Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Perceptions of autism and experiences of stigma among Somali and Eritrean immigrant parents in Norway: a qualitative study.","authors":"Abdi Gele, Hodan A Duale","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1688576","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1688576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism is a major public health problem among immigrants, with immigrants from Somalia and Eritrea having one of the highest prevalence of autism in Norway. This study explored knowledge of autism and the experiences of stigma and discrimination among Somali and Eritrean parents of children with autism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An in-depth interview was used to collect data from 15 Somali and Eritrean parents of children with autism. We used a pilot-tested semi-structured interview-guide. A mixed of convenience and snowball sampling was used to recruit participants who 1) identified as an Eritrean or Somali immigrant, 2) identified as a parent of a child with autism, and 3) were 18 years and older. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated, and cleaned for errors. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data using Nvivo-14 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings showed that Somali and Eritrean parents had relatively good knowledge of the risk factors for and treatment of autism. Some parents had feeling that the MMR vaccine was behind the autism of their children. Similarly, five of the parents reported that bone marrow from camels can help alleviate the symptoms of autism. Widespread stigma, judgment and blaming of parents and children with autism were reported. This was attributed to a lack of knowledge about autism among Somali and Eritrean communities in Norway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Community-based initiatives that engage key stakeholders including civil society organizations, can help to address misconceptions about autism. Furthermore, national and community-owned mass media should produce programs in which individuals with ASD and their families share their experiences and struggles and health professionals provide accurate information about the disorder while promoting inclusion and acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1688576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent trajectories of early social communication development are associated with autism diagnosis and language outcomes.","authors":"Laura A Edwards, Scott Gillespie, Laura M Johnson, Moira L Pileggi, Warren Jones, Ami Klin","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1723743","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1723743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social communication, or a child's ability to interact with others using verbal and nonverbal cues, is a strong predictor of later language development and lifelong outcomes in individuals on the autism spectrum. Interventions that target social communication skills would benefit from careful analysis of the emergence of these skills from their developmental onset. The current study assessed social communication in 801 infants and toddlers using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS) at 12, 15, 18, and 24 months of age. Standard social, speech, and symbolic composite scores were modelled in parallel using latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling, to identify distinct classes of children based on social communication trajectories. Class membership was then associated with sex and diagnostic outcome, and associations between 24-month language and social communication trajectory class membership were examined. Secondarily, associations between school age social disability outcomes and early trajectory class membership were examined in a subsample for whom follow-up measures were collected. Two classes of social and symbolic composite trajectories, and 3 classes of speech trajectories were identified. Classes were strongly associated with sex and diagnosis, as well as 24-month language outcomes, controlling for diagnosis and maternal education. Associations between class membership and school age social disability were not robust to controls for diagnosis and maternal education. Across all domains, differences present at 12 months of age persisted or increased through 24 months. Our findings indicate specific trajectories of social communication development which may benefit from interventions targeting social communication skills from around the first birthday. Such interventions would also promote positive development of both receptive and expressive language abilities. Our findings also demonstrate complexity and heterogeneity in development across the breadth of social communication skills, as well as within diagnostic categories. Early assessment of social communication skills-and interventions or educational services aimed at supporting positive development in potentially vulnerable domains-may thus prove beneficial for children before diagnosis, and/or regardless of familial or other likelihood for autism or other developmental delays and disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1723743"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13102786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal adverse childhood experiences, postnatal depression, and early parenting behaviors: a study of microcoded mother-infant interaction in early infancy.","authors":"Marcos Roberto Fanton, Mateus Mazzaferro, Karine Maria Porpino Viana, Danilo Micali, Vinicius Oliveira Santana, Ana C C Milani, Ivaldo Silva, Hugo Cogo-Moreira, Cristiane S Duarte, Jonathan Posner, Andrea P Jackowski","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1772342","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1772342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human