Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"A feasibility study of a new instrument for detection of autism signs in preschool settings. Psychometric properties of the joint attention observation schedule preschool (JA-OBS preschool)","authors":"Petra Linnsand, J. Hermansson, C. Gillberg, G. Nygren","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1061451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.1061451","url":null,"abstract":"Background Identifying signs of autism is essential for enabling timely diagnosis and intervention. Children from multiethnic and socioeconomic disadvantaged settings are typically diagnosed with autism later than their general peers. This feasibility study explored the psychometric properties of a new instrument, Joint Attention Observation Schedule Preschool (JA-OBS Preschool), in children with suspected autism. Methods Data were collected from a prospective longitudinal study of 46 children aged 2–4 years who lived in a multiethnic, low resource area. The children had been referred from the Child Health Centre to a multiprofessional team for a neuropsychiatric assessment. In the diagnostic process, the instrument JA-OBS Preschool for observation of a child's capability of engaging in joint attention was included. Descriptive statistics and Cronbach's alfa were used to analyze the psychometric properties, including internal consistency reliability and inter-rater consistency. Results All 46 children with suspected autism screened positive on the JA-OBS Preschool. The internal consistency reliability of the instrument was calculated at 0.8 (Cronbach's alfa). Percent agreement between two examiners in JA-OBS Preschool ranged from 77% to 100%. Conclusion JA-OBS Preschool was found to be a promising instrument for identifying signs of autism in children in this setting. However, further research is needed to determine the psychometric properties of the JA-OBS Preschool in a general child population as well as in a younger age group.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86413871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of intranasal oxytocin on neural reward processing in children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Shinichiro Takiguchi, Kai Makita, T. Fujisawa, S. Nishitani, A. Tomoda","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1056115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.1056115","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is associated with socially and emotionally withdrawn/inhibited behaviors and reduced neural responses to rewards. Children and adolescents with RAD show aberrant attachment behaviors, and existing psychotherapies are difficult to maintain; therefore, pharmacological interventions to aid and boost treatment responses are needed. Oxytocin (OT) administration is known to promote reward functioning. We investigated whether single-use intranasal OT administration improved neural responses during reward processing in patients with RAD compared with healthy controls. Twenty-four male children and adolescents with RAD (10–18 years old) and 27 age- and sex-matched typically developing individuals (10–17 years old) were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Following a single intranasal OT (24 IU) or placebo administration, neural responses were investigated using a monetary reward task. In the RAD group, OT significantly increased subjective motivation scores, significantly enhanced activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, and reduced activation in the right precentral gyrus during the monetary reward task. Additional analyses revealed increased activation in the bilateral caudate at a more lenient threshold. Under placebo conditions, the severity of internalizing problems in patients with RAD was negatively correlated with ventral striatal activity. Moreover, the effect of OT on ventral striatum activity was positively associated with the severity of internalizing problems in patients with RAD. Intranasal OT administration enhanced activity in the reward pathway in male children and adolescents with RAD, suggesting that exogenous OT promotes reward processing and reward-related motivational behavior in these individuals. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the neural mechanisms of intranasal OT and identify novel targets for pediatric cases with RAD. Clinical trial registration: UMIN-CTR; UMIN000013215. URL: https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000015419","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89494595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploration of whether the extent and orientation of the discrepancy in perceived and actual mathematical efficacy affects mathematical anxiety","authors":"Wang Xi li, Li Xue Liu, Mu Xia","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1041662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.1041662","url":null,"abstract":"A questionnaire survey was used to study the effect of the discrepancy between perceived and actual mathematical efficacy (discrepancy in mathematical efficacy) on mathematics anxiety, and the moderating effect of bias in mathematical efficacy estimation. A total of 582 grade 1 students in seniors high school in Nanning with an average age of 16 and 489 grade 2 students in seniors high school with an average age of 17 were selected. The results confirmed that (1) mathematics anxiety was significantly negatively correlated with mathematics efficacy, and significantly positively correlated with greater discrepancy between perceived and actual mathematics efficacy. (2) Variation in mathematics efficacy was much greater, given underestimation rather than overestimation of efficacy. Further, mathematics anxiety was significantly greater, given underestimation vs. overestimation of efficacy. (3) Discrepancy in perceived vs. actual mathematical efficacy positively predicted mathematics anxiety, and was moderated by bias in the estimation of mathematical ability. In the first-grade 1 students, mathematics anxiety was predicted by underestimation but not overestimation of efficacy.