Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)最新文献

{"title":"Elution of Radioactive Cesium from Tofu by Water Soaking.","authors":"Mitsuru Yoshida,&nbsp;Hitomi Kaino,&nbsp;Saori Shidara,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Chiku,&nbsp;Mayumi Hachinohe,&nbsp;Shioka Hamamatsu","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elution of cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) from tofu into water was investigated to know the behavior of ¹³⁷Cs during preservation and cooking. The food processing retention factor (<i>Fr</i>) reached 0.55 when tofu was soaked in water at a ratio of 1:2 <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> for 24 h at 4°C. Doubling the amount of water did not further significantly decrease <i>Fr</i>. When tofu was held in water at a ration of 1:2 w/w at a temperature of 80℃ for 50 min, <i>Fr</i> was 0.72. Increasing the amount of water to 10 times the tofu weight did not further reduce <i>Fr</i> significantly. Cesium-137 is mostly bound to tofu and does not freely diffuse into water. Tofu was then soaked in water at a ratio of 1:2 w/w at 4℃ for 24 h, placed in new water at a ratio of 1:2 w/w, and held at 80℃ for 50 min, resulting in an <i>Fr</i> 0.33. This value is close to an estimated <i>Fr</i> calculated by multiplying the <i>Fr</i> of 0.55 from soaking at 4°C by the <i>Fr</i> of 0.72 from the hot water treatment. The calculated <i>Fr</i> from soybeans sequentially processing into tofu, soaking tofu at 4°C for 24 h and in hot water at 80°C for 50 min was about 0.1, indicating 90% removal of ¹³⁷Cs. Degree of decrease in ¹³⁷Cs during preservation and cooking of tofu demonstrated in this study will be useful for exposure assessment of ¹³⁷Cs through oral intake of contaminated soybeans after processing and cooking.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 3","pages":"55-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7523019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38545998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and Characterization of CYP3A4-mediated Metabolisms of Azole Fungicides: an Application of the Fused-grid Template* system.","authors":"Yasushi Yamazoe, Takashi Yamada, Kiyoshi Nagata","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00010","DOIUrl":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human CYP3A4 is involved in metabolisms of diverse hydrophobic chemicals. Using the data of therapeutic azole fungicides known to interact with CYP3A4, applicability of CYP3A4 Template system was first confirmed to reconstitute faithfully the interaction on Template. More than twenty numbers of pesticide azoles were then applied to the Template system. All the azole stereo-isomers applied, except for talarozole, interacted through nitrogen atoms of triazole or imidazole parts and sat stably for inhibitions through fulfilling three-essential interactions. For their CYP3A4-mediated oxidations, clear distinctions were suggested among the enantiomers and diastereomers of azole pesticides on Templates. Thus, the stereoisomers would have their-own regio- and stereo-selective profiles of the metabolisms. A combined metabolic profile of each azole obtained with CYP3A4 Template system, however, resembled with the reported profile of the <i>in vivo</i> metabolism in rats. These results suggest the major roles of CYP3A forms on the metabolisms of most of azole pesticides in both rats and humans. Free triazole is a metabolite of azole fungicides having a methylene-spacer between triazole and the rest of the main structures in experimental animals and humans. During the simulation experiments, a placement for the oxidation of a methylene spacer between the triazole and main carbon-skeleton was found to be available throughout the azole fungicides tested on Template. The occurrence of this reaction to lead to triazole-release is thus discussed in relation to the possible involvement of CYP3A forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 2","pages":"34-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38120464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Release Assessment of <i>mcr</i>-mediated Colistin-resistant <i>Escherichia Coli</i> from Japanese Pigs.","authors":"Kohei Makita,&nbsp;Yuri Fujimoto,&nbsp;Nami Sugahara,&nbsp;Takeshi Miyama,&nbsp;Masaru Usui,&nbsp;Tetsuo Asai,&nbsp;Michiko Kawanishi,&nbsp;Manao Ozawa,&nbsp;Yutaka Tamura","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colistin is a critically important antibiotic for humans. The Japanese government withdrew colistin growth promoter and shifted therapeutic colistin to a second-choice drug for pigs in 2017. A quantitative release assessment of <i>mcr</i>-mediated colistin-resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) in Japanese finisher pigs was conducted under the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) risk assessment framework. Input data included colistin resistance and <i>mcr-1-5</i> test results for <i>E. coli</i> isolates in the Japan Veterinary Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM), postal survey results regarding indication disease occurrence and colistin use by swine veterinarians in 2017 and 2018, and colistin resistance and <i>mcr</i> monitoring experiments at four pig farms in 2017-2018. An individual-based model was developed to assess the risk: the proportion of Japanese finisher pigs with <i>mcr-1-5</i>-mediated colistin-resistant <i>E. coli</i> dominant in the gut on an arbitrary day. Before implementing risk management measures, the risk was estimated to be 5.5% (95% CI: 4.2%-10.1%). At 12 months after stopping colistin growth promoter, the proportion of pigs with plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant <i>E. coli</i> declined by 52.5% on the experiment farms (95% CI: 8.7%-80.8%). The probability of therapeutic colistin use at the occurrence of bacterial diarrhea declined from 37.3% (95% CI: 30.3%-42.5%) in 2017 to 31.4% (95% CI: 26.1%-36.9%), and that of edema disease declined from 55.0% (95% CI: 46.0%-63.7%) to 44.4% (95% CI: 36.9%-52.0%). After risk management implementation, the risk was estimated to have declined to 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8%-4.3%; 58.2% reduction). Scenario analyses showed that pen-level colistin treatment effectively reduces the risk from 5.5% to 4.7% (14.5% reduction), an effect similar to stoppage of therapeutic colistin (16.4% reduction to 4.6%).</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 2","pages":"13-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38120462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Betamethasone (Veterinary Medicinal Products).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of betamethasone (CAS No. 37-44-9), a synthetic adrenocortical hormone, based on the documents including assessment reports from the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Among results of various studies, a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of betamethasone (as betamethasone dipropionate) was shown as 0.02 mg/kg bw per day in a fertility and early embryonic development study in rats. FSCJ concluded that it is appropriate to set an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of betamethasone by applying the same ADI as dexamethasone. The ADI for dexamethasone at 0.01 μg/kg bw per day (0.00001 mg/kg bw/day) was specified based on the NOAEL of 0.001 mg/kg bw per day of the endocrine toxicity study in rats¹⁾. Consequently, FSCJ specified the ADI for betamethasone at 0.01 μg/kg bw per day.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 2","pages":"52-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38120463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flumequine (Veterinary Medicinal Products).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>FSCJ conducted a risk assessment of an antimicrobial, flumequine (CAS No. 42835-25-6), based on reports of JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) and EMEA (European Medicines Agency) and other documents including the mechanism for liver tumor. Data used in the assessment include pharmacokinetics, acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and microbiological effects. FSCJ specified the ADI of flumenquine as 0.071 mg/kg bw per day, that is the microbiological ADI calculated using the equation for VICH.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 1","pages":"8-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37788659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluxametamide (Pesticides).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>FSCJ conducted a risk assessment of fluxametamide (CAS No. 928783-29-3), an isoxazoline insecticide, based on results from various studies. The data used in the assessment include the fate in animals, fate in plants, residues in crops, subacute toxicity, subacute neurotoxicity, chronic toxicity, combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity, carcinogenicity, two-generation reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and genotoxicity. Alveolar macrophage accumulation, vacuolated epithelