IEEE transactions on technology and society最新文献

{"title":"Regulating Brain–Computer Interfaces: Ensuring Soft Law Does Not Go Flat","authors":"Lucille Nalbach Tournas;Walter G. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3208821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2022.3208821","url":null,"abstract":"Novel neurotechnologies such as brain-computer interfaces aim to offer new treatment options for those suffering with mental or neurological diseases or defects. At the same time, legal tools to regulate and manage these advancements remain underdeveloped in light of various policy challenges. Soft law mechanisms are likely one valuable tool for early management of the development of BCIs. These mechanisms should be flexible enough to grow with the technology as well as be hardened into binding law if necessary. These softer tools will need to be guided by standards and code of conducts that respect the privacy, agency, identity, and dignity of individuals and communities. Here we review three examples – across intergovernmental, civil society, and standard-setting bodies – illustrating the development of early mechanisms to manage BCIs. While these are important first steps, we argue stakeholders must now look to ways to actively, rather than passively, monitor and evaluate outcomes under these soft legal instruments.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 2","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50355807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Role of Technology in Human–Dog Relationships: A Future of Nightmares or Dreams?","authors":"Dirk van der Linden;Brittany I. Davidson;Orit Hirsch-Matsioulas;Anna Zamansky","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3207991","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3207991","url":null,"abstract":"Digital technologies that help people take care of their dogs are becoming more widespread. Yet, little research explores what the role of technology in the human-dog relationship should be. We conducted a qualitative study incorporating quantitative and thematic analysis of 155 U.K. dog owners reflecting on their daily routines and technology’s role in it, disentangling the what-where-why of interspecies routines and activities, technological desires, and rationales for technological support across common human-dog activities. We found that increasingly entangled daily routines lead to close multi-species households where dog owners conceptualize technology as having a role to support them in giving care to their dogs. When confronted with the role of technology across various activities, only chores like cleaning up after their dogs lead to largely positive considerations, while activities that benefit themselves like walking together lead to largely negative considerations. For other activities, whether playing, training, or feeding, attitudes remain diverse. In general, across all activities both a nightmare scenario of technology taking the human’s role and in doing so disentangling the human-dog bond, as well as a dream scenario of technology augmenting human abilities arise. We argue that the current trajectory of digital technology for pets is increasingly focused on enabling remote interactions, an example of the nightmare scenario in our thematic analysis. It is important to redirect this trajectory to one of technology predominantly supporting us in becoming better and more informed caregivers.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 4","pages":"352-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9896207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47789627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Technologies, Evolving Threats: Next-Generation Security Challenges","authors":"Tamara Bonaci;Katina Michael;Pablo Rivas;Lindsay J. Robertson;Michael Zimmer","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3202323","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3202323","url":null,"abstract":"Security is a fundamental human requirement. We desire the security of our person against injury, security of our capability to provide for our families, security of income linked to needs (food, water, clothing, and shelter), and much more. Most also hope for security of a way of life that is fulfilling and pleasant and peaceful \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. In 2003, Alkire \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000 defined “human security” as: “[t]he objective … to safeguard the vital core of all human lives from critical pervasive threats, in a way that is consistent with long-term human fulfillment.” Today most of the world’s population is highly dependent, even for basic needs, on large technological systems. According to the \u0000<italic>Oxford Dictionary</i>\u0000, \u0000<italic>dependence</i>\u0000 can be defined as: “the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else.” In the context of technological systems, dependence may imply an unwanted consequence of nonavailability. Dependence may also be deliberately misapplied to create some level of coercion toward some other action \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000. For instance, in drug abuse, we can say that there is an overreliance on a dependency that leads to addiction. In the realm of technology systems, as they are increasingly becoming a part of everyday life, dependencies can have major consequences. Thus, an emphasis on “security” seems highly relevant for a journal devoted to considering the effects of technology on society in all its facets.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"3 3","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8566059/9889775/09889776.