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83885764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nature and structure of maternal parenting practices and infant behaviors in U.S. national and international samples.","authors":"Marc H Bornstein, Diane L Putnick, Gianluca Esposito, Rebecca M Pearson","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1124037","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1124037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty maternal parenting practices and 15 behaviors of their 5½- month-old infants in a U.S. national sample (<i>N</i> = 360) and 9 international samples (<i>N</i> = 653) were microcoded from videorecords of naturalistic interactions at home and aggregated into domains. Altogether, the samples were recruited from Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, as well as the United States.</p><p><strong>Background and rationale: </strong>A previous test of three competing models of the nature and structure of the maternal parenting practices supported a hybrid 2 factor/6 domain model as superior to a 1-factor dimensional model and a multi-factor style model: Maternal parenting practices are structured into nurture, physical, social, didactic, material, and language domains undergirded by dyadic and extradyadic factors. Infant behaviors were organized into physical, social, exploration, nondistress vocalization, and distress communication domains. The current study sought to examine links connecting these previously identified maternal domains and factors with infant behavior domains using structural equation models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mothers' dyadic factor is associated with infant social behaviors with mother; and mothers' extradyadic factor and encouragement of infant physical development are associated with infant exploration of their immediate physical environment and physical development. Infant distress communication (and less nondistress vocalization) is associated with more maternal nurturing.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Mothers' parenting practices in the middle of the first year of infant life are commonly structured and adapted to specific needs and developmental tasks of infants. Evaluations of mother-infant interactions with national and international samples permit a wide yet judicious analysis of common vs. specific models of mother-infant relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"2 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10281019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9702585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative psychopharmacologic treatments for pediatric catatonia: a retrospective analysis.","authors":"Joshua R Smith,&nbsp;Isaac Baldwin,&nbsp;Tasia York,&nbsp;Carina Anderson,&nbsp;Trey McGonigle,&nbsp;Simon Vandekar,&nbsp;Lee Wachtel,&nbsp;James Luccarelli","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1208926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1208926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pediatric catatonia is a highly co-morbid condition with treatment options often limited to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or lorazepam. However, lorazepam may not be readily available, and access to ECT is limited by restrictive legislation and stigma. This study aims to provide alternative treatment options for pediatric catatonia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved a single-site retrospective analysis of a private university hospital in the southern United States. The study included patients under eighteen with catatonia who received psychopharmacologic treatment with an agent other than lorazepam. The patients were evaluated with the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS), Kanner Catatonia Severity Scale (KCS), and Kanner Catatonia Examination (KCE) at the time of initial evaluation and upon stabilization. A retrospective clinical global impressions-improvement (CGI-I) score was assigned by four authors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>102 pediatric patients diagnosed with catatonia were identified, and 31 met criteria for the study. 20 (65%) were white, 6 (19%) were Black, 4 (13%) were Hispanic, and 1 (3%) were Indian. Most patients (<i>N</i> = 18; 58%) were insured by Medicaid. The mean age at the time of catatonia diagnosis was 13.5 years. All patients were stabilized on either clonazepam or diazepam, with 21 (68%) requiring treatment with an additional medication of either an anti-epileptic, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and aripiprazole or clozapine. Statistically significant reductions in the BFCRS [<i>t</i> = 11.2, df = 30, std = 6.