Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology最新文献

{"title":"Antibodies targeting amyloid-β and Tau oligomers in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi, Nagaraj Rangappa, Madhura Chandrashekar","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease is a leading neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by cognitive decline linked to amyloid-beta plaques and Tau tangles. These pathological aggregates disrupt the neuronal communication, induce neuroinflammation, and contribute to synaptic dysfunction. Genetic mutations, aging, environmental and lifestyle factors exacerbate these mechanisms, promoting neurotoxicity. Advances in immunotherapy have targeted Aβ and Tau oligomers using several monoclonal antibodies and Tau-specific antibodies. These therapies aim to neutralize toxic aggregates, facilitate clearance, and slow cognitive decline. Dual-targeting approaches, such as bispecific antibodies, address both Aβ and Tau, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Despite challenges-like limited blood-brain barrier penetration, off-target effects, and high production costs, innovations in nanobody technology and personalized medicine are the key players. Artificial intelligence-driven antibody design further accelerates development, offering hope for transformative Alzheimer's disease treatments. Future research focuses on optimizing safety and efficacy, paving the way for comprehensive management of this devastating disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"151 ","pages":"225-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147939932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability of alternative proteins.","authors":"Salam Bhopen Singh, Sanskriti Negi, Sonali Negi, Achlesh Daverey","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alternative sources of proteins, such as plant-based proteins, insect-based proteins, single-cell proteins, and cultivated meat, have emerged as efficient alternative foods to animal-derived proteins, contributing to a more sustainable, resilient, and ethical food systems. Plant-based proteins constitute the most commercially efficient and cost-effective alternatives with a well-established supply chain and consumer acceptance. Even though insect-based proteins and single-cell proteins are highly nutritive and resource efficient, challenges persist regarding cultural acceptance, regulatory issues, high-energy consumption, and industrial feasibility concerns. Cultured meat has also received considerable attention due to the prospect of decoupling meat production and conventional livestock farming. However, the high cost of production, long-term safety issues, complex regulatory processes, and concerns on the sustainability of mass implementation have limited its commercial adoption. This chapter highlights the environmental, technological, nutritional, safety, economic, regulatory, societal, and public-acceptance imperative for successful adoption of the alternative proteins as sustainable global food systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"154 ","pages":"499-524"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-based proteins: Key sources and production methods.","authors":"Renganathan Senthil, Kishore Kumar Meenakshi Sundaram, Giridharan Bupesh, Thirunavukarasou Anand, Kousalya Lavudi, Konda Mani Saravanan","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global protein crisis, which has been driven by the population explosion and environmental cost of traditional farming, requires novel and sustainable remedies. The chapter discusses how novel opportunities can be generated by the combination of two promising frontiers, like seaweed as an all-useful resource in the sea and green nanotechnology. The seaweed extracts that are abundant in bioactive compounds can be used as natural nanofactories in the production of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner. The mechanisms of this synthesis are discussed and enlighten on how seaweed bioactive stabilize nanoparticles and reduce toxic substances. Synthesized nanoparticles are then characterized with regard to their special physicochemical properties. The core of the chapter is that nanoparticles synthesized from seaweeds are used in multifaceted ways to improve protein diet and production. Further the use of nanoparticles as nutrient delivery systems to enhance bioavailability, to support new protein-enriched foods, and in sustainable agriculture and aquaculture to increase yields and feed efficiency. Most importantly, the chapter draws attention to the most critical aspects of safety, toxicity, and the regulatory environment of nanoparticles in the food chain. The synergistic model synthesized seaweed nanoparticles have the potential to improve the whole energy chain of protein, and this chapter puts forward a possible, circular route of developing a more robust and secure global food system.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"154 ","pages":"153-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Siddha dietary principles with alternative protein systems: A pathway toward sustainable and functional nutrition.","authors":"Chandrabose Yogeswari, Asha Monica Alex, Kirubhanand Chandrasekaran, Periyasamy Vijayalakshmi, Deepali Desai, Sivanesan Sathiya Narayana Murthy, Periyasamy Natarajan Shiammala, Sampath Bhuvaneshwari, Ponnappan Shanmugapriya, Ramachandran Madhavan, Chandrabose Selvaraj","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The world food systems are facing the fundamental challenges that are being necessitated by climatic changes, increasing population count, protein demand and the escalating non-communicable diseases. Ecological nutrition approaches should therefore be concerned with ecological stability and functional health outcomes. The South Indian traditional medicine is Siddha medicine, an ancient system that provides a constitution-based dietary system that focuses on the three humours, i.e., Vatham, Pitham and Kabam, and the concept of food as medicine. In line with this, other proteins, such as plant-based, microbial and insect-derived proteins and cultivated proteins, have also become viable options to minimise the environmental impact of traditional livestock production and satisfy the human protein needs. This review explains how the bridging of Siddha nutrition philosophy and current alternative-protein innovation can be affected to suggest a unified and sustainable mix of food. It also critically reviews the Siddha dietary categories, methods of digestive improvement, fermentation and detoxification methods, and how they correlate to the bioavailability, digestibility, and activity of other proteins. The sustainability of the environment is determined in terms of Siddha ecological ethics and the life-cycle assessment of alternative protein systems. The issues of safety, allergenicity, cultural acceptance, and the regulatory viewpoints are also considered in favour of the support of translational