IEEE journal of radio frequency identification最新文献

{"title":"Reader-Assisted Blind Source Separation for Multi-Tag Detection in Chipless Radio Frequency Identification Using Pattern Diversity","authors":"Fei-Peng Lai;Yen-Sheng Chen","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3727660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3727660","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-tag collision remains an obstacle to practical chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) because overlapping backscattered responses cannot be coordinated at the tag side. Existing anti-collision methods mainly depend on angular separation or time-delay differences, which often require narrow-beam readers, large tag spacing, or mechanically varied measurements. This paper proposes a multi-tag detection method based on pattern diversity, in which a pattern-reconfigurable reader antenna electrically generates the multiple observation samples required for blind source separation using independent component analysis. The main contribution is reader-side generation of collision-resolving observation diversity through electrical beam switching, instead of manual reader movement or large delay differences between tags. Using this approach, blind-source-separation-based detection is demonstrated for up to four closely spaced chipless tags. Collided responses from 2, 3, and 4 tags are separated with an adjacent spacing of 6.0 cm. Earlier chipless RFID anti-collision studies were mainly limited to two-tag cases, and in fewer reports three-tag cases, with tag spacing typically on the order of tens of centimeters. In repeated two-tag measurements, the success rate is 60%–80% over read ranges of 10–20 cm. Correct separation is also retained for lateral tag displacement up to 37.5 mm and tag orientation mismatch up to 20°.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"698-709"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical Simulation Framework for Spatial Optimization and Channel Characterization in Intra-Satellite LiFi Systems","authors":"Marek Jahnke;Ben Palmer;Enrico Stoll;Ulf Kulau","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3729464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3729464","url":null,"abstract":"Light Fidelity (LiFi) for intra-satellite communication offers significant advantages, including flexible Assembly, Integration and Testing Phase (AIT) and reduced harness complexity. This paper presents a simulation framework for light propagation, primarily aimed at optimizing positioning, spatial structures, and system parameters for intra-satellite LiFi architectures. Initial simulations included generic scenarios such as obstacle simulation and transmitter–receiver alignment, followed by integration of a complete 3D CubeSat model. Results demonstrate the framework’s capability to support the optimization and visualization of optical communication structures, enabling virtual analysis that complements physical test setups in early development stages. The framework has been extended to incorporate diffuse reflection and simple wavelength-independent refraction, while supporting iterative reuse of simulation results and channel characteristics enabling iterative transmitter and receiver placement optimization.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"710-723"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OSAM-Fusion: A Dual-Branch Feature Fusion Network With Transformer for Open-Set Drone RF Signal Recognition","authors":"Zhongyan Han;Bingbing Zhou;Hao Yang;Fei Cao;Yanjun Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3736073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3736073","url":null,"abstract":"With the widespread application of drones in both civilian and military fields, reliable identification of their radio frequency (RF) signals has become a critical challenge for ensuring low-altitude airspace security. To address the problem of detecting unknown drone threats in open environments, this paper proposes an end-to-end open-set recognition framework called OSAM-Fusion. First, the framework constructs a dual-branch deep feature extraction network: the spatial branch, based on EfficientNet-B0, captures local texture and structural information from the spectrogram, while the temporal branch captures the evolution patterns of the RF signal spectrum along the time dimension via a Transformer encoder. The features from both branches are then fused to obtain a comprehensive multi-scale representation. Second, an open-set aware metric loss function is designed, which actively constructs a discriminative feature space during training through dynamic prototype learning and boundary constraint mechanisms. Finally, a category-adaptive multi-stage decision method is proposed, combining Mahalanobis distance and statistical thresholds to achieve precise classification of known categories and effective rejection of unknown threats. Systematic experiments on a public dataset show that OSAM-Fusion demonstrates outstanding performance in both open-set accuracy and decision reliability across seven hierarchical open-set evaluation scenarios. This research provides a complete and engineering-feasible technical solution for drone intrusion detection in complex electromagnetic environments.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"832-845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Certified Inductance and RLC Extraction for HF RFID Resonators: From Guaranteed Magnetic-Energy Bounds to a Certified Resonance Band","authors":"Hakeim Talleb","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3738316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3738316","url":null,"abstract":"A 13.56 MHz HF RFID or NFC tag is a magnetically driven RLC resonator, and its resonance frequency and quality factor follow from the inductance, the loss and the capacitance of its coil. These are usually obtained from field solvers that return a single number with no certificate on the discretisation error, or from closed-form formulas valid only for canonical shapes. This paper applies the complementary-energy machinery of the dual discrete geometric method to the resonant HF tag and carries the resulting guaranteed intervals through to the quantities a tag designer signs. The inductance is enclosed by a two-sided bracket built from a primal nodal solve and a complementary flux solve; a field-circuit coupled eddy-current solve returns the series loss resistance with skin and proximity effects; and the coil self-capacitance is extracted electrostatically and bracketed as well, so L, R and C are all field-based and all certified. Propagated through a chip-loaded circuit model, they give a guaranteed band on the resonance frequency and the loaded quality factor. An axisymmetric formulation is introduced for coils whose turns are closed loops of finite cross-section: it removes both the filament regularisation of an edge-element engine and the overestimation of a Cartesian cross-section, and reproduces the exact circular-loop self and mutual inductance to better than one percent. Against a printed four-layer spiral measured on fifteen samples with an impedance analyser, the certified interval sits 0.6 to 1.4 percent below the measured inductance, depending on the copper foil thickness that the source does not state, and closer to it than any of the three analytical methods published with that measurement, while the numerical certificate itself is 0.15 percent wide, an order of magnitude tighter than the coil-to-coil manufacturing spread. The separation between what is certified, the discretisation error, and what is not, the geometric and material data, is stated explicitly throughout.