Chukwunonso Henry Nwokoye;Maria J. P. Peixoto;Akriti Pandey;Lauren Pardy;Mahadeo Sukhai;Peter R. Lewis
{"title":"A Survey of Accessible Explainable Artificial Intelligence Research","authors":"Chukwunonso Henry Nwokoye;Maria J. P. Peixoto;Akriti Pandey;Lauren Pardy;Mahadeo Sukhai;Peter R. Lewis","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3636017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3636017","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into everyday life makes it essential to explain AI-based decision-making in a way that is understandable to all users, including those with disabilities. Accessible explanations are crucial, as accessibility in technology promotes digital inclusion and allows everyone, regardless of their physical, sensory, or cognitive abilities, to use these technologies effectively. This paper presents a systematic literature review of the research on the accessibility of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), specifically considering individuals with sight loss. Our methodology includes searching several academic databases with search terms to capture intersections between XAI and accessibility. The results of this survey highlight the lack of research on accessible XAI (AXAI) and stress the importance of including the disability community in XAI development to promote digital inclusion and accessibility and remove barriers. Most XAI techniques rely on visual explanations, such as heatmaps or graphs, which are inaccessible to individuals who are blind or have low vision. Therefore, it is necessary to develop explanation methods through non-visual modalities, such as auditory and tactile feedback; visual modalities accessible to persons with low vision; and personalized solutions that meet the needs of individuals, including those with multiple disabilities. We further emphasize the importance of integrating universal design principles into AI development practices to ensure that AI technologies are usable for everyone. We conclude the paper by discussing what constitutes a good explanation and desiderata for AXAI implementations.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"7 1","pages":"60-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mallory James;Daniel S. Schiff;Heather A. Love;Iven Mareels;Ketra Schmitt;Greg Adamson
{"title":"Special Issue Editorial: Extraction by Design—AI, Value, and the Future of Work","authors":"Mallory James;Daniel S. Schiff;Heather A. Love;Iven Mareels;Ketra Schmitt;Greg Adamson","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3630817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3630817","url":null,"abstract":"In August 2025, Australia’s Productivity Commission acknowledged that “large AI models are already being trained on copyrighted materials without consent or compensation” [1, p. 25]. In doing so, they cited evidence already documented by numerous scholars and advocates regarding how traditional expectations about safeguarding the ownership of completed work could no longer be assured. Yet, shocking authors and artists, the commission continued onwards to propose that the legal concept of “fair use” can be interpreted as allowing tech companies to freely use copyrighted material to train artificial intelligence (AI) models even without explicit consent [2]. Even while raising the possibility that this concession for tech companies would come at the expense of copyright owners, the commission acknowledged that the local economies of AI innovation might still feel no benefit whatsoever: “At present, large AI models are trained overseas, not in Australia. It is unclear whether the introduction of a [text and data mining] TDM exception would change this trend” [1, p. 28]. It is easy to see the injustice of giving away the rights of authors and artists to their work and (meagre) livelihoods, especially when doing so doesn’t even promise direct payoffs back to Australian workers. But how can we move beyond this initial critical reaction towards also contextualizing such transfers of intellectual property (IP) within a more robust understanding of how work and its products are currently governed in the age of AI?","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"421-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11299073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chelsea McCullough;Jessica P. Needle;Haley Triem;Kenneth R. Fleischmann;Sherri R. Greenberg
{"title":"“AI Is Not Gonna Take Our Jobs”: Perspectives From Skilled Trade Labor Union Apprentices","authors":"Chelsea McCullough;Jessica P. Needle;Haley Triem;Kenneth R. Fleischmann;Sherri R. Greenberg","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3630666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3630666","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports findings from a mixed-methods study examining the perspectives of apprentices in skilled trade labor unions about artificial intelligence (AI). Findings emerge from 148 surveys with apprentices and 15 interviews with apprentices and union leaders (150 total participants). Participants expressed a general concern about AI displacing jobs but lacked fear that AI will replace <italic>their</i> jobs. Interviews revealed that the manual, hands-on nature of participants’ work combined with the complexity of on-the-job technical judgement required removes anxiety that AI could automate these tasks. However, participants expressed concern about AI’s surveillance capacity (e.g., reporting working hours or time spent using a specific tool). Participants expressed support for how smart hand tools could improve their on-the-job safety. These findings provide support for human-centered AI (HCAI) practices by emphasizing a relationship between skilled trade work and AI.