applicability. Lastly, the review provides future research directions such as personalized nutrition based on constitutions, integrative clinical validation models, and the innovation strategies of functional foods. Applying the Siddha wisdom to the other protein science provides a culturally based, ecologically sustainable and functional-driven concept that can be used to achieve sustainable food transitions and enhance global health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"154 ","pages":"307-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-technology innovations in alternative proteins.","authors":"Vishnu Priya Selvaraju, Margherita Stampini, Manuel Martoccia, Thisun Ranpatabendi","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing demand for sustainable, nutritious, and ethically produced foods has driven considerable interest in the development of alternative proteins. This chapter reviews the food-technology innovations involved in the formulation, processing and application of alternative protein foods. It contains functional ingredients used in alternative protein systems and their technological roles in developing structure, texture, and stability. The major processing technologies are then examined, with particular emphasis on protein denaturation and thermomechanical processing, especially high-moisture extrusion (HME). The interactions between proteins and polysaccharides, particularly amylose and amylopectin to understand how changes in biopolymer conformation and interactions contribute to the development of fibrous and meat-like structures. Different structuring approaches for meat analogues, including extrusion, electrospinning, freeze structuring, shear cell technology, and 3D printing, are also reviewed, with attention to their advantages, limitations, and potential for improving textural and sensory properties. The chapter further considers alternative protein sources used across food systems and approaches to nutrient fortification, followed by discussion of their relevance to health and wellness. Consumer acceptance is examined as an important factor in the wider adoption of alternative protein products. Finally, the nutritional strengths and limitations of animal-derived and alternative protein sources are compared. Overall, the chapter brings together processing, structural, nutritional and consumer perspectives to highlight how food-technology innovations can improve the functionality, nutritional quality, sensory properties and sustainability of alternative protein foods and identify areas for future development.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"154 ","pages":"441-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insect proteins for alternative proteins: Sustainable solutions for molecular efficiency.","authors":"Anith Kumar Rajendran, Swagatika Pallai, Yashasvi Tirathpal, Adwitiya Bhattacharjee, Suganthi Muthusamy, Senthilkumar Palanisamy","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global demand for sustainable protein sources has positioned insects as a viable alternative to traditional livestock because of their impressive molecular efficiency and minimal ecological footprint. This chapter presents a detailed overview of biochemical design, nutritional, and industrial potential of protein sourced from insects, including high digestibility of amino acids, and rich content of bioactive peptides with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. We highlight the efficiency of species such as Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, and Acheta domesticus to bioconvert organic waste products into commercially valuable protein biomass. From an industrial perspective, insect-derived enzymes and antimicrobial peptides possess high stability and bioactivity, driving innovation in pharmaceuticals, biomaterials, and cosmetics. Notably, silk and resilin proteins from Bombyx mori and spiders show high mechanical durability, elasticity, and biocompatibility for regenerative medicine and smart biomaterial design. More broadly, environmental studies show that insect farming has the potential to lower greenhouse gases by up to 90 % and reduce water consumption by as much as 70 % relative to traditional livestock options, confirming their value in future circular bioeconomy models. Processing techniques, such as enzymatic hydrolysis, defatting, and thermal treatments can enhance functional properties such as solubility, emulsification, and digestibility, enabling their use in food, feed, and nutraceutical applications. Collectively, this study presents insect proteins as a scalable, multifunctional platform bridging sustainable food production, biomaterial innovation, and environmental restoration step toward resilient global protein systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"154 ","pages":"119-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytoskeletal proteins regulates Tau protein in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi, Anusree Adityan","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2025.10.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2025.10.029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytoskeletal proteins, particularly microtubules and actin, play critical roles in maintaining neuronal structure, transport, and function. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the Tau protein, which normally stabilizes microtubules, becomes hyperphosphorylated and forms neurofibrillary tangles, leading to Tauopathies. This pathological change disrupts microtubule dynamics, axonal transport, and overall neuronal integrity. The cytoskeletal proteins like actin, tubulin, MAPs, ankyrin, gelsolin, vimentin, drebrin, septins, cofilin, spectrin, intermediate filaments and Tau role and function in Alzheimer's disease. Cross-talk between microtubules and actin further exacerbates Tau pathology, contributing to synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuronal degeneration and dysregulation accelerates neurodegenerative processes, and Tauopathies. Tau pathology impairs synaptic plasticity by disrupting both actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, leading to dendritic spine loss, synaptic failure, and memory impairment. Compounds that prevent tau hyperphosphorylation or promote its dephosphorylation (e.g., GSK-3β inhibitors) may help stabilize microtubules. Cytoskeletal dysfunction is associated with oxidative stress. Compounds that reduce oxidative stress could protect the cytoskeleton from further damage. Since inflammation exacerbates tau pathology and cytoskeletal breakdown, targeting neuroinflammation may have protective effects on cytoskeletal integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"150 ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sticks with whips in neurodegenerative diseases: On the roles of intrinsic disorder in the (dis)function of cytoskeletal proteins.","authors":"Swayam Jyothi Tirupathi, Vladimir N Uversky","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2025.10.