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI = (7.8, 15.1)], KCS [<i>t</i> = 4.6, df = 38, <i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI = (12.0, 31.0)], and KCE [<i>t</i> = 7.8, df = 30, std = 1.8, <i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI = (1.9, 3.2)] were observed. For CGI-I the results showed that the estimated probability of observing a score better than no change (>4) is 0.976 [t.s. = 43.2, <i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI = (0.931,0.992)], indicating the average subject is expected to experience some improvement.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In conclusion, all patients responded to these treatments with improvement in their catatonic symptoms. Alternative pharmacologic interventions for catatonia, including benzodiazepines other than lorazepam, valproic acid, NMDA receptor antagonists, and atypical antipsychotics were safe and effective in treating catatonia in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"2 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10312099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10109696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Articulating biological and social approaches in child and adolescent psychiatry","authors":"S. B. Guessoum, L. Benoit, I. Thomas, J. Mallet, J. Sibeoni, Cyril Hanin, M. Moro","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1065932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.1065932","url":null,"abstract":"Child and adolescent psychiatry has been based on numerous fields of research and theories, including neuroscience, physiology, psychology (developmental, psychodynamic, systemic, cognitive-behavioral, etc.), anthropology, sociology, and education sciences. Integrating transdisciplinary knowledge in multi-level models is an ongoing challenge for the future that is not immediately applicable in clinical practice and research. Articulating, i.e., to connect, to be jointed, (psycho)biological and (psycho)social approaches in child and adolescent psychiatry is a daily challenge for clinicians and researchers. Research is often limited to specific fields whereas real-life clinical practice needs a pluralistic approach. Research designs, tools, and clinical training need to provide knowledge applicable to the necessarily pluralistic daily clinical practice. This article provides some perspectives on how to articulate biological and social approaches, from research to clinical practice, and discusses the concept of pluralistic approaches, multimodal interventions, and how to provide articulated mental health care and training. Suggestions to better articulate biological and social approaches are provided: (I) State that the research object can be approached from different theoretical, research and clinical angles and explain the one chosen; (II) Propose synthesis articles that articulate biological and social knowledge; (III) Design biological studies that take into account social factors, and design social studies that take into account biological factors; (IV) Design transcultural tools; (V) Build pluralistic interventions, i.e., therapeutic modalities and mental health care settings that articulate biological and social approaches; (VII) Develop training in pluralistic articulated care.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75577210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General health status and psychological impact of COVID19 pandemic and curfew on children aging 3 to 12 years","authors":"A. Shamsah, M. Aburezq, Zahraa Abdullah, Fatemeh Khamissi, Batool Almaateeq, Fatima AlAlban, Sarah Almashmoom, A. Ziyab","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1034492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.1034492","url":null,"abstract":"Background COVID-19 is an infectious disease that was declared as a pandemic and public health emergency in late 2019 and has impacted children's mental health worldwide. This study aimed to assess the general and mental health status of children during different stages of COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify the associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted on children aging 3 to 12 years in Kuwait during three different stages of COVID19 pandemic (pre-total curfew, during total curfew, and post-total curfew). The psychological status was assessed using the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Results Of 2157 children between the age of 3 to 12 years old, 853 (39.5%) reported increased level of aggression, 789 (36.6%) over-crying, 749 (34.7%) sadness, 493 (22.9%) anxiety, 429 (19.9%) anhedonia, 383 (17.8%) confusion, 274 (12.7%) nightmares, 177 (8.2%) avoidance, 174 (8.1%) physical symptoms and 121 (5.6%) bedwetting during the pandemic. General health status was also affected with reported disturbed sleeping pattern (84.6%), altered appetite (50.9%) and weight changes (36.9%), mainly weight gain. Risk factors included being non-national, as well as having lower parental educational level and lower socioeconomic status; while protective factors involved meeting classmates, indoor and outdoor activities, and less screen time. Conclusions COVID19 crisis had drastic impact on children's mental and general health, requiring serious action regarding evaluating this generation and intervening accordingly.