Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Development of an American and Australian co-designed youth mental health literacy program.","authors":"Christine Grové, Alexandra Marinucci, Joanne Riebschleger","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1018173","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2022.1018173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adolescence is marked by a high prevalence of mental health concerns, with approximately 14% of young individuals receiving a diagnosis of a mental illness disorder. This figure is projected to rise in the future. However, barriers such as limited access to mental health services, a shortage of mental health professionals, and the enduring stigma surrounding mental health prevent many adolescents from seeking help, potentially resulting in long-term negative outcomes. To address these challenges, an evidence-based mental health literacy program implemented within schools offers a promising avenue for imparting knowledge and improving adolescents' mental well-being. This paper presents a mental health literacy and action program specifically tailored for adolescents, developed in collaboration with professionals, teachers, parents, and adolescents themselves. Lessons learned from program development and implementation in Australia and the United States are shared, providing insights into the process of designing and executing such programs. By enhancing mental health literacy and promoting help-seeking behaviors, this program has the potential to facilitate positive changes in adolescents' mental health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"238 1","pages":"1018173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80400636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absent mindfulness: mediation analyses of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and disordered eating among young adults.","authors":"Michael F Royer, Kelly Cosgrove, Christopher Wharton","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1148273","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1148273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent evidence has indicated that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) involving abuse, neglect, and other potentially traumatic occurrences are predictive of disordered eating among young adults. Previous findings have suggested that ACEs and disordered eating were both inversely related to mindfulness. No known studies have examined the extent to which mindfulness mediates the link between ACEs and disordered eating. This study was conducted among a sample of 144 young adults in the U.S. between the ages of 18 and 26 years. Primary study variables included ACEs, mindfulness, and disordered eating. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses assessed the link between ACEs and disordered eating. Mediation analyses examined whether mindfulness mediated the link between ACEs and disordered eating. Multivariable analyses statistically adjusted for the covariates of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and income. Findings suggested ACEs were inversely related to mindfulness (<i>B</i> = -0.04, SE = 0.01; 95% CI = -0.07, -0.01; <i>p</i> < 0.05), mindfulness was inversely related to disordered eating (<i>B</i> = -1.27, SE = 0.23; 95% CI = -1.74, -0.80; <i>p</i> < 0.0001), and ACEs were positively related to disordered eating before (<i>B</i> = 0.17, SE = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.09, 0.26; <i>p</i> = 0.0001) and after (<i>B</i> = 0.13, SE = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.21; <i>p</i> = 0.002) adjusting for mindfulness. Mediation analysis results indicated that the link between ACEs and disordered eating was significantly mediated by mindfulness (<i>B</i> = 0.05, SE = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.09; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Evidence produced in this study confirmed existing findings concerning the positive association between ACEs and disordered eating among young adults, and these outcomes helped fill a knowledge gap regarding whether mindfulness mediates the link between ACEs and disordered eating. Future intervention studies should identify health-enhancing mindfulness approaches and then test whether the adoption of mindfulness practices can alleviate and prevent disordered eating among young adults with high ACEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"40 1","pages":"1148273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80803352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The good, the bad, and the ugly: a comprehensive study of temperament and personality traits as correlates of self-reported disruptive behavior problems in male and female adolescents.","authors":"Peter Muris, Ireen Bakker, Myrthe Peulen, Sanne van Mulekom, Cor Meesters","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1173272","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1173272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive picture of temperament and personality traits as correlates of self-reported disruptive behavior problems in male and female adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two-hundred-and-sixty-three non-clinical adolescents aged 12-18 years completed a survey containing standardized scales to measure the HEXACO personality traits, impulsivity, effortful control, Dark Triad traits, and symptoms of oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that good traits (in particular, honesty-humility, agreeableness, and the regulative trait of effortful control) were negatively associated, while bad and ugly traits (especially impulsivity and the Dark Triad traits of psychopathy and Machiavellianism) were positively associated with symptoms of ODD and CD. In addition, regression analyses indicated that both types of disruptive behavior problems were associated with a unique set of temperament and personality correlates, and that specific correlates also differed for both genders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is concluded that research on the role of temperament and personality should adopt a broad perspective, taking good, bad, and ugly traits from various theoretical models as well as gender differences into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"15 1","pages":"1173272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82325862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-esteem levels in school-going adolescents across the slums of Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional analysis.","authors":"Hira Naeem, Sana Sharif, Hina Sharif, Tooba Seemi","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1175826","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1175826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>For individuals to live their lives and integrate into society, self-esteem is an essential feeling. Self-esteem development depends on the environment in which children are nurtured. Assessment techniques using questionnaires include Rosenberg's self-esteem scale.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed to assess the self-esteem of school-going adolescents in slum areas.