{"title":"Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in modulating bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement","authors":"Nisha Varughese MDS , Karunya Krishnakumar MDS , K. Hema Shree MDS , Aravind Kumar Subramanian MOrth (RCS)Ed, PhD , Ramya Ramadoss MDS, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess the influence of proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-4, IL-1RA) cytokines on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. The aim was to clarify their dynamics over time and space and evaluate their potential as clinical biomarkers.</div></div><div><h3>Search Strategy</h3><div>The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses 2020 guidelines. A structured population, intervention, comparator, outcome framework directed the search. Medical Subject Heading terms alongside free-text key words were used in combination with Boolean operators across various databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science) from 2000 through 2024. The reference lists of the included studies were examined manually to ensure thoroughness.</div></div><div><h3>Citation Sources</h3><div>Searching electronic databases and conducting manual reference checks resulted in an initial collection of 85 studies of which 14 met the criteria for inclusion.</div></div><div><h3>Study Selection Criteria</h3><div>The studies eligible for inclusion measured cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-1RA, IL-4) in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, or serum throughout orthodontic treatment. No age, sex, or appliance type restrictions were imposed on the participants. Both observational and interventional human studies were considered.</div></div><div><h3>Data Elements Included</h3><div>Data extraction included details such as authorship, methodology, biological fluid examined, cytokines investigated, detection technique (enzymed-linked immunosorbant assay, multiplex assay, polymerase chain reaction), sample size, and key outcomes. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.</div></div><div><h3>Overall Conclusions</h3><div>Proinflammatory cytokines showed early peaks after the application of orthodontic force, triggering bone resorption at compression sites. In contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines appeared later, facilitating repair and bone deposition at tension sites. IL-1β levels were positively correlated with the rate of tooth movement, while lower levels of IL-1RA were associated with quicker distal displacement. Although the pooled results from the meta-analysis did not show statistically significant differences, consistent trends supported the regulatory role of cytokines in orthodontic tooth movement. Future investigations should focus on larger, multicenter studies using standardized protocols to confirm the reliability of cytokines as biomarkers for precise orthodontic treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Presurgical orthodontic treatment with ultraearly application of premaxilla-guiding nasoalveolar molding in feeding neonates","authors":"Keiichiro Watanabe DDS, PhD , Kaoru Yoshinaga DDS, PhD , Sooha Matsuki DDS, PhD , Shunsuke Mima MD, PhD , Hiroyuki Yamasaki MD, PhD , Kazuhide Mineda MD, PhD , Masashi Suzue MD, PhD , Ryuji Nakagawa MD, PhD , Kenichi Suga MD, PhD , Takashi Kaji MD, PhD , Ichiro Hashimoto MD, PhD , Eiji Tanaka DDS, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The objective of this study was to present 3 cases of bilateral cleft lip and palate in which early application of premaxilla-guiding nasoalveolar molding (PG-NAM) achieved proper premaxillary alignment, columella, and upper lip lengthening by 2 months of age.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate were referred shortly after birth for intraoral scanning, which enables the creation of a 3-dimensional–printed jaw model. Using the jaw model, the Hotz plate was designed as a feeding plate. One week after birth, a nasal stent was applied to the Hotz plate. Once the stent was in place, 2 elastic lip tapes were used to prevent premaxillary collapse.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In all 3 cases, premaxillary alignment was completed within 1 through 2 months of appliance placement, and nasal septal curvature was observed after posterior premaxillary movement; however, at the time of palatoplasty, the nasal septum was straightened in all cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest ultraearly application of PG-NAM achieves appropriate premaxillary alignment, columella, and upper lip lengthening by 2 months of age, allowing for smooth surgical interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah Reynolds BS , Bryanna Bravo BS , Germelle Fulford MS , Ana Martinez BS , Mark A. Latta MS, DMD , Stephen M. Gross BS, PhD
{"title":"Biodegradable polymeric ion–releasing fillers","authors":"Hannah Reynolds BS , Bryanna Bravo BS , Germelle Fulford MS , Ana Martinez BS , Mark A. Latta MS, DMD , Stephen M. Gross BS, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dentists spend considerable time treating issues stemming from caries, especially recurrent caries. European Union regulations require microplastics to be biodegradable. The goal of this research is to develop biodegradable, ion-releasing fillers that could be incorporated into dental materials that aid in remineralization of teeth.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Polymeric ion–releasing fillers (PIRFs) that released calcium from a dental composite were prepared. These fillers were synthesized from a biodegradable polymer obtained from a renewable resource (alginate) and are capable of releasing calcium ions. Synthetic variables included the concentration of reactants, emulsifying agents, and applied shear rate. PIRFs were incorporated into dental formulations and categorized by scanning electron microscopy, ion release, degree of conversion, depth of cure, and viscosity measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Scanning electron microscopic images confirmed the successful isolation of the PIRFs from synthesis and subsequent mixing into a bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate continuous phase that was converted into a dental composite. The degree of conversion and depth of cure measurements were consistent with those of a typical dental material, showing the viability of adding PIRFs to dental composites. The effect of mixing the PIRFs on the viscosity of the continuous phase was measured. The addition of up to 5 wt/wt% of these fillers did not significantly increase viscosity, allowing for inclusion into a wide array of dental materials. Incorporation led to pseudoplastic behavior, in which the viscosity decreased with increased shear rate. The incorporation of PIRFs leads to rheopectic behavior at low shear rates and thixotropic behavior at higher rates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Biodegradable PIRFs are a promising approach to help prevent caries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jill Sirko PhD, Batbileg Bor PhD, Xuesong He DDS, PhD
