Frontiers in soil science最新文献

{"title":"Effects of water hyacinth biochar on lettuce growth in cadmium-contaminated soil","authors":"Chun-huo Zhou, Yali Wang, Li'e Wei, Hua-jun Huang, Chenglong Yu, Xin′an Yin","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.998654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.998654","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the excessive propagation of water hyacinth has led to serious ecological and environmental problems; thereby, its treatment and disposal are of great significance. Moreover, the remediation of heavy metals in soil is a hot topic at present. Thus, water hyacinth was adopted to prepare biochar to investigate its effect on Cd accumulation in lettuce by pot experiments in this study. The optimal application amount of water hyacinth biochar was 1% (30 t ha−1), considering the Cd absorption and yield of lettuce plants. Compared with those of control, the application of biochar prepared at 700°C for 2 h with an amount of 3% (90 t ha−1) resulted in a reduction in Cd by 73.6% and 38.1%, respectively, in the shoots and roots of lettuce. Within a certain carbonization time (0.5~2 h) and carbonization temperature (300°C~700°C), the content of available Cd in the soil decreases with the increase of the carbonization temperature and time, which might be the main reason for the lower Cd concentration in lettuce after applying the biochar. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDS) analyses showed that Cd was fixed on the biochar in a state of passivation, leading to a sharp decrease in the available Cd in the soil. Moreover, it was concluded that the application of biochar brings with it an obvious increase in the enzyme activity increment in the soil up to 2.3 times. Lastly, 16sRNA sequencing has shown that biochar addition leads to variations in microbial structure and abundance in soil. Accordingly, biochar prepared by water hyacinth can increase lettuce yield and reduce the concentration of heavy metals in lettuce.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43396095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using phosphate amendments to reduce bioaccessible Pb in contaminated soils: A meta-analysis.","authors":"Manfred M Mayer, Nicholas T Basta, Kirk G Scheckel","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.1028328","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.1028328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measuring the reduction of <i>in vitro</i> bioaccessible (IVBA) Pb from the addition of phosphate amendments has been researched for more than 20 years. A range of effects have been observed from increases in IVBA Pb to almost 100% reduction. This study determined the mean change in IVBA Pb as a fraction of total Pb (AC) and relative to the IVBA Pb of the control soil (RC) with a random effects meta-analysis. Forty-four studies that investigated the ability of inorganic phosphate amendments to reduce IVBA Pb were identified through 5 databases. These studies were split into 3 groups: primary, secondary, and EPA Method 1340 based on selection criteria, with the primary group being utilized for subgroup analysis and meta-regression. The mean AC was approximately -12% and mean RC was approximately -25% for the primary and secondary groups. For the EPA Method 1340 group, the mean AC was -5% and mean RC was -8%. The results of subgroup analysis identified the phosphorous amendment applied and contamination source as having a significant effect on the AC and RC. Soluble amendments reduce bioaccessible Pb more than insoluble amendments and phosphoric acid is more effective than other phosphate amendments. Urban Pb contamination associated with legacy Pb-paint and tetraethyl Pb from gasoline showed lower reductions than other sources such as shooting ranges and smelting operations. Meta-regression identified high IVBA Pb in the control, low incubated soil pH, and high total Pb with the greater reductions in AC and RC. In order to facilitate comparisons across future remediation research, a set of minimum reported data should be included in published studies and researchers should use standardized <i>in vitro</i> bioaccessibility methods developed for P-treated soils. Additionally, a shared data repository should be created for soil remediation research to enhance available soil property information and better identify unique materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9890325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10660720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of neem materials and biochar as nitrification inhibitors in reducing nitrate leaching in a compost-amended Ferric Luvisol","authors":"Hammond Abeka, I. Lawson, E. Nartey, T. Adjadeh, S. Asuming-Brempong, P. Bindraban, W. Atakora","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.1023743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.1023743","url":null,"abstract":"The nitrates produced after mineralization from compost may be prone to leaching, especially in tropical sandy soils, because of the increased rate of nitrification and the porous nature of such soils. This may result in low nitrogen (N) use efficiency and adverse environmental effects. Inorganic nitrification inhibitors are costly and mostly unavailable in Ghana. Research on simple but effective local materials for use as nitrification inhibitors is therefore a priority. Two such materials are neem materials and biochar. Neem materials can suppress nitrifying bacteria due to their antimicrobial properties. Biochar can hold ammonium in the soil, making it temporarily unavailable to nitrifying bacteria. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of neem materials and biochar as nitrification inhibitors and their influence on nitrate leaching. In preliminary studies: 1) pot incubation was conducted for 60 days to estimate the nitrification rate with manure, compost, and NH4Cl as the N source (150 kg N/ha) in one set and neem seeds, bark, and leaves (1.25 µg azadirachtin/g) in another set, using nitrate concentrations; and 2) the ammonium sorption and desorption capacities of sawdust, rice husk, and groundnut husk biochar were determined. In the main study, pot incubation with compost as the N source but treated with milled neem seeds or bark (1.25 µg azadirachtin/g) or sawdust biochar (20 t/ha) was conducted for 60 days, in which the nitrification inhibition was determined using nitrate concentrations. A leaching experiment in columns with similar treatments and maize sown was then conducted to quantify the nitrate in leachates. A high nitrification rate was recorded in compost-amended soil, almost half that of the standard (NH4Cl). The use of sawdust biochar, which showed the highest ammonium sorption and desorption capacity, resulted in 40% nitrification inhibition that lasted the entire incubation period. The use of neem seeds with an azadirachtin concentration of 3.92 mg/g resulted in a similar nitrification inhibition, but this only lasted 40 days. Inhibition caused by both materials resulted in about a 60% reduction in nitrate leached. Thus, neem seeds (498 kg/ha) and sawdust biochar (20 mt/ha) could be used to control nitrate leaching for short-duration and long-duration crops, respectively.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43236026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil microbial population as affected by tillage and rice cultivation modes in Stagnic Anthrosols and Lateritic Red Earth soils in Southern China","authors":"Evans Asenso, Zhimin Wang, Tian Kai, Jiuhao Li, Lian Hu","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.1020814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.1020814","url":null,"abstract":"The microbial population (MP) is considered to be a relatively important part of soil health, quality, and productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to access the effects of tillage and rice cultivation modes on soil MP in Stagnic Anthrosols and Lateritic Red Earth soils. The treatments were as follows: (i) MDS: land tilled twice with a moldboard plow and hill-seeding of pregerminated seeds with a direct seeding machine of four to six seeds per hill at a planting space of 25 × 15 cm, (ii) RDS: land tilled twice with a rotary tiller and hill-seeding of pregerminated seeds with a direct seeding machine of four to six seeds per hill at a planting space of 25 × 15 cm, (iii) MMT: land tilled twice with a moldboard plow and 15-day-old seedlings were mechanically transplanted with a transplanting machine at a transplanting hill of four to six seedlings and at a transplanting space of 25 × 15 cm, and (iv) RMT: land tilled twice with a rotary tiller and 15-day-old seedlings were mechanically transplanted with a transplanting machine at a transplanting hill of four to six seedlings and a transplanting space of 25 × 15 cm. The findings showed that MDS improved the MP and increases rice yield. MDS showed a high increase in MP in both locations and the rice productivity of 32.81% (1H; first harvest) and 13.91% (2H; second harvest) and 16.48% (1H) and 18.13% (2H) for Zeng-Cheng and Yi-Yang, respectively. In conclusion, MDS was found to be better in improving the MP and increasing rice yield and could be adopted as a suitable approach for improving soil health, quality, and productivity.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43162888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precipitation-derived effects on the characteristics of proteinaceous soil organic matter across the continental United States","authors":"Hualong Hong, Li Ma, David B. Smith, Haoliang Lu, Chongling Yan, K. Xia, M.A.J. Williams","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.984927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.984927","url":null,"abstract":"Proteinaceous amino acids composed up to 50% of microbial biomass, are a primary building block of soil organic nitrogen, and play a key role in soil organic N and C cycling. However, the large-scale drivers on these organic nitrogen pools is less explored. We hypothesized that the trends related to vegetation, soil mineralogy and climate will change the composition of hydrolyzable amino acids (HAAs), both within and between each horizon. Herein we report on the patterns of HAAs, and their dependence on soil (e.g., Al, Fe, pH) and climate (e.g., precipitation) factors between soil horizons across the continental U.S. It was found that the effect of vegetation type on HAAs was greater in the A horizon than in the C horizon, which was related to the different stages of the vegetation-associated decomposition and pedogenesis processes. A similar Leu-Phe-Ile-Gly co-occurrence structure was found in both soil horizons suggesting some similarity in processes that enrich organics in soil. Precipitation, but not temperature, showed significant associations with HAA composition. The chemical properties of the soil, including pH and mineral metals (Fe, Mn, Al, Ca), also influenced the HAAs’ characteristics. In particular, some specific HAAs (Glx, Asn, and Ala) mainly reflected the HAAs’ response to the environmental gradients in both horizons. The effect of precipitation on HAAs exhibits as a complex relationship mediated through organic matter, pH and minerals. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess continental-wide descriptors of the largest soil organic N pool, showing that pH, Fe, Ca, precipitation and vegetation explain soil AA composition. The role played by each of these drivers in the accrual and turnover of organic matter over large regional scales deserve further scrutiny. The large surface and subsurface HAA data set from this study should help change the way micro-scale conceptual and mechanistic models describe the chemical interactions and source pools that drive soil organic nitrogen, and possibly soil organic matter composition over regional scales.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46452258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial distribution as a key factor for evaluation of soil attributes prediction at field level using online near-infrared spectroscopy","authors":"Ricardo Canal Filho, J. Molin","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.984963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.984963","url":null,"abstract":"In soil science, near-infrared (NIR) spectra are being largely tested to acquire data directly in the field. Machine learning (ML) models using these spectra can be calibrated, adding only samples from one field or gathering different areas to augment the data inserted and enhance the models’ accuracy. Robustness assessment of prediction models usually rely on statistical metrics. However, how the spatial distribution of predicted soil attributes can be affected is still little explored, despite the fact that agriculture productive decisions depend on the spatial variability of these attributes. The objective of this study was to use online NIR spectra to predict soil attributes at field level, evaluating the statistical metrics and also the spatial distribution observed in prediction to compare a local prediction model with models that gathered samples from other areas. A total of 383 online NIR spectra were acquired in an experimental field to predict clay, sand, organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). To build ML calibrations, 72 soil spectra from the experimental field (local dataset) were gathered, with 59 samples from another area nearby, in the same geological region (geological dataset) and with this area nearby and more 60 samples from another area in a different region (global dataset). Principal components regression was performed using k-fold (k=10) cross-validation. Clay models reported similar errors of prediction, and although the local model presented a lower R2 (0.17), the spatial distribution of prediction proved that the models had similar performance. Although OM patterns were comparable between the three datasets, local prediction, with the lower R2 (0.75), was the best fitted. However, for secondary NIR response attributes, only CEC could be successfully predicted and only using local dataset, since the statistical metrics were compatible, but the geological and global models misrepresented the spatial patterns in the field. Agronomic plausibility of spatial distribution proved to be a key factor for the evaluation of soil attributes prediction at field level. Results suggest that local calibrations are the best recommendation for diffuse reflectance spectroscopy NIR prediction of soil attributes and that statistical metrics alone can mispresent the accuracy of prediction.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45115467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potentials of underutilized legumes in food security","authors":"M. Ayilara, M. Abberton, O. Oyatomi, O. Odeyemi, O. O. Babalola","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.1020193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.1020193","url":null,"abstract":"Adopting underutilized legumes in tackling food security is essential, especially in this era of climate change. Underutilized legumes are embedded with inherent potentials such as the ability to survive in extreme conditions (such as temperature, drought, pH, saline, etc.), high nitrogen-fixing potential, weed and disease control ability, and high nutrient status. Underutilized legumes can improve the yield of companion crops in an intercropping system and as a subsequent crop (due to their residual effects). They possess symbiotic and non-symbiotic organisms in their nodules, and also have different organisms in their bulk soil, rhizoplanes and rhizosphere, which can fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus or produce exudates which help in improving plant growth. Also, they contain some phytochemicals, including alkaloids, saponin, amino acids, organic and inorganic minerals, and compounds that help improve human health and prevent diseases. Hence, this review discusses the current status, role, challenges and the prospects of underutilized legumes in food security.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41413324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fellfields of the Kerguelen Islands harbour specific soil microbiomes and rhizomicrobiomes of an endemic plant facing necrosis","authors":"L. Marchand, F. Hennion, M. Tarayre, Marie-Claire Martin, Benoit R. Martins, C. Monard","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.995716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.995716","url":null,"abstract":"Polar regions are characterized by rocky terrains with sparse vegetation and oligotrophic soils, i.e. “fellfields”. In such ecosystems, microbial communities should be essential for soil-plant functioning but their diversity is poorly explored. The sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands fellfields are characterized by an endemic long-lived cushion plant, Lyallia kerguelensis which rhizosphere may be a shelter for microbes