{"title":"Trimodal Thinking for Architecting Human-Centric AI Systems: Fast, Slow, and Control","authors":"Asif Q. Gill","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3551142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3551142","url":null,"abstract":"There is a significant interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems for automating decision-making. While there are several AI technology solutions to choose from, there is a need to understand the fundamentals of human decision-making and conceptualization of the required AI system architecture. However, the challenge is: how can a human-centric AI system be conceptualized and designed to mimic human decision-making? This paper proposes trimodal thinking for conceptualizing and architecting human-centric AI systems. This paper reviews dual system thinking approach, fast and slow, from the well-known book, published by Daniel Kahneman, with a specific purpose to conceptualize the human-centric AI system architecture. This review found that the fast (intuitive) system 1, and slow (rational) system 2 are useful for conceptualizing the design of the AI system architecture. However, there is a need for system 3 to adjust, balance, connect, regulate and switch the control between these two systems. System 3 is critical for mitigating system 1 unconscious and system 2 conscious biases, power imbalance and noise. Relevant concepts, from principal-agent theory, homeostasis, control theory, and the atomic human, were also used to guide the proposal of trimodal thinking. Thus, this paper proposed trimodal thinking and demonstrated its use for architecting human-centric AI systems using the combination of (1) fast (intuitive), (2) slow (rational) and (3) control systems. This paper also highlighted several implications for broader enterprise architecture discipline and indicated new topics across decision science and computer science areas for further research. It is anticipated that this work will provide a necessary foundation for conceptualizing technology agnostic and human-centric AI systems architecture. This will support the complex AI system explainability and transparency needs of non-technical users and technical AI system engineers.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"7 2","pages":"107-117"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3639850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3639850","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"7 1","pages":"C2-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11434584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building on a Legacy of Interdisciplinary Excellence: A New Chapter for IEEE TTS","authors":"George Roussos;Jordan Richard Schoenherr","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2026.3664249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2026.3664249","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"7 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11434586","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katina Michael;George Roussos;Jordan Richard Schoenherr
{"title":"Editorial IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society Achieves Major Indexing Milestone","authors":"Katina Michael;George Roussos;Jordan Richard Schoenherr","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2026.3663947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2026.3663947","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"7 1","pages":"2-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11434843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Poisoning the Well: The Prospective Impacts of Generative AI on Collective Memory","authors":"Jordan Richard Schoenherr","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3626628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3626628","url":null,"abstract":"Memory is an essential process for human and nonhuman agents. Without the ability to retain and retrieve information and patterns from prior experience and training, agents cannot engage in complex decision-making processes required to survive in evolving environments. To enhance our memories, humans have created specialized symbol systems (e.g., iconography, numbers, and language) to encode and store information, creating distributed systems. When agents understand and trust these external systems, they can offload cognitive demands, allowing them to allocate resources to other tasks [1]. When multiple agents jointly engage in these processes, they create a collective memory system (CMS) that constructs, stabilizes, uses, and changes a collective pool of representations over time. These systems shape, and are shaped by, those representations.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"7 1","pages":"6-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2025 Index IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society Vol. 6","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2026.3651875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2026.3651875","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"495-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11345138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lindsay J. Robertson;Clinton J. Andrews;Lucy Resnyansky
{"title":"Special Issue Editorial: Imagining Tomorrow’s Infrastructure","authors":"Lindsay J. Robertson;Clinton J. Andrews;Lucy Resnyansky","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3626074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3626074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"338-341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuanyan Zhu;Si Min Liu;Shashank Vaid;Daniel Gozman;Katina Michael
{"title":"Editorial Betting on Dual-Use Technology: How AI and Marketing Rewires Modern Gambling","authors":"Xuanyan Zhu;Si Min Liu;Shashank Vaid;Daniel Gozman;Katina Michael","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3621784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3621784","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"326-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3620515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3620515","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"C2-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In Memoriam","authors":"K. Michael","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2025.3621785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2025.3621785","url":null,"abstract":"Recounts the career and contributions of Lindsay James Robertson.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"6 4","pages":"335-337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}