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"423 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75807408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic analysis of neurodevelopmental disorders in children","authors":"Dandan Wu, Rong-Min Li","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.987339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.987339","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose To explore the genetic cause of children with unidentified etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, thus providing references for the diagnosis, treatment and genetic counseling. Design and methods Children with neurodevelopmental disorders but unidentified etiology in the Child Healthcare Department, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from November 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 2 ml of peripheral venous blood was collected from the child and their parents for the whole exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation (CNV) detection. Male children were subjected to fragile X syndrome testing to determine the genetic mutations. For those with positive results, Sanger sequencing was performed to explore the mutations in the gene sites and pedigrees. Results A total of 488 (33.5%) pathogenic variations were detected among 1,457 global developmental/intellectual disabilities (GDD/ID) children, including 362 (24.9%) cases of monogenic mutations, and 111 (7.6%) cases of chromosomal microdeletions or microduplications. There were 15/780 (1.92%) male children with fragile X syndrome. Single point mutations were detected in 277/362 (76.5%) and 85/362 (23.5%) male and female GDD/ID children, respectively, including 295 (81.5%) cases of missense mutations, 32 (8.8%) cases of frameshift mutations, 5 (2.2%) cases of non-sense mutations and 30 (8.3%) cases of splice site mutations. In addition, there were 166 (45.8%) cases of autosomal inheritance and 196 (54.2%) cases of X-linked inheritance. The X chromosome abnormalities were mostly observed in 362 GDD/ID children with monogenic mutations, including 15 cases of the AFF2 gene mutation, 13 cases of the MECP2 gene mutation and 12 cases of the HUWEI gene mutation. The CREBBP gene mutation was the most common autosome abnormality in GDD/ID children with monogenic mutations, which was detected in five cases. There were 74 cases of chromosomal microdeletions, 31 cases of chromosomal microduplications and six cases of both. A total of 114 novel pathogenic mutations responsible for GDD/ID were found, including four novel mutations in MECP2 and TRAPPC9 genes. Conclusion The incidence of genetic abnormalities remains high in NDD children. Abundant novel mutations are responsible for GDD/ID in children, and can be used as references in the diagnosis of neurogenetic diseases.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83975265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"H is for hypersexual: Sexuality in youths with ADHD","authors":"Elijah W. Hale, Molly O. Murphy, Katherine Thompson","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1048732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.1048732","url":null,"abstract":"Background Recent research into the association between ADHD and hypersexuality has been extremely skewed toward male patients and contribute to stigma against individuals engaging in same sex sexual behaviors. We sought to expand research on this important relationship and to address these shortcomings. Methods Using data from the TriNetX database, we created two patient cohorts of patients 21 years or younger, separated by presence or absence of ADHD diagnosis. We analyzed disorders of sexual behavior, comorbid psychiatric illness, and medication type. Those with ADHD were subdivided into same-sex high risk sexual behavior (HRSB) and opposite-sex HRSB. The ADHD group was analyzed based on the presence or absence of any disorder of sexuality. The outcomes measured were disorders of sexual behavior, comorbid psychiatric illness, and medication type. Results In a study of 1,355,184 analyzed patient records, patients ADHD were more likely to have all measured outcomes. Orientation of HRSB did not impact for disorders of sexual behavior, but individuals with same-sex HRSB were at higher risk for comorbid psychiatric illness. Those with hypersexuality and ADHD were a higher risk for psychiatric illnesses. Conclusion Our study is the largest to date examining associations between hypersexual behaviors and ADHD. Increased awareness of this association may aid in addressing some problematic behaviors before they become detrimental to the individuals with ADHD or others within their lives.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74485329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homo Developmentalis: An evolutionary proposal relevant for child and adolescent mental health","authors":"David Cohen, A. Baptista","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.940827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2022.940827","url":null,"abstract":"COPYRIGHT © 2022 Cohen and Baptista. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Homo Developmentalis: An evolutionary proposal relevant for child and adolescent mental health","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88526909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}