in this harsh environment. Cushions are affected by necrosis and we expect the rhizomicrobiome composition to be related to plant necrosis. We analysed bacterial and fungal communities in bulk- and rhizospheric soils from L. kerguelensis in five different fellfields across the Kerguelen Islands using 16S rRNA and ITS1 metabarcoding. We found that soil microbial communities were composed of both restricted and cosmopolitan taxa. While all sites were dominated by the same bacterial taxa (Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, α-Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria), the relative abundance of the main fungal phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota and Rozellomycota) highly differed between sites. L. kerguelensis rhizomicrobiome was at least as diverse as the bulk soil, making the rhizosphere a possible reservoir of microbial diversity. It was composed of the same main bacterial phyla than detected in the bulk soil while the composition of the rhizosphere fungal communities was specific to each plant. No common microorganisms were identified regarding cushion necrosis extent across plants and sites, but several microbial putative functions were shared, suggesting a possible shift in soil functioning with cushion necrosis increase. Our study brings new information on the diversity and composition of the microbial communities of fellfield soils in a sub-Antarctic Island and the rhizomicrobiome of a characteristic endemic cushion plant.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43743035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial necromass response to soil warming: A meta-analysis","authors":"Megan F. Mitchell, M. G. MacLean, Kristen M. DeAngelis","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.987178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.987178","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial-derived soil organic matter (SOM), or necromass, is an important source of SOM and is sensitive to climate warming. Soil classification systems consider soil physicochemical properties that influence SOM, hinting at the potential utility of incorporating classification systems in soil carbon (C) projections. Currently, there is no consensus on climate warming effects on necromass and if these responses vary across reference soil groups. To estimate the vulnerability of necromass to climate warming, we performed a meta-analysis of publications examining in situ experimental soil warming effects on microbial necromass via amino sugar analysis. We built generalized linear models (GLM) to explore if soil groups and warming methodologies can be used to predict necromass stocks. Our results showed that warming effect sizes on necromass were not uniform across reference soil groups. Specifically, warming effect sizes were generally positive in permafrost soils but negative in calcic soils. However, warming did not significantly change average necromass. Our GLMs detected significant differences in necromass across soil groups with similar texture and clay percentage. Thus, we advocate for further research to define what predictors of necromass are captured in soil group but not in soil texture. We also show warming methodology is a significant predictor of necromass, depending on the necromass biomarker. Future research efforts should uncover the mechanistic reason behind how passive versus active warming methodology influences necromass responses. Our study highlights the need for more in situ soil warming experiments measuring microbial necromass as this will improve predictions of SOM feedback under future climate scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45094962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of row spacing on soil nitrogen availability, wheat morpho-physiological traits and radiation use efficiency","authors":"Jie Zhang, Rui-Hua Cao, Zhiyong Zhang, Xiaochun Wang, Xinming Ma, Shuping Xiong","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.981263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.981263","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing row spacing is an important measure to exploit the full yield potential, achieve a continuous increase in wheat yield and green development without increasing input. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of wide–narrow row spacing pattern (12 cm-12 cm-12 cm-24 cm, R1) and conventional uniform row spacing mode (20 cm, CK; 12 cm. R2) on nitrogen (N) availability in soil, canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and yield. The results showed that R1 increased the relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea in the rhizosphere compared to CK. Nitrate in soils treated R1 at post-anthesis and nitrogen use efficiency of the plant were 59.92% and 27.01% higher than those treated with CK, respectively. Above-ground growth of wheat showed that R1 increased leaf area index by 27.42%, specific leaf weight by 22.67% and leaf photosynthetic rate by 8.86%, respectively compared to CK. R2 had similar availability of N and plant growth as CK. Moreover, the ability of the plant to allocate more nitrogen to grains was enhanced at post-anthesis with R1 than it with CK and R2, which greatly improved the RUE by 10.13% and 2.27%. As the result, the yield for R1 increased by 27.54% and 21.46%, respectively, compared to CK and R2. Therefore, using wide–narrow row spacing pattern (R1) is a practically and environmentally feasible approach for wheat production without extra input in the straw-returning wheat-corn rotation system.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44140002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}