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48363646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3197010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2022.3197010","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"3 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8566059/9889775/09889777.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50352087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Impacts in the New Technological Era: Cross-Border Privacy Issues With Emphasis on AI","authors":"Stavroula Rizou;Eugenia Alexandropoulou-Egyptiadou;Konstantinos E. Psannis","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3203962","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3203962","url":null,"abstract":"Apart from the impacts on the economy, health, and society, the systematic, essential, and massive processing of personal data during the management of the global pandemic of COVID-19, demands the analysis of specific legal issues regarding privacy. Many issues affecting data protection have been emerged as a result of this global crisis and are been analyzed in this research work, including the proper balance between public interest and data protection, the classification of privacy impacts and the analysis of cross-border data flows, considering current technology. In particular, this paper focuses on the privacy impacts of COVID-19 by examining the type and the context of these impacts, the cross-border data flows tools from a European law perspective, taking into consideration the contribution of artificial intelligence in scientific research during the global pandemic.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"3 4","pages":"262-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45481053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biometrics in the Era of COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Marta Gomez-Barrero;Pawel Drozdowski;Christian Rathgeb;Jose Patino;Massimiliano Todisco;Andreas Nautsch;Naser Damer;Jannier Priesnitz;Nicholas Evans;Christoph Busch","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3203571","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3203571","url":null,"abstract":"Since early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable impact on many aspects of daily life. A range of different measures have been implemented worldwide to reduce the rate of new infections and to manage the pressure on national health services. A primary strategy has been to reduce gatherings and the potential for transmission through the prioritisation of remote working and education. Enhanced hand hygiene and the use of facial masks have decreased the spread of pathogens when gatherings are unavoidable. These particular measures present challenges for reliable biometric recognition, e.g., for facial-, voice- and hand-based biometrics. At the same time, new challenges create new opportunities and research directions, e.g., renewed interest in non-constrained iris or periocular recognition, touch-less fingerprint- and vein-based authentication and the use of biometric characteristics for disease detection. This article presents an overview of the research carried out to address those challenges and emerging opportunities.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"3 4","pages":"307-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8566059/9987552/09873965.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43868749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Trustworthy AI in Times of COVID-19: Deep Learning for Predicting a Multiregional Score Conveying the Degree of Lung Compromise in COVID-19 Patients","authors":"Himanshi Allahabadi;Julia Amann;Isabelle Balot;Andrea Beretta;Charles Binkley;Jonas Bozenhard;Frédérick Bruneault;James Brusseau;Sema Candemir;Luca Alessandro Cappellini;Subrata Chakraborty;Nicoleta Cherciu;Christina Cociancig;Megan Coffee;Irene Ek;Leonardo Espinosa-Leal;Davide Farina;Geneviève Fieux-Castagnet;Thomas Frauenfelder;Alessio Gallucci;Guya Giuliani;Adam Golda;Irmhild van Halem;Elisabeth Hildt;Sune Holm;Georgios Kararigas;Sébastien A. Krier;Ulrich Kühne;Francesca Lizzi;Vince I. Madai;Aniek F. Markus;Serg Masis;Emilie Wiinblad Mathez;Francesco Mureddu;Emanuele Neri;Walter Osika;Matiss Ozols;Cecilia Panigutti;Brendan Parent;Francesca Pratesi;Pedro A. Moreno-Sánchez;Giovanni Sartor;Mattia Savardi;Alberto Signoroni;Hanna-Maria Sormunen;Andy Spezzatti;Adarsh Srivastava;Annette F. Stephansen;Lau Bee Theng;Jesmin Jahan Tithi;Jarno Tuominen;Steven Umbrello;Filippo Vaccher;Dennis Vetter;Magnus Westerlund;Renee Wurth;Roberto V. Zicari","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3195114","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3195114","url":null,"abstract":"This article’s main contributions are twofold: 1) to demonstrate how to apply the general European Union’s High-Level Expert Group’s (EU HLEG) guidelines for trustworthy AI in practice for the domain of healthcare and 2) to investigate the research question of what does “trustworthy AI” mean at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, we present the results of a post-hoc self-assessment to evaluate the trustworthiness of an AI system for predicting a multiregional score conveying the degree of lung compromise in COVID-19 patients, developed and verified by an interdisciplinary team with members from academia, public hospitals, and industry in time of pandemic. The AI system aims to help radiologists to estimate and communicate the severity of damage in a patient’s lung from Chest X-rays. It has been experimentally deployed in the radiology department of the ASST Spedali Civili clinic in Brescia, Italy, since December 2020 during pandemic time. The methodology we have applied for our post-hoc assessment, called Z-Inspection®, uses sociotechnical scenarios to identify ethical, technical, and domain-specific issues in the use of the AI system in the context of the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"3 4","pages":"272-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c2/f9/tts-zicari-3195114.PMC9762021.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10453825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unleashing Sociotechnical Imaginaries to Advance Just and Sustainable Energy Transitions: The Case of Solar Energy in Puerto Rico","authors":"Angel Echevarria;Yiamar Rivera-Matos;Nafeesa Irshad;Christopher Gregory;Marcel J. Castro-Sitiriche;Richard R. King;Clark A. Miller","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3191542","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3191542","url":null,"abstract":"A central challenge for energy policy is to simultaneously accelerate the transition to carbon neutrality to tackle climate change while also addressing diverse forms of energy inequality and injustice. In this article, we argue that the public imagination is central to efforts to successfully confront this dual challenge. Specifically, we argue that theories of sociotechnical imaginaries have the potential to be leveraged both to strengthen public support for and engagement in carbon-neutral energy transitions and to identify and catalyze integrated sociotechnical designs and solutions that deliver on both accelerated technological change and just, equitable, and inclusive transitions. To explore these ideas, we present an in-depth case study of an emergent sociotechnical imaginary surrounding solar energy technologies in Puerto Rico. The results of our case study suggest that new imaginaries have the potential both to create powerful public support for renewable energy technologies that can accelerate energy systems change and, at the same time, help illuminate strategies for deploying energy technologies in ways that create meaningful impact and value in people’s lives in diverse communities and thus contribute to making energy transitions more just and inclusive.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 3","pages":"255-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62589034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insider Threats and Individual Differences: Intention and Unintentional Motivations","authors":"Jordan Richard Schoenherr","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3192767","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3192767","url":null,"abstract":"The present study extends a cybersecurity questionnaire (CSEC) by including items that differentiate cyber hygiene behavior, self-disclosure vulnerability, intrusion vulnerability, and persuasion vulnerability. Using individual difference measures that are related to performance in experimental tasks, the present study provides evidence that individuals high in emotionality (i.e., fear and anxiety) and low in moral motivations (i.e., fairness and morality) are more likely to report engaging in behaviors related to unintentional insider threats. Consequently, this study provides further evidence that CSEC+ can be used to assess critical cybersecurity practices from the perspective of insiders.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"3 3","pages":"175-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45147603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking Anti-Vax Social Movement Using AI-Based Social Media Monitoring","authors":"Fahim K. Sufi;Imran Razzak;Ibrahim Khalil","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3192757","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TTS.2022.3192757","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-Vax social movement possesses a dire threat to governments’ aim of mass vaccination. Moreover, by propagating serious misconceptions and misinformation about COVID-19, Anti-Vaxxers directly and indirectly cause harm to the overall health and wellbeing of the society. In addition, the ongoing clashes between Anti-Vaxxers and Pro-Vaxxers have created great social conflicts in recent times. This article proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-based solution to identify and monitor social groups, such as Anti-Vax and Pro-Vax, in ethical manner. The proposed solution uses AI-based sentiment analysis and named entity recognition (NER) to advice political scientist, social scientists, and policy makers to assess the influence and impact of social groups. The proposed solution was deployed via iOS, Android, and Windows App on a range of platforms integrating publicly available 40 857 Twitter data related to COVID-19 in 55 different languages from 15 June 2021 till 31 December 2021. Our system demonstrated that Anti-Vax and Pro-Vax social movements posted 72% and 65% more negative contents compared to average negative sentiments of global COVID-19 related posts during the monitored period. Moreover, Anti-Vax-related posts with “Hoax” keyword were found to have the highest level of social impact with 38 849 retweets and highest level of negativity (i.e., sentiment score of 0.87). We found out that Pro-Vax community engages in social conflict with Anti-Vaxxers referring them as ignorant (i.e., average sentiment score 0.91), stupid (i.e., average sentiment score 0.89), and confused (i.e., average sentiment score 0.88). Most importantly, the social conflict detection system reveals possible locations of conflict.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"3 4","pages":"290-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42895036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}