{"title":"Microbial dark matter and the future of dentistry","authors":"Jill Sirko PhD, Batbileg Bor PhD, Xuesong He DDS, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2024.100043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2024.100043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erin E. Maruska DMD, MPH , Amira Elgreatly BDS, MS , William Madaio DMD , Klud Razoky BDS, NZDREX , Curt Bay PhD , Ahmed Mahrous BDS, MS
{"title":"Comparing dentist and chatbot answers to dental questions for quality and empathy","authors":"Erin E. Maruska DMD, MPH , Amira Elgreatly BDS, MS , William Madaio DMD , Klud Razoky BDS, NZDREX , Curt Bay PhD , Ahmed Mahrous BDS, MS","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Integration of large language models (LLMs) into health care, particularly in patient communication, is a growing trend. This study evaluated the effectiveness of LLM chatbots in addressing dental patient queries compared with responses from human dentists on a public online forum.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In January 2024, 20 patient questions and responses were randomly sampled from Reddit’s dental advice community. We assessed the quality and empathy of ChatGPT-generated responses (Version GPT-3.5, OpenAI) by 9 blinded dentists. The dentists were selected from a dental faculty pool familiar with reading and assessing written communication. The evaluators rated the information quality of the responses on a Likert scale (very poor, 1; poor, 2; acceptable, 3; good, 4; very good, 5) and empathy (not empathetic, 1; slightly empathetic, 2; moderately empathetic, 3; empathetic, 4; very empathetic, 5). Subsequently, they selected the best response (dentist or artificial intelligence). Nine blinded dentists rated 20 responses to the online inquiries, providing 180 potential responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicated that the LLM chatbots’ responses were rated as higher quality and exhibited higher levels of empathy than human responses. Among 179 responses (1 was missing) to the question about whether the response was better from ChatGPT or the dentist, 167 (93.3%) responses indicated ChatGPT and 12 (6.7%) indicated dentist (<em>P</em> < .001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although subjective variations in assessing quality and empathy may exist, this study suggests that LLM chatbot responses show higher quality and empathy than online dentist responses. The use of LLM chatbots by dentists can enhance patient communication in dental practice owing to their efficiency, empathy, and quality. Further research is needed to determine the full potential of artificial intelligence in dentistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisabeth L. Easley-Perez DMD, MPH, MS , Joseph B. Bavitz DMD , Lynette M. Smith PhD , Peter J. Giannini DDS, MS
{"title":"The use of platelet-rich fibrin in maintaining vascularity for intentionally replanted teeth","authors":"Elisabeth L. Easley-Perez DMD, MPH, MS , Joseph B. Bavitz DMD , Lynette M. Smith PhD , Peter J. Giannini DDS, MS","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A primary goal for a mature tooth autotransplant is preserving tooth vitality. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has characteristics that may improve the success of autotransplanted mature teeth by decreasing harmful inflammation and boosting vascular growth. This prospective human trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PRF on vitality in a mature tooth replantation model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This double-blind, randomized controlled trial included 18 participants with 70 single-rooted vital teeth planned for prosthetic extraction. Experimental teeth were extracted and apicoectomized to increase vascular growth. PRF was condensed into the canals before teeth were replanted in their respective sockets. In the same patient, control teeth received identical treatment without PRF. Teeth were splinted and monitored for 3 through 11 months before final vitality testing, extraction, and histologic analysis of pulpal tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Comparison of vitality testing did not yield statistically significant differences between experimental and control teeth. In addition, histologic evaluation of infiltrate type and health of pulp did not reveal any benefit from the addition of PRF. Out-of-mouth time marginally differed between experimental and control groups (mean difference, 0.26 [95% CI, −0.50 to −0.020]; <em>P</em> = .04) but did not affect vitality testing (<em>P</em> = .86). Inflammation state of the recipient site is believed to have confounded final results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>PRF applied to the periapical region did not improve the chances of vitality retention after extraction and replantation; however, it is possible site inflammation may have affected vitality results and confounded the effects of PRF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariele Vertuan PhD , Eduardo Lista Francisco , Monique Malta Francese MSc , Júlia França da Silva DDS , Ana Carolina Magalhães PhD
{"title":"Effect of regenerating toothpastes on abrasion of eroded enamel and dentin","authors":"Mariele Vertuan PhD , Eduardo Lista Francisco , Monique Malta Francese MSc , Júlia França da Silva DDS , Ana Carolina Magalhães PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This in vitro study evaluated the effect of self-declared enamel regenerating toothpastes on advanced erosive tooth lesions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 48 bovine crown and root samples were allocated into the toothpastes: Elmex Erosion Protection (GABA International AG, 1,400 ppm F; pH, 4.69) (positive control); Dentalclean Regenerator Sensitive (Dentalclean, 1,450 ppm F; pH, 4.97); Sensodyne Repair & Protect (GlaxoSmithKline) (1,426 ppm F; pH, 9.78) and erosion only (no abrasion) (negative control) (n = 12). All samples were subjected to erosive pH cycles (4× 90 seconds/day in 0.1% citric acid, pH 2.5). Groups 1 through 3 underwent abrasive challenges (2× 15 seconds/day abrasion + 45-second treatment) using toothpaste slurries and a brushing machine over 7 days. Between erosive and abrasive challenges, samples were immersed in artificial saliva. Wear was quantified using contact profilometry (in micrometers) to compare the initial and final profiles. Data were statistically compared using analysis of variance and Tukey test (<em>P</em> < .05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Brushing with Dentalclean (3.67 [0.47] μm) induced the greatest enamel wear (SD), followed by Sensodyne (2.99 [0.56] μm). Both were significantly different (SD) from Elmex (1.85 [0.38] μm) (<em>P</em> < .0001), which did not differ from erosion only (1.98 [0.57] μm). For dentin, brushing with Dentalclean (2.95 [0.60] μm) induced the greatest wear (SD), which was similar to that induced by erosion alone (2.87 [0.55] μm). In contrast, Elmex presented the lowest wear (SD) (1.26 [0.35] μm), similarly to Sensodyne (1.27 [0.58] μm).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Self-declared enamel regenerating toothpastes potentiate advanced erosive lesions. However, for dentin, Sensodyne toothpaste showed a similar result to the positive control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John D. Ruby DMD, PhD , Stephanie S. Momeni PhD, MBA , Hui Wu PhD
{"title":"The effect of allulose, sucralose, and xylitol on Streptococcus mutans acid production","authors":"John D. Ruby DMD, PhD , Stephanie S. Momeni PhD, MBA , Hui Wu PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Caries is a bacterial infection driven by a dysbiotic biofilm enriched and fueled by sugar. Frequent consumption of sugar can impart negative health effects, including caries; thus, there is increased interest in identifying less cariogenic sugar substitutes. In this study, the authors investigated the in vitro pH shift by <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> planktonic cells in the presence of various sugars and sugar substitutes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><em>S mutans</em> UA159 cells were suspended in a potassium chloride and magnesium chloride salt solution, and acidogenesis was determined by pH drop assay after the additions of sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) or sugar substitutes (allulose, sucralose, xylitol). The pH of <em>S mutans</em> cell suspensions was recorded at 10-minute intervals for 1 hour. Planktonic cells were then challenged with glucose and pH was monitored for an additional hour.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All sugars resulted in an initial pH drop to 3.5. For xylitol and sucralose, the pH drop was minimal. Allulose initially dropped to a pH of 5.4 before leveling to 5.7. In subsequent glucose challenges, all <em>S mutans</em> cell suspensions with sugar substitutes dropped to pH 3.5.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Allulose, sucralose, and xylitol did not cause a pH drop as low as sugars, and were not considered cariogenic, except for allulose potentially causing root caries. Sugar substitutes were not able to prevent a pH drop to near 3.5 after the glucose challenge indicating these substitutes are not anticariogenic in the presence of glucose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photobiomodulation therapy","authors":"Praveen R. Arany BDS, MDS, MMSc, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The use of low doses of photons (light) in biological tissues to modulate (inhibit or stimulate) responses is termed photobiomodulation (PBM). This nonthermal, noninvasive, and nonsurgical light treatment has been reported to reduce pain or inflammation, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue healing and regeneration. These fundamental pathophysiological responses underlie several oral and dental diseases, highlighting the broad scope of PBM interventions such as alleviating pain, discomfort, and swelling postsurgical procedures, including third-molar extractions, managing oncotherapy-associated mucositis and temporomandibular joint disorders, and promoting accelerated orthodontic tooth movements and implant osseointegration.</div></div><div><h3>Search Strategy, Citation Sources, and Data Elements</h3><div>This narrative review provides the state-of-the-art in the PBM field, including history, terminology, mechanisms, devices, safety, regulations, and policy. The primary emphasis of this work is to outline the advances in mechanistic insights and clinical dosing paradigms that enable the safe and effective use of this therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Overall Conclusions</h3><div>The importance of fundamental PBM education and training concepts focusing on light-tissue interactions, target tissue composition, evoked therapeutic biological responses, clinical diagnosis, and rationalized dose prescriptions is emphasized. Furthermore, several issues and logistical concerns should be addressed to enable the routine use of this innovative nonpharmacological treatment. A succinct version of this article is available as the American Dental Association Technical Report no. 189 Standards Committee on Dental Products Working Group 6.58.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dental plaque","authors":"Jessica L. Mark Welch PhD, Gary G. Borisy PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73530,"journal":{"name":"JADA foundational science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}