parenting behaviors (HPBs)-including gaze, motherese, affectionate touch, and positive affect-are essential for child development and can be precisely measured during the first weeks of life (2-8 weeks) through microcoding of videotaped interactions. This study examined whether maternal exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affects HPBs and whether postnatal depressive symptoms mediate this relationship. The sample included 272 mother-infant dyads from São Paulo, Brazil (mean maternal age: 27.2 ± 5.2 years, 67% with monthly income < US$317; infants: 48.5% female, mean age: 33 ± 19 days). Maternal ACEs and depressive symptoms were self-reported during pregnancy and postnatally, respectively. HPBs were assessed using the Coding Interactive Behavior (CIB) manual. Results showed that maternal ACEs were significantly associated with higher postnatal depressive symptoms (<i>β</i> = 0.665, <i>p</i> < 0.001), but neither a direct nor indirect association with HPBs was observed. These findings suggest that ACE-related disruptions in parenting may not manifest during the early weeks of life but could emerge later as caregiving demands increase. This study is among the few to use microcoded interaction analysis at this early stage of life and highlights the need for continued research into the complex pathways linking ACEs, maternal mental health, and parenting behaviors over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1772342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13079283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147701096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From chat to change: a neuroinclusive framework for cognitive empowerment and daily living skills in autism.","authors":"Anna Meduri, Chiara Marraffa, Gaia Roccaforte, Chiara Failla, Germana Doria, Ileana Scarcella, Paola Chilà, Roberta Minutoli, Giovanni Pioggia, Flavia Marino","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1769862","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1769862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conversational technologies are increasingly investigated as supportive tools for autistic individuals; however, existing approaches remain largely application-driven and conceptually fragmented, with limited integration between conversational design and the cognitive foundations of daily living skills. To date, no unified framework explicitly conceptualizes chatbot-based interaction as a structured environment supporting functional autonomy in autism. This Perspective article introduces the Neuroinclusive Conversational Framework (NCF), a theoretical model that reframes chatbots as cognitive scaffolds designed to support everyday functioning in addition to social simulation. Drawing on cognitive psychology, executive functioning research, mediated learning theory, and neuroinclusive design principles, the NCF conceptualizes conversational interaction as a structured learning environment capable of supporting planning, sequencing, task initiation, and self-monitoring within daily routines. The framework is articulated along three interrelated dimensions-cognitive-functional, structural-adaptive, and contextual-ecological-each addressing mechanisms relevant to cognitive accessibility, adaptability, and ecological transfer. By synthesizing evidence across diverse conversational technologies and identifying recurring design principles such as predictability, low social pressure, and adaptive structure, the NCF provides a coherent lens for interpreting existing systems and guiding future design. The article further discusses emerging directions, including biofeedback-informed adaptivity, perceptually accessible interface design, and context-sensitive interaction, emphasizing the importance of ecological validity and integration with human guidance. Overall, the NCF offers a theoretical foundation to support systematic research and development of conversational technologies aimed at strengthening daily living skills and functional autonomy in autistic individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1769862"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13076484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147694031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregiver-reported profiles of child functioning for children with developmental delays and disabilities 20 months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Afiqah Yusuf, Nicky Wright, Julie Scorah, Andy Shih, Keiko Shikako, Mayada Elsabbagh","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1593822","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1593822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns about its impact on children with developmental delays and disabilities (DDDs). Early research showed diverse trajectories, with some children experiencing worsening challenges while others demonstrated resilience. In our prior study, conducted 3 months into the pandemic, we identified a resilient group associated with higher parenting self-efficacy and easier access to schooling. As the pandemic persisted, children's functioning may have fluctuated. While adults showed varied trajectories 1 year post-pandemic, little is known about longer-term patterns in children with DDDs. Identifying these patterns nearly 2 years later, along with predictors of resilience, is essential for guiding future interventions.