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"873-885"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Handover Management and Power Allocation in LEO Satellite Networks","authors":"Yassine Afif;Mohammed Almekhlafi;Antoine Lesage-Landry;Gunes Karabulut Kurt","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3727819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3727819","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their high orbital velocity, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites traverse overhead in minutes, forcing ground users to frequently switch their serving beam or satellite. Such handover disrupts ongoing transmissions, introduces signalling overheads and synchronization delays across the constellation, and reduces the effective throughput perceived by ground users. To mitigate this, we consider a joint beam assignment and power allocation problem for a multi-beam LEO downlink. The resulting problem is a mixed-integer non-linear program, which in general is hard to solve directly. We decompose it into a convex power allocation and association subproblems. The power allocation subproblem is solved to global optimality at each time slot, while the association subproblem is solved via multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) policies. Namely, we propose multi-agent proximal policy optimization (MAPPO) with two communication variants: (i) using explicit hand-crafted neighbour features (MAPPO-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$k_{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and (ii) using learned attention-based messages, with the targeted multi-agent communication (TarMAC) method. For TarMAC, each agent coordinates their beam selection by exchanging messages with their geographic neighbours. Numerical analysis conducted on real Starlink two-line element (TLE) data shows that all reinforcement learning (RL) policies reduce handovers by at least 94% relative to a <monospace>Greedy</monospace> baseline that always selects the highest-signal to noise ratio (SNR) beam. It also shows that these policies improve mean effective rates by up to 30% over a static policy that keeps users on their current beam as long as the satellite remains visible. The two communication paradigms define complementary operating schemes depending on the operator’s objective. MAPPO-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$k_{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> improves throughput at the cost of more handovers, while TarMAC-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$k_{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> simultaneously improves rate and reduces handovers relative to proximal policy optimization (PPO), offering a better trade-off when handover cost is a primary concern.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"801-816"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memory-Free, Anti-Counterfeiting NFC Based on Physical Unclonable Function","authors":"Zong-Ru Lee;Yichong Ren;Saad Alshahrani;Duc Anh Pham;Jimmy Ching-Ming Chen;Pai-Yen Chen","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3706435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3706435","url":null,"abstract":"As the rapid advent of quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI) has threatened the heuristic hardness of conventional cryptographic standards, hardware-rooted security primitives have become essential for post-quantum resilience. This work proposes a new memory-free physical unclonable function (PUF) architecture tailored for secure wireless identification, authentication, and anti-counterfeiting applications. The core mechanism exploits a non-Foster parity-time (PT)-symmetric analog circuit comprising an active −RLC oscillator coupled with a passive RLC resonator via a negative mutual capacitance realized with a negative capacitance converter (NCC). The active oscillator serves as a gain stage via a negative resistance converter (NRC). The non-Foster PT-symmetric circuit exhibits a dramatic eigenfrequency bifurcation effect at a divergent exceptional point (DEP), for which hypersensitivity can amplify entropy and stochastic electronic property variations of analog circuits, thereby enabling on-demand generation of unique electromagnetic fingerprints. Furthermore, such randomized oscillatory signals can be digitized into a binary bit-sequence to modulate the backscattered RF signal. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PUF instance based on the non-Foster PT-symmetric circuit can display excellent cryptographic performance in terms of randomness and uniqueness. The architecture further supports reconfigurable PUF encryption key generation, ensuring an expansive and secure key space for seamless integration into existing IoT platforms and RFID ecosystems. This work establishes a promising framework for robust physical-layer security and hardware-level protection against emerging cryptanalytic threats in the AI and quantum era.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"545-553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148627678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Cost Screen-Printed Flexible Substrate-Integrated Nonradiative Dielectric Waveguide: A Proof of Concept","authors":"Mohammed Farouk Nakmouche;Gaozhi Xiao;Mourad Nedil","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3699947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3699947","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents, for the first time, a low-cost, flexible Substrate-Integrated Nonradiative Dielectric (SINRD) waveguide. The proposed Flex SINRD operates in the 22-26 GHz frequency band, exhibiting an average insertion loss of approximately -4.78 dB and a return loss better than -20 dB. The impact of key design parameters on the operational bandwidth and transmission performance is analyzed. The Flex SINRD is fabricated using screen-printing technology on a polyetherimide substrate (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$varepsilon = 3.08$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$tan