mohammad Naime, Nadeem Fatteh, Ahmed S Ibrahim
{"title":"Role of adenosine in diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Gregory I Liou, Saif Ahmad, Mohammad Naime, Nadeem Fatteh, Ahmed S Ibrahim","doi":"10.1007/s12177-011-9067-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9067-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In diabetic retinopathy (DR), abnormalities in vascular and neuronal function are closely related to the local production of inflammatory mediators whose potential source is microglia. Adenosine and its receptors have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties that have only recently been studied in DR. Here, we review recent studies that determined the roles of adenosine and its associated proteins, including equilibrative nucleoside transporters, adenosine receptors, and underlying signaling pathways in retinal complications associated with diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":"4 1-2","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-011-9067-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31154152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"JOBDI special edition-introduction.","authors":"Alistair Barber","doi":"10.1007/s12177-012-9084-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-012-9084-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":"4 1-2","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-012-9084-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31334880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renu A Kowluru, Ghulam Mohammad, Julia M Santos, Shikha Tewari, Qing Zhong
{"title":"Interleukin-1β and mitochondria damage, and the development of diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Renu A Kowluru, Ghulam Mohammad, Julia M Santos, Shikha Tewari, Qing Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s12177-011-9074-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9074-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to play an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Recent evidence has also shown many similarities between diabetic retinopathy and a low grade chronic inflammatory disease. The aim of this study is to understand the interrelationship between proinflammtory mediator, IL-1β and mitochondrial dysfunction in the accelerated loss of capillary cells in the retina. Using IL-1β receptor gene knockout (IL-1R1(-)/(-)) diabetic mice, we have investigated the effect of regulation of IL-1β on mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA damage, and increased retinal capillary cell apoptosis and the development of retinopathy. Retinal mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA damage were significantly ameliorated in IL-1R1(-)/(-) mice, diabetic for ~10 months, compared to the wild-type diabetic mice. This was accompanied by protection of accelerated capillary cell apoptosis and the development of acellular capillaries, histopathology associated with diabetic retinopathy. Thus, mitochondrial damage could be one of the key events via which increased inflammation contributes to the activation of the apoptotic machinery resulting in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and the possible mechanism via which inflammation contributes to the development of diabetic retinopathy includes continuous fueling of the vicious cycle of mitochondrial damage, which could be disrupted by inhibitors of inflammatory mediators.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":"4 1-2","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-011-9074-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31150423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan J Blom, Thomas J Giove, Tara L Favazza, James D Akula, William D Eldred
{"title":"Inhibition of the adrenomedullin/nitric oxide signaling pathway in early diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Jan J Blom, Thomas J Giove, Tara L Favazza, James D Akula, William D Eldred","doi":"10.1007/s12177-011-9072-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9072-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway is integrally involved in visual processing and changes in the NO pathway are measurable in eyes of diabetic patients. The small peptide adrenomedullin (ADM) can activate a signaling pathway to increase the enzyme activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). ADM levels are elevated in eyes of diabetic patients and therefore, ADM may play a role in the pathology of diabetic retinopathy. The goal of this research was to test the effects of inhibiting the ADM/NO signaling pathway in early diabetic retinopathy. Inhibition of this pathway decreased NO production in high-glucose retinal cultures. Treating diabetic mice with the PKC β inhibitor ruboxistaurin for 5 weeks lowered ADM mRNA levels and ADM-like immunoreactivity and preserved retinal function as assessed by electroretinography. The results of this study indicate that inhibiting the ADM/NO signaling pathway prevents neuronal pathology and functional losses in early diabetic retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":"4 1-2","pages":"70-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-011-9072-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31158274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glial and neuronal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.","authors":"Vickie H Y Wong, Algis J Vingrys, Bang V Bui","doi":"10.1007/s12177-011-9069-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9069-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal dysfunction has been noted very soon after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin injection in rats. It is not clear from anatomical evidence whether glial cell dysfunction accompanies the well-documented neuronal deficit. Here, we isolate the Müller cell driven slow-P3 component of the full-field electroretinogram and show that it is attenuated at 4 weeks following the onset of streptozotocin-hyperglycaemia. We also found a concurrent reduction in the sensitivity of the phototransduction cascade, as well as in the components of the electroretinogram known to indicate retinal ganglion cell and amacrine cell integrity. Our data support the idea that neuronal and Müller cell dysfunction occurs at the same time in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":73873,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics","volume":" ","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12177-011-9069-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40200650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}