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three understudied slum areas of Karachi, Pakistan. A standardized scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), and a pre-tested demographic scale was used to assess the impact of gender, weight, academic performance, tuition, and parent's education level along with parent's strictness on the self-esteem of the understudied population of adolescents aged between 11 and 19 years included in the study. Parent consent was obtained before visiting the schools.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>As per the collected data on self-esteem, among 539 school-going adolescents, 232 (43%) were male and 307 (57%) were female. Most students, 324 (60%), were in the 14-16 age range. Parents' education status and strictness towards their children, academic performance, and adolescent body mass index (BMI) influenced self-esteem levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study found that age, parent's education, parent's strictness, BMI, and academic performance were linked to the levels of self-esteem in the target population regardless of gender. Children's surroundings play an imperative role in developing lower or higher self-esteem in children. Assessing adolescent's self-esteem can be a useful way to build strong self-confident youngster and also beneficial to treatment for those with psychosomatic complaints in their growing age.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"16 5 1","pages":"1175826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88107941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to timely identification of bipolar disorder in youth: a multidimensional perspective.","authors":"Kamyar Keramatian, Emma Morton","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1186722","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1186722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bipolar disorder (BD) in youth often goes unrecognized and therefore untreated. However, little is known about pathways to treatment of youth with BD and factors that influence the time taken for each stage of these pathways. In this article, we use the conceptual framework by Scott and colleagues called the Model of Pathways to Treatment as a foundation to explore the components of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of youth with BD. The total time from the onset of symptoms until treatment initiation was divided into four sequential intervals; i.e., the Appraisal, the Help-seeking, the Diagnostic and the Pre-treatment intervals and potential disease, patient, and healthcare system/provider factors that influence each interval were identified. This multidimensional conceptual framework can offer a systematic approach to understanding and exploring barriers to early identification and interventions in BD, which is a crucial step in the development of strategies to facilitate prompt diagnosis and treatment. We hope this work contributes to the discussion on delayed diagnosis and treatment of youth with BD and provides a roadmap to inform future research studies and policy decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"142 1","pages":"1186722"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86235705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turning to friends in preference to parents for support in early adolescence: does this contribute to the gender difference in depressive symptoms?","authors":"Nicky Wright, Helen Sharp, Jessica Gay, Andrew Pickles, Jonathan Hill","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1150493","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1150493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Based on established evidence of gender differences in friendship patterns, and the vulnerability associated with early reliance on friends, we hypothesized that in 13-year-olds, a preference for turning to friends rather than parents for emotional support contributes to the gender difference in depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a cross-sectional design, 671 adolescents (53.7% girls; mean age 13.11 ± 0.52 years) in a UK birth cohort [Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS)] reported turning to their parents and to their friends when distressed [Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI)] and depressed [Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ)]. Preferentially turning to friends was assessed as turning to friends minus turning to parents for support. Analyses used path analysis using the gsem command in Stata.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Girls had higher depressive symptoms than boys (<i>p</i> < .001). Consistent with the hypotheses, girls had higher scores than boys for preferentially turning to friends (<i>p</i> < .001). Preferentially turning to friends was associated with higher depressive symptoms (<i>p</i> < .001), and this mediated the gender difference in depressive symptoms (<i>p</i> < .001). The association between preferentially turning to friends and depressive symptoms was stronger for girls than for boys (<i>p</i> = .004).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In young adolescents, preferentially turning to friends over parents when distressed is common, and the association between preferentially turning and depressive symptoms is markedly higher in girls than in boys. This reflects either a gender difference in social vulnerability to depression or a greater impact of depression on the reliance on friends instead of parents in girls. While clarifying the directions of influence requires prospective study, these findings provide the first evidence that the assessment of depression in young adolescents should consider the degree of reliance on friends and parents.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"39 1","pages":"1150493"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11748791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73966554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of self-care regarding sensory issues among people with neurodevelopmental disorders.","authors":"Makoto Wada, Katsuya Hayashi, Kai Seino, Naomi Ishii, Taemi Nawa, Kengo Nishimaki","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1177075","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1177075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Issues in sensory processing (hereafter, sensory issues) associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are known to be particularly prominent from 6 to 9 years of age and are a critical issue in school life. These issues affect each individual's quality of life. Some of the issues are known to be relieved by self-care while some are not.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To clarify the sensory issues that cannot be managed by self-care, this study examined self-care for sensory issues among people with neurodevelopmental disorders using a web survey. The survey encompassed questions about neurodevelopmental disorders, the sensory issues individuals experience, and the kind of self-care they perform. In the qualitative analysis, each was categorized by the type of sensory modality; we further scrutinized the descriptions of self-care, which were collected simultaneously, and examined how each problem was addressed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Self-care was categorized as \"physically blocking,\" \"leaving from,\" \"relaxing,\" \"devising,\" \"help from others,\" \"taking medication,\" \"coping with body,\" \"others,\" or \"could not cope.