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"471-480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11247937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Techno-Social and Regulatory Challenges in Future 6G Networks and Services","authors":"V. Sridhar;Amrita Mishra;Asheef Iqubbal","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3621860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3621860","url":null,"abstract":"Sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks and services are expected to be standardized by 2030. While they will offer enhanced human-machine and machine-machine connectivity, they will also introduce unique challenges, in the areas of cybersecurity, privacy, and ethical use. This research project was funded by the Australia-India Cyber and Critical Technology Partnership - Grants Round 2 in 2021 awarded by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Here we present a brief paper that utilized a two-thronged approach: 1) an extensive literature review of which the outcomes have been summated only; and 2) 46 semi-structured interviews that were conducted between August 2022 and February 2024, including experts from Australia and India from technical and non-technical fields, inclusive of academics, policy advocates, industry, industry associations and government regulators. This paper highlights the challenges in these areas and provides technology and regulatory guidelines in order to be well-prepared to deploy sustainable and socially beneficial 6G networks and services for the next decade, mitigating risks that may arise.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"374-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shock Treatment: Can Generative Artificial Intelligence Defibrillate the Dead Aesthetics of Electricity Infrastructure?","authors":"Jan Przybyszewski;Jiajing Li;Paul Cuffe","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3617543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3617543","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is energised by the emergence of powerful generative artificial intelligence tools. We ask: can these tools administer some overdue shock treatment to the neglected domain of electricity grid aesthetics? At a moment when artificial intelligence’s role in mainstream creative professions is hotly debated, we target instead the uncontested design backwater that is the aesthetics of physical energy infrastructure. Can these destablising new tools of visual propaganda upend the negligent status quo within electrical engineering; might they infuse (some artificial approximation of) creativity, beauty and panache into the staid paradigm of <italic>“least cost/technically acceptable”</i> grid infrastructure design? Creative professionals seem largely uninterested in the question of how to construct attractive energy infrastructure; how might we deploy generative artificial intelligence against this aesthetic abdication, to (synthetically) imagine power systems beyond the drab hegemony of grey steel? Can flawed artificial imagination goad human designers into applying authentic creativity?","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"411-420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le Nam Hai Pham;Ashish Shrestha;Charu Sharma;Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
{"title":"Digital Twins and Cyber–Physical Systems Toward the Digitalization of Power and Energy Systems","authors":"Le Nam Hai Pham;Ashish Shrestha;Charu Sharma;Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3615624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3615624","url":null,"abstract":"Digital twins (DTs) and Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are forerunner technologies for the digital transformation of power and energy systems (PESs), which directly and indirectly affect human society. These technologies introduce innovative methods for the monitoring, controlling, and optimising of complex infrastructures by facilitating a comprehensive and broader view of physical PESs. DTs and CPSs share some core similarities, both are fundamentally based on data, and both have simulation capabilities. However, they differ in their specific applications and developmental approaches in PESs. Correct understanding of these differences is crucial in order to utilise their individual advantages and tackle their individual challenges. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review of DTs and CPS, focusing on their distinct capabilities, applications, benefits, and challenges. Further, this paper describes the roles of these technologies in digitalisation of PESs, along with the impacts and considerations necessary for their effective implementation. This paper aims to provide detailed information for researchers, experts, policymakers, and industry stakeholders about the DT and CPS technologies. It will enable them to make proactive decision-making, enhancing the ongoing digital transformation of PESs.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"393-410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11203246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trust and Privacy in Commercial and Recreational Drone Navigation","authors":"Muhammad Asif Khan;Hamid Menouar","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3615244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3615244","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid rise of commercial drones has revolutionized urban industries, from package delivery to infrastructure inspection, but their integration into densely populated cities presents significant privacy challenges. In urban environments, where skyscrapers and residential neighborhoods coexist, drones must navigate complex landscapes while avoiding inadvertent surveillance of private spaces. Reports of drones capturing footage of homes have heightened public distrust, with a 2023 study indicating 68% of city residents fear privacy violations. This article explores the multifaceted challenges of urban drone route planning, including the proximity of residential zones, dynamic privacy risks, and regulatory inconsistencies. We review innovative technologies addressing these issues: geofencing establishes no-fly zones over residences but is limited by outdated maps and GPS inaccuracies; AI-powered path optimization prioritizes non-residential routes, though constrained by data quality and computational demands; camera controls, such as automated shutters and real-time image blurring, aim to prevent surveillance but face algorithmic errors and hardware costs; and real-time environmental sensing, using LiDAR and radar, avoids obstacles but struggles with urban interference and high costs. Regulatory frameworks, like FAA and EASA guidelines, and initiatives by various authorities enforce privacy-focused routing. Ethical practices and community engagement will foster public trust and equitable access. Despite significant advancements, limitations like data inaccuracies, cost barriers, and public perception issues persist. As urban air mobility expands, integrating technology, regulation, and ethics will be essential to balance efficiency and privacy, ensuring drones enhance urban life without compromising resident rights.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"7 1","pages":"78-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"6G Cellular Networks: Mapping the Landscape for the IMT-2030 Framework","authors":"Ekram Hossain;Angelo Vera-Rivera","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3611364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3611364","url":null,"abstract":"The IMT-2030 framework provides the vision and conceptual foundation for the next-generation of mobile broadband systems, colloquially known as Sixth-Generation (6G) cellular networks. Academic circles, industry players, and Standard Developing Organizations (SDOs) are already engaged in early standardization discussions for the system, providing key insights for future technical specifications. In this context, a structured thematic review of literature contributions aligned with IMT-2030 is essential to inform the discussions and assist collaboration among 6G stakeholders—including scholars, professionals, regulators, and SDO officials. This article adopts a semi-systematic methodology to identify, analyze, and synthesize 6G literature across five core thematic areas: (1) 6G Vision, (2) Use Cases, Performance Requirements, and Architectural Trends (3) Enabling Technologies, (4) Impact on Vertical Sectors, and (5) the 6G Research Frontier. The core themes follow an evolution-oriented structure that mirrors the transition from 5G to 6G, in line with the design principles, use cases, technical capabilities, and technological trends outlined for IMT-2030. To ensure coverage of well-established contributions, the article screens literature published between 2019 and 2025 using IEEE Xplore and Scopus databases, prioritizing highly cited papers, seminal white papers, and early SDO documentation aligned with the IMT-2030 framework. This approach balances breadth and depth, allowing for a representative overview of the field. By combining structured screening with thematic synthesis, this article delivers a concise yet comprehensive account of 6G literature for both specialists and generalists engaged in shaping future standards and advancing 6G research.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"377-392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Future of Digital Feminism: Surviving Surveillance, Misinformation, and Machine Learning Misogyny","authors":"Brianna I. Wiens;Amaya Kodituwakku","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3615509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3615509","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the concept of machine learning misogyny to describe how emerging computational systems reproduce, amplify, and legitimize gender-based discrimination. We explore the digital afterlife of #MeToo to examine how feminist storytelling is fragmented, co-opted, and erased in an era of surveillance capitalism and reactionary backlash. The paper suggests that as digital infrastructures increasingly determine which voices are heard, believed, and silenced, feminist discourse is being reshaped by forces beyond traditional activism and backlash. To make this argument, we analyze case studies of machine learning misogyny, including AI companions, pro-natalist reproductive tech, and content moderation tools, to illustrate the resurgence of gendered and racialized control. Through critiques of platform governance and case studies of technological co-optation, this article asks: what forms of feminist resistance remain possible in an era of digital precarity? Drawing on scholars, activists, and speculative futures, we propose feminist reimagining rooted in consent, care, and coalition. Ultimately, we argue that feminist survival in the digital age requires resisting not only institutional erasure but also the seductions of surface-level technological reform.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"481-494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashish Shrestha;Prajal Pradhan;Mohammed A. M. Yassin;Binod Sharma;Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
{"title":"Transitioning to a 100% Renewable Power Grid: Key Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Ashish Shrestha;Prajal Pradhan;Mohammed A. M. Yassin;Binod Sharma;Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3613699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3613699","url":null,"abstract":"Limiting global warming to below 1.5°C necessitates a global shift toward renewable energy sources (RESs). However, transitioning to a fully RES-based power system presents challenges related to technical feasibility, socio-political implications, economic factors, and geographical differences. This study examines the feasibility of such a transition from multiple dimensions, including the technical integration and stability of RES technologies, social acceptance, political landscape (policy design and regulatory frameworks), and geographical factors such as resource availability and regional demand. A systematic literature review, combined with a case study of the Integrated Nordic Power System (INPS), provides insights into these challenges. INPS is selected for its complexity and its representation of a large-scale, multi-country power system. The findings highlight the key role of region-specific strategies, stakeholder engagement, and strong policy and regulatory support in enabling successful renewable energy transitions. The INPS case study demonstrates how regional cooperation can help address geographical and political disparities, offering valuable lessons for global applications. Despite the challenges, transitioning to a fully RES-based power system presents significant benefits, including environmental sustainability, socioeconomic development, and long-term cost reductions. Achieving this transition requires substantial investment, technological advancements, strategic management, and global collaboration, highlighting the necessity of long-term political commitment and stakeholder consensus.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"358-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}