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2025.10.031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytoskeleton represents a set of specific proteins uniquely organized in a complex network of protein filaments within cells that has a multitude of crucial roles, acting as a structural framework, facilitating intracellular transport, enabling various cellular processes, such as cell division, intracellular cargo transport, and cell movement, as well as providing mechanical support and maintaining cellular structure. The cytoskeleton is particularly vital in neurons, as their shape, axonal transport, and synaptic transmission are controlled by this complex interacting meshwork. Therefore, it is not surprising that aberrations in cytoskeleton and dysregulations of the neuronal cytoskeletal proteins are linked to a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Vast literature exists about physiological and pathological roles of neuronal cytoskeleton. It is clear that the specific structural organization of different cytoskeletal forms and associated distinctive sets of specific functions and dysfunctions are determined by the proteins forming specific filaments (microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments) and by the proteins interacting with those filament formers. Therefore, one deals here with large and complex proteinaceous machines composed of multiple highly diversified components. Commonly, multifunctionality and complexity of proteins are associated with the intrinsic disorder phenomenon. Analysis of such structure-disorder-function connections in neuronal cytoskeleton represents a subject of this study. We are showing here that the overall organization of the elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton represents an intertwined unity of order and disorder and can be described as supramolecular sticks with whips assembled from macromolecular sticks with whips.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"150 ","pages":"29-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shared molecular dysregulation across neuropsychiatric disorders reveals candidate therapeutic targets.","authors":"Supraja Mohan, Prasanna Kumar Selvam, Karthick Vasudevan","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.04.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), and Schizophrenia (SCZ) are major neuropsychiatric conditions that contribute substantially to global disability. Although traditionally considered distinct disorders, increasing evidence suggests overlapping molecular mechanisms across these conditions. In this study, we applied a cross-disorder transcriptomic framework to identify shared molecular dysregulation across ASD, BD, and SCZ. Publicly available RNA-sequencing datasets for each disorder were analysed independently using disorder-specific case-control comparisons. Differentially expressed genes were ranked within each disorder using a composite magnitude-confidence score integrating effect size and statistical significance, and the top 500 ranked genes per disorder were selected for cross-disorder analysis. Genes recurrently dysregulated in at least two disorders were prioritised based on their mean cross-disorder score. This approach identified 20 high-confidence recurrent genes, with pronounced transcriptional convergence observed between BD and SCZ. Notably, genes such as TPRX1, NPC1L1, and SLC12A3 emerged among the highest-ranked cross-disorder candidates, reflecting consistent and robust dysregulation across disorders. Directionality analysis revealed predominantly concordant expression patterns, with limited disorder-specific divergence. Functional annotation highlighted biological processes related to cellular homeostasis, immune regulation, metabolic pathways, and signal transduction. Overall, this study provides a systematic and quantitative framework for identifying shared molecular signatures across major neuropsychiatric disorders. The prioritised genes identified here represent promising candidates for further functional investigation and contribute to a deeper understanding of transdiagnostic disease biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"153 ","pages":"59-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine-derived polysaccharides and peptides as next-generation immunomodulators: Molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and translational challenges.","authors":"Kirubhanand Chandrasekaran, Deepali Desai, Sanjeev Kumar Singh, Jayakumar Manoharan, Chandrabose Selvaraj","doi":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.apcsb.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine-derived polysaccharides and peptides have emerged as innovative immunomodulatory agents offering distinct structural features and multimodal biological activities not commonly found in terrestrial sources. Environmental pressures in marine ecosystems drive the evolution of diverse sulfated polysaccharides, antimicrobial peptides, and bioactive macromolecules capable of modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Polysaccharides such as fucoidan, carrageenan, ulvan, chitin, and chitosan demonstrate potent engagement of pattern recognition receptors, enhancement of antigen presentation, and immunological reprogramming of macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Marine peptides derived from fish, mollusks, and marine microbes combine direct antimicrobial effects with regulation of cytokine balance, T-cell differentiation, and tissue repair pathways. Synergistic strategies integrating polysaccharides and peptides in nanoscale delivery systems and conjugate vaccines show increased immunogenicity and therapeutic benefit across oncology, infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders. Despite this promise, translation of marine immunomodulators into clinical practice is restricted by structural heterogeneity, limited bioavailability, and a lack of harmonized analytical and regulatory frameworks. Advances in multi-omics technologies, systems immunology, and machine learning, guided design are enabling deeper mechanistic understanding and rational optimization of marine bioactives. Concurrently, the development of sustainable aquaculture, biorefinery systems, and controlled bioprocessing supports scalable and environmentally responsible production. This chapter provides the recent molecular insights, therapeutic opportunities, and emerging translational strategies for marine-derived polysaccharides and peptides, while outlining key challenges and future priorities. Together, these innovations position marine immunomodulators as promising candidates for next-generation immunotherapy, vaccine adjuvant development, and global health applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7376,"journal":{"name":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","volume":"151 ","pages":"45-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147939882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}