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To identify patterns of functioning 20 months post-pandemic onset and examine associations with gender, parenting self-efficacy, and access to schooling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As part of the UNICEF-WHO Global Report initiative, we conducted online caregiver surveys across Canada at T1 (June-July 2020) and T2 (November-December 2021). Latent class analysis identified profiles of functioning at T2, and multinomial logistic regression examined associations with T1 predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 302 respondents, we identified four profiles: Moderate Stability (<i>n</i> = 107): Moderate probability of stability (53%-65%), low worsening (7%-26%), and some improvement (18%-39%).Worsening (<i>n</i> = 80): No improvement and moderate worsening (23%-78%) in mental health, repetitive behaviors, and sleep.Very Stable (<i>n</i> = 42): 100% probability of stability across domains.Mental Health and Sleep Improving (<i>n</i> = 73): Improvement in sensory issues (48%), mental health (57%), and sleep (81%), but worsening in repetitive behavior (68%), daily living (50%), and troubling behavior (45%).Gender, parenting self-efficacy, and access to schooling at T1 significantly predicted profile membership. Girls were more likely to be in favorable profiles. Higher parenting self-efficacy increased the likelihood of belonging to stable or improving profiles. Easier school access at T1 predicted stability or improvement, while difficult access reduced improvement likelihood.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early-pandemic factors-gender, parenting self-efficacy, and school access-significantly predicted resilience in children with DDDs. These factors may serve as intervention targets to promote long-term stability and recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1593822"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13066226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147679120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Addressing emotionally based school avoidance: causes, consequences, and interventions.","authors":"Joanna K Anderson, Trude Havik, Carolina Gonzálvez","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1802875","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1802875","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1802875"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13057400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges encountered in executing family routines: a comparison between neurotypical children and those having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Rosalie Ruel, Line Massé, Dany Lussier-Desrochers, Claudia Verret, Isabelle Simonato","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1758537","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1758537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Daily routines play a central role in the child's development process and the establishment of harmonious family dynamics. However, many parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), report difficulties in establishing and maintaining routines. The aim of this study was to compare neurotypical, ASD, and ADHD children's performance on daily routines. Precisely, it aims to describe the difficulties, the impacts on the child and his family, and the nature of the difficulties.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The sample consisted of 205 children aged 6 to 12 years (<i>M</i> = 8.60, <i>SD</i> = 1.78; 31.7% girls), including 104 children with ADHD, 49 children with ASD, and 52 neurotypical children. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were performed to compare the three groups of participants, controlling for children's age and gender, parental education and family structure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that families of children with ADHD generally perceive routines as more difficult than those of neurotypical children. Children with ADHD experience significantly more frustration than neurotypical children when performing routines. According to parents, these difficulties in carrying out daily routines adversely affect the family climate, making it more stressful and unpleasant.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In conclusion, understanding the differences in the difficulties faced by these three groups of children in carrying out their daily routines will make it easier to support families in implementing interventions that are better adapted to the child's specific needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1758537"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mothers' knowledge and home care practices for children with autism spectrum disorder in Diwaniyah, Iraq.","authors":"Aqeel Abd Al-Hamza Marhoon, Khamees Bandar Obaid","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1705556","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1705556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) poses significant caregiving challenges, particularly in low-resource and culturally diverse settings. This study evaluated maternal knowledge and home care practices related to children with ASD in Diwaniyah, Iraq<i>.</i></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional census survey was conducted in 2025 among 205 mothers of children diagnosed with ASD who were registered at autism centers in Diwaniyah. Data were collected via a validated, interviewer-administered questionnaire that assessed maternal knowledge of ASD and home care practices across nutrition, hygiene, motor skills, and safety domains. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. A significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05 was adopted for all inferential tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall maternal knowledge of ASD was moderate. Higher knowledge was significantly associated with maternal education (<i>p</i> < 0.001), urban residence (<i>p</i> = 0.009), family size (<i>p</i> = 0.029), monthly income (<i>p</i> = 0.041), and consanguinity (<i>p</i> = 0.017). Home care practices were generally adequate in nutrition, personal hygiene, and motor skill development; however, safety practices were markedly insufficient. Awareness of ASD-related safety risks was also low. A significant positive association was observed between maternal knowledge and home care practices across all domains (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mothers in Diwaniyah demonstrate moderate knowledge and active caregiving in most domains, yet there is insufficient focus on child safety at home. These findings highlight the urgent need for culturally tailored educational programs that emphasize home safety, expand access to autism services, and integrate genetic counseling to improve care for children with ASD in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1705556"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13017904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye movement abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder and prodromal psychosis: a review of overlaps and biomarkers.","authors":"Ethan Terman, Lior Sanilevich, Christian Zaballos","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1758514","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1758514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Differentiating prodromal psychosis from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during adolescence remains a major clinical challenge due to overlapping behavioral and cognitive features and the absence of reliable biological markers. This review synthesizes evidence on eye tracking and oculomotor abnormalities to evaluate their potential utility as objective biomarkers for distinguishing ASD, clinical high-risk (CHR) states, and prodromal psychosis in adolescent populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative review with structured systematic elements was conducted following PRISMA 2020 reporting principles. Searches were performed in PubMed and PsycINFO, supplemented by citation tracking. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed empirical investigations using eye tracking paradigms in adolescents with ASD, CHR/ prodromal psychosis, or schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. Findings were synthesized narratively due to methodological heterogeneity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-seven studies were included in the final narrative synthesis. Across paradigms, individuals with ASD demonstrated reduced saccade accuracy, increased endpoint variability, and atypical gaze allocation, often reflecting cerebellar and brainstem dysfunction. CHR and prodromal psychosis samples showed elevated antisaccade error rates, intrusive saccades during smooth pursuit, reduced pursuit gain, and increased fixed entropy, consistent with fronto-striatal and cortico-cerebellar dysregulation. While some oculomotor abnormalities overlapped across groups, schizophrenia-spectrum and CHR samples generally exhibited greater impairment severity and task-related disorganization than ASD alone. However, specificity was limited, and similar abnormalities were observed across other neuropsychiatric conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eye tracking metrics capture neurodevelopmentally relevant abnormalities in visual attention and oculomotor control that may complement existing clinical assessments of psychosis risk in adolescents with ASD. Current evidence supports their value as research and monitoring tools rather than standalone diagnostic markers. Longitudinal, developmentally stratified studies are required to establish predictive validity, disorder specificity, and clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1758514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13017945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gabapentin may promote language development in a pediatric patient with autism spectrum disorder: a case report.","authors":"Tobias Kremsmayer, Robert Blakey, Hugo Hidrogo, Nikolas Mata-Machado","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1685978","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2026.1685978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At this time, there is no report of how gabapentin may promote language development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experiencing neuropathic pain. A clinically significant increase in expressed vocabulary, around 10 words when gabapentin was prescribed to around 150 words at the 6-month follow-up, was observed in a child with ASD. This was likely due to improved symptoms of neuropathic pain, which could have allowed the patient to more effectively focus on language acquisition. Given that speech therapy had failed for years at that time to improve the patient's vocabulary and had been discontinued prior to and during the observed increase in expressive vocabulary, it was hypothesized a more direct neural effects of gabapentin could have contributed to the increase in verbal fluency. For instance, one could hypothesize that an increase in tonic, inhibitory conductance in neurons and increased stabilization of the neuronal membrane potential could negate atypical oscillatory activity observed in patients with ASD, thereby allowing for more effective learning processing. Neurodevelopmental outcomes following this reduction of atypical oscillatory activity may be mediated by thought differentiation, or cognitive defusion. Rather than cognitive defusion being an instructed state of mind as it is in psychotherapy research, it may be increased resolution to perception that is interoceptive awareness with large language models (LLMs) in neurodevelopment of the psychophysics of the neural effect, with clinical implications for the treatment of ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"1685978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12999414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147500790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}