delta = 0.00276$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 10 GHz) with a thickness of 0.125 mm. Measurement results from the printed prototypes demonstrate excellent agreement with commercial EM simulations, underscoring the potential of this technology for flexible antenna feeds, conformal arrays, wearable wireless communication systems, or integrated flexible RF front-end applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"554-561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148627707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reconfigurable, All-Digital Backscatter Architecture Demonstrating Independent Vector-Modulated Subcarriers","authors":"James D. Rosenthal;Stewart J. Thomas","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3711499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3711499","url":null,"abstract":"Vector backscatter modulation can improve physical layer communication performance compared to digital binary modulation commonly used in RFID applications. As vector modulated backscatter has expanded over the last decade, evolving architectural differences have made it challenging to understand system trade-offs between different implementations. This work reviews developments in vector backscatter modulation and proposes a generalized backscatter modulator architecture. From this generalized architecture, we develop a proof-of-concept orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) backscatter system and implement it using off-the-shelf hardware. With a single hardware implementation, we present the first over-the-air demonstration of SSB OFDM with vector-modulated subcarriers from a backscatter device and include three backscatter modulation schemes: single subcarrier 64-QAM modulation, two subcarrier 16-QAM, and four subcarrier 4-QAM. These results emphasize a key attribute of the generalized architecture: with only two unique impedance states it is possible to generate multiple subcarriers that are each independently vector modulated. The review of vector backscatter modulation and the generalized architecture highlight an all-digital pathway toward backscatter interoperability with a wide range of wireless standards.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"599-611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148781294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Low-Cost 3D-Printed Broadband Sinusoidal-Shaped Patch Antenna With Coplanar Microstrip Feed","authors":"Giovanni Andrea Casula;Giorgio Montisci;Giuseppe Valente","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3674681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3674681","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces an advanced architecture for wideband microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) that addresses the intrinsic limitations of narrow impedance bandwidth and significant feed-line losses associated with thick dielectric substrates. The proposed solution integrates two primary innovations: a sinusoidal vertical patch profile, enabled by precision 3-D printing, and a locally hollowed substrate for active loss mitigation. Unlike traditional designs that utilize a uniformly thick dielectric to maximize bandwidth at the expense of efficiency, this approach confines the supporting material strictly to a thin dielectric layer beneath the radiating patch. This structure significantly reduces dielectric losses and suppresses surface wave excitation along the coplanar microstrip feed line. Leveraging this 3-D geometry, wideband impedance matching is achieved using a single open-ended stub integrated within the hollowed region. Experimental results demonstrate a fractional impedance bandwidth exceeding 26.5%, representing a 40% improvement over state-of-the-art coplanar-fed designs and reaching performance levels comparable to more complex, less-integrable coaxial probe-fed antennas. Furthermore, the 3-D curvature effectively reduces the antenna projected resonant size, providing a compact footprint ideal for the high-density integrated circuits of modern communication systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"232-242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Camera-RFID Fusion for Robust Asset Tracking in Forested Environments","authors":"John Hateley;Sriram Narasimhan;Omid Abari","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3722120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3722120","url":null,"abstract":"Passive RFID tags offer a cost-effective and scalable solution for tracking numerous deployed assets. However, in forested environments, signal attenuation and multipath effects generally limit RFID spatial accuracy to the meter level. Conversely, while cameras employing stereo vision can achieve centimeter-level precision, relying solely on computer vision fails to resolve issues arising from spatial association ambiguity and partial occlusions in dense settings. Fusing these modalities allows systems to harness the high-accuracy benefits of vision while retaining the robust, non-line-of-sight identification advantages of RFID. Yet, a primary challenge in achieving this, which is the central focus of this paper, lies in accurately associating the disparate trajectories generated by these two sensors. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a novel camera–RFID fusion framework that integrates depth and object information with advanced trajectory-matching algorithms. RFID tag trajectories are generated using a combination of Gaussian Process regression and Extended Kalman Filters, while visual trajectories are extracted from a depth camera. To account for high spatial uncertainty and match each tag-object pair, these trajectories are associated using a combination of uncertain Fréchet distance, Mahalanobis distance, and global greedy assignment, a framework that has not been previously implemented to the best of our knowledge. We validate this approach against the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$L_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> norm and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) schemes that frame existing literature. By successfully fusing vision and RFID modalities, the proposed approach helps achieve reliable tag localization even when assets temporarily leave the camera’s field of view. The proposed algorithm was evaluated along side published association algorithms via a scalability simulation study up to 80 tags to evaluate theoretical limits, and proof of concept outdoor field trials with multiple walking participants. These trials demonstrated that the proposed framework significantly outperforms baseline matching methods, representing the first application of camera–RFID fusion for asset tracking in natural forested environments.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"612-623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}