IEEE journal of radio frequency identification最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Impedance-Matching Techniques for Sustainable Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) UHF RFID Antennas","authors":"Francesca M. C. Nanni;Alessio Mostaccio;Gaetano Marrocco","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654752","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for RFID-enabled systems grows, sustainability and circularity are becoming key drivers of innovation in tag and antenna design. Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) offers a low-impact and recyclable alternative to metal conductors, enabling green, chemical-free, and energy-efficient fabrication compatible with eco-friendly substrates and material recovery. Yet, its high surface resistance limits radiation efficiency and complicates impedance matching with highly reactive UHF-RFID chips. This work presents a numerical and experimental comparison of distributed and lumped matching techniques for LIG dipoles, quantifying their contribution to power loss and overall efficiency. Distributed networks (e.g., T-match, notch) introduce large insertion losses (10–20 dB) due to differential-mode currents, while lumped configurations minimize energy dissipation and preserve material efficiency. The best trade-off between performance and sustainability is obtained with a single inductor (enabling realized gains around −5 dBi) for medium impedances, whereas for loads with a very low real part, an eventually reusable small metallic loop is required to ensure conjugate matching with negligible environmental impact. The proposed guidelines enable energy- and material-efficient LIG-based RFID antennas, offering a practical route toward eco-compatible and circular wireless systems that combine high RF performance with sustainable design principles.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"66-75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RF-TCNet: A Lightweight Topology Compression Network for Drone RF Fingerprint Identification","authors":"Shun Zuo;Xianmin Bai;Chenxu Zhang;Yi Liu;Chunli Wang;Yanjun Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3654664","url":null,"abstract":"As drones become increasingly prevalent in both civilian and military applications, identifying their Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics is critical for airspace security and drone management. This paper proposes a lightweight network architecture RF-TCNet for drone RF fingerprint identification. A preprocessing method called Energy-Calibration Spectrum Generation (ECSG) is developed, which uses the global maximum amplitude to calibrate the spectrum energy and enhances feature contrast using decibel (dB) scaling transform to generate high-quality training data. Subsequently, the RF-TCNet is used for classification, which has approximately 0.1 M trainable parameters. Its core modules include Dynamic Frequency Attention (DFA) that emphasizes critical frequency elements and Energy Topology Pooling (ETP) that amplifies high-energy regions by eliminating redundant data. Experiments conducted on the DroneRFa and DroneRF datasets show that ECSG improved classification accuracy by 6.14% and 9.85%, respectively, compared to traditional preprocessing methods. With RF-TCNet, we achieve classification accuracies of 99.97% and 94.89% on these datasets while maintaining an extremely low number of parameters. The work improves the performance of drone RF signal recognition through efficient lightweight design and targeted preprocessing methods, providing a potential solution for resource constrained scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"76-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Band Passive BLE Backscatter Tag With Clock-Coordinated Modulation","authors":"Diming Lin;Xiaoming Li;Xinkai Zhen;Jiawei He","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3653955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3653955","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) nodes has made low power consumption and high device compatibility key issues. The prevailing communication protocol for passive IoT devices is ISO/IEC 18000-6C. However, this protocol can only be implemented on the business side via dedicated readers, limiting its popularity among consumers. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is by far the most common type of connection. However, it requires a crystal oscillator to generate the necessary high-precision clock signal. For passive applications, using a crystal oscillator increases power consumption, cost and size. This paper addresses the integration of BLE uplink logic into RFID tag chips by providing a high-precision BLE clock via an air interface using clock-coordinated modulated wave technology. This enables passive IoT tags to access common consumer smart devices. A dual-band passive chip has been fabricated using the TSMC <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.18~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m process. The resulting device measures 1.24 mm2, has an average power consumption of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16.4~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W and a communication range of 12.9 m.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"60-65"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Issue on the 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE 2024)","authors":"Holger Maune;Eduardo A. Rojas Nastrucci","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3652935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3652935","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE) has established itself as a premier interdisciplinary forum for researchers, engineers, and practitioners addressing the unique challenges of wireless technologies operating in space, aerospace, and other harsh or remote environments. Since its inception in 2013, WiSEE has demonstrated steady growth and increasing technical breadth. After the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2024 edition of WiSEE clearly reflected the renewed momentum of the community and the continued relevance of research on wireless systems for extreme environments. WiSEE 2024 was co-located with IEEE RFID Conference on RFID Technology and Applications (RFID-TA 2024), further strengthening the interaction between the RFID and wireless-for-extreme-environments research communities.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Compact Implantable UHF-RFID Rectenna Tag for Implantable Bolus-Based Wireless Animal Tracking","authors":"Supakit Kawdungta;Danai Torrungrueng;Hsi-Tseng Chou","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3652809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3652809","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a compact implantable ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) rectenna tag designed for integration into an implantable bolus for in-body wireless animal tracking. The integrated design achieves dual functionality: passive RFID tag (920–925 MHz) and RF energy harvesting via a Schottky diode rectifier. The rectenna tag structure incorporates a meandered dipole antenna with T-matching, optimized for conjugate impedance matching with a passive RFID chip operating in the 920–925 MHz band. A loop structure is integrated with a Schottky diode to enable RF-to-DC power conversion. Full-wave simulations within high-dielectric media (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$varepsilon text {r} =40$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–80) modeling internal bolus conditions demonstrate an input impedance of 30 + j<inline-formula> <tex-math>$300~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, exhibiting an omnidirectional radiation pattern with a gain of −19.0 dBi (RFID port) and −18.0 dBi (rectenna port), and a specific absorption rate (SAR) in 1 g of 0.231 W/kg and 0.336 W/kg, respectively. The system demonstrates an RF power harvesting efficiency of up to 10-20%. A prototype was fabricated and tested in water, achieving maximum read ranges of 2.0 m (free space) and 1.4 m (aqueous environment). Measured gains were −15.0 dBi (RFID port) and −18.0 dBi (Rectenna port). The measured SAR also remained at 0.27 W/kg (RFID tag port) and 0.35 W/kg (Rectenna port), well within established safety limits. These results validate the proposed rectenna tag as a promising solution for efficient and safe in-body animal tracking via implantable bolus tags. The system integrates a passive RFID chip and RF-DC rectifier, enabling dual-functionality: battery-free real-time animal identification and self-powered physiological sensing (e.g., rumen temperature/pH) for livestock health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edge-Assisted Domain Adaptive Passive RF-Based Sensing for Localization and Activity Recognition","authors":"Ankur Pandey;Mohammad Zeeshan;Joaquín Torres-Sospedra;Atul Kumar;Sudhir Kumar","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3651054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3651054","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology enables scalable, passive device-free location and activity recognition (LAR) in smart warehouses, assisted living environments, and industrial Internet of Things (IoT) through the deployment of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) readers. However, it is observed that performance degrades across different environments due to domain shifts resulting from changes in shelving layouts, inventory density, metallic interference, tag orientation, worker dynamics, and multi-reader configurations. This work proposes CycleSiamese, a lightweight, class-aware domain adaptation framework suitable for passive RFID systems, which integrates cycle-consistent Received Signal Strength (RSS) transformations with a Siamese classifier, for LAR using minimal labeled target samples. Evaluated on the COTS UHF RFID floor dataset featuring Impinj Monza 4 Quiet Tag (QT) passive tags beneath an apartment floor interrogated by an Impinj Speedway Revolution R420 reader for device-free ambient assisted living monitoring, the proposed method reduces linear inter-personal domain discrepancy from 21.58 to 2.16 (88 % reduction), achieving 82.2 % Human Activity Recognition (HAR) accuracy with limited target samples. Further, the proposed method is successfully validated on three additional Radio Frequency (RF)-based datasets, which include temporal drift, device heterogeneity, and dynamic environments, while supporting real-time edge deployment on resource-constrained RFID gateways.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"35-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material Sensing Using Arrays of Open Dipole RAIN RFID Tags","authors":"Fatima Villa-Gonzalez;Rahul Bhattacharyya;Pavel Nikitin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3680834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3680834","url":null,"abstract":"This work demonstrates how open dipole (OD) RAIN RFID tags and tag-arrays can be used for material characterization in a standard compliant way. Unlike T-matched antennas, OD designs exhibit reduced resonance complexity, with a single minimum in the power-on-tag-forward (POTF) and a single maximum in the power-on-tag-reverse (POTR) response. We introduce a setup-invariant metric based on the transmitted and received reader powers at tag threshold, which preserves resonance information while eliminating the need for calibration. In addition, we demonstrate that auto-tune (AT) code changes in self-tuning ICs of OD tags provide clear and narrowband min-max transitions that remain stable over a wide range of transmit powers, providing high tuning flexibility and enabling sensing at fixed reader power. Building on this, we propose a novel approach for material sensing, leveraging the AT-code transitions within the narrow UHF RFID band using arrays of individually tuned OD tags. We demonstrate the repeatability of open dipole-based sensing using 6 commercial OD RAIN RFID tags to estimate the effective dielectric permittivity of 7 materials, obtaining lower variance than T-matched antennas for high <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varepsilon _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dielectrics. Furthermore, we propose a custom three OD tag array capable of discriminating between four specific materials and air within the UHF band, demonstrating the sensing capability of this new method in compliance with regulatory standards.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"287-301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Durable Conductive Ink Enabling Washable Textile Electronics for RFID and WPT Devices","authors":"Yi-Cang Lai;Gaozhi Xiao;Wilson Hou-Sheng Huang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3681532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3681532","url":null,"abstract":"Coil structures are fundamental components in high-frequency (HF) radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. Integrating such structures into textiles enables new possibilities for wearable and flexible electronic devices. However, washability remains one of the key challenges in textile electronics, since exposure to water, detergent, and mechanical agitation can significantly degrade the performance of conductive materials. In this study, a washable conductive silver–neoprene ink was developed for screen printing textile-based coil structures. The ink formulation was optimized to achieve a balanced combination of electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and strong adhesion to textile substrates. Experimental results show that the printed coils maintain low resistance and stable electrical performance even after multiple laundering cycles. The improved durability originates from the elastomeric neoprene binder, which preserves the conductive network integrity under repeated mechanical deformation and washing. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed conductive ink for the fabrication of durable textile electronic systems, including wearable RFID tags and textile-integrated wireless charging modules.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"324-333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Millimeter Wave and Sub-THz Flexible Devices for Industrial Applications: From Sensors to Intelligent Surfaces","authors":"Rasoul Ebrahimzadeh;Suren Gigoyan;Gaozhi Xiao;Stephen Lang;Milad Entezami;Seyed Ali Hosseini Farahabadi;Mohammad-Reza Nezhad-Ahmadi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3702586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3702586","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of a scalable manufacturing framework for advanced flexible radio-frequency (RF) devices based on screen-printing technology. The study systematically evaluates the electrical and electromagnetic performance of multiple conformal components spanning microwave to sub-terahertz frequency ranges. First, a low-loss flexible microstrip transmission line (FML) is designed and experimentally characterized from 1 GHz to 20 GHz under various bending conditions. The results demonstrate minimal degradation in S-parameters, with phase variation remaining below 10° at a 45° bend, confirming its suitability for high-speed digital and analog interconnects. Building upon this platform, a whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator-based sensor is developed for liquid characterization, specifically for monitoring alcohol concentration in water. The sensor maintains stable operation under mechanical deformation, highlighting its applicability in confined and dynamically varying environments. Notably, this work demonstrates that phase variation provides a highly sensitive and robust sensing metric, offering improved immunity to environmental noise compared to conventional amplitude- or frequency-based approaches. Furthermore, the proposed fabrication process is extended to millimeter-wave applications through the realization of an ultrathin dual-polarized conformal transmissive band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) operating at 79.25 GHz and 84 GHz, as well as reflective intelligent surfaces (RIS) at 30 GHz and 60 GHz enabling high-gain beam and beam redirection for enhancing signal-to-noise-ratio and field of view (FoV) in wireless communications. Furthermore, the FSS maintains functionality under extreme bending conditions up to 80°. Ultimately, to assess scalability toward higher frequencies, dielectric properties of candidate substrates are characterized using vector network analyzer (VNA)-based quasi-optical and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) methods. The simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and versatility of the proposed screen-printing process make it a promising candidate for next-generation flexible communication, sensing, and intelligent surface applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"415-427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust Blind Adaptive Beamforming for Multi-Antenna RFID Systems via Approximate Gradient Perturbation","authors":"Wei Deng;Zecheng Cao;Wenhai Zhang;Zhe Li","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3728794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3728794","url":null,"abstract":"While blind beamforming is a promising approach for improving the interrogation range and throughput of multi-antenna radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, conventional algorithms often exhibit slow convergence or even fail to converge in large-scale antenna-array settings. To address this issue, we propose a novel blind adaptive beamforming (BABF) method, termed approximate gradient perturbation BABF (AGP-BABF), which innovatively solves the tag-backscattering power maximization problem by applying both positive and negative perturbations to the individual reader antenna weights. The introduced perturbations enable more flexible beam steering without <italic>a priori</i> channel knowledge, thereby accelerating convergence to near-optimal weights and improving convergence reliability in both monostatic and bistatic configurations. Comprehensive numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed AGP-BABF significantly outperforms conventional BABF methods in terms of interrogation range and reliably converges to the near-optimal beamforming weights. Finally, the improvements in convergence speed and interrogation range are further validated through experiments on a software-defined radio testbed built with a USRP X310 and GNU Radio.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"651-660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148923684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}