\" Based on these findings, we quantitatively compared the frequency of sensory issues that could and could not be managed by self-care. Consequently, significantly higher percentages of the participants stated that they experienced difficulties in managing problems about \"body representations,\" \"contact with humans,\" \"selective listening,\" and \"force control.\" In contrast, significantly more participants stated that they could manage problems related to \"loud sound\" and \"dazzling\".</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, qualitative analysis allowed us to categorize methods of self-care for sensory issues, and quantitative research allowed us to identify issues that were difficult to manage. While it was possible to manage strong light and sound using sunglasses, earplugs, and so on, problems related to the senses of proprioception, selective attention, and so on were clearly difficult to manage.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"1177075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83223489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child DNA methylation in a randomised controlled trial of a video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting and sensitive discipline (VIPP-SD).","authors":"Elizabeth C Braithwaite, Jessica Cole, Christopher Murgatroyd, Nicky Wright, Christine O'Farrelly, Beth Barker, Paul Ramchandani","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1175299","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1175299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A major modifiable risk factor for behavioural difficulties is harsh and insensitive parenting, and it has been hypothesised that the biological mechanism by which parenting influences child behaviour is <i>via</i> changes in the child's DNA methylation. We attempted to, in part, address the hypothesis that parenting is associated with child DNA methylation and, in turn, behaviour.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Primary caregivers of young children with behavioural difficulties (children aged 12-36 months) were randomised to receive a video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) (<i>n</i> = 151), or usual care (<i>n</i> = 149). Child buccal samples were collected at a 2-year post-randomisation follow up (children aged 3-5 years, VIPP-SD group <i>n</i> = 106, usual care group <i>n</i> = 117) and were assessed for DNA methylation at the NR3C1, FKBP5 and OXYR genes. Child behaviour was assessed at baseline, post-intervention and 2-years post-randomisation using the Preschool Parental Account of Children's Symptoms (PPACS). We examined group differences in DNA methylation, associations of DNA methylation with behaviour, and sex differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the NR3C1 and OXYR genes, there were no group differences, sex differences, or associations of DNA methylation with child behaviour, though all non-significant findings were in the hypothesised direction. For FKBP5 DNA methylation, there was a significant interaction between group and sex, such that males in the usual care group had higher DNA methylation than females, but in the intervention group females had higher DNA methylation than males. However, FKBP5 DNA methylation was not associated with behaviour in males or females.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We provide the first evidence from a randomised controlled trial focused on improving parenting for sex-specific changes in child DNA methylation at a key gene involved in stress reactivity and psychopathology. This study adds to our understanding of causal mechanisms linking parenting with child behaviour, which is important for developing targeted interventions. A key limitation is that child DNA methylation was only assessed at one time point, so we were unable to assess change in DNA methylation over time. However, we demonstrate that is possible to collect and analyse DNA samples from families with young children receiving parenting interventions in the community, providing impetus for further research on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"84 1","pages":"1175299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87104930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attachment, behavior problems and interventions.","authors":"Judy Hutchings, Margiad E Williams, Patty Leijten","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1156407","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1156407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper puts forward an explanation for the frequent co-occurrence of attachment and behavior problems in children and the implications of this for interventions; presents preliminary evidence that some behaviorally based parenting programs reduce child behavior problems through two separate, but mutually reinforcing, processes-improved attachment relationships and increased parental use of behavior management techniques; and suggests next steps for the field to improve outcomes for those children who, without interventions that addresses both relationship building and behavior management, are at risk of significant long-term difficulties.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"14 1","pages":"1156407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77744071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social and executive functioning in individuals with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability: The case-control study protocol of the CNeSA study.","authors":"Federica Donno, Carla Balia, Jessica Boi, Mirko Manchia, Alessandro Zuddas, Sara Carucci","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1149244","DOIUrl":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1149244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies suggest that children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often present deficits in executive functions (EFs). The research on cold EF shows a high heterogeneity across different cohorts of patients as well as different study designs, while studies investigating hot EF and their relationship with different ASD phenotypes are still limited and related only to specific domains, although this concept could contribute to clarify the phenotypical variability by explaining the difficulties encountered by individuals with ASD in daily life, where stimuli are often emotionally charged. With the aim to identify specific neuropsychological profiles in children and adolescents with ASD without intellectual disability, we designed a study protocol comparing a clinical sample of individuals with ASD to aged-matched (10-17 years) typically developing controls (TDC) on a neuropsychological test battery investigating both \"cold\" and \"hot\" EF with the purpose of further investigating their relationships with ASD symptoms. Autonomic measures including heart rate, heart rate variability, skin conductance, and salivary cortisol were also recorded before/during/after the neuropsychological testing session. This paper describes the case-control study protocol named \"<i>Caratterizzazione NEuropsicologica del disturbo dello Spettro Autistico, senza Disabilità Intellettiva, CNeSA study</i>,\" its rationale, the specific outcome measures, and their implications for the clinical management of individuals with ASD and a precision medicine approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"22 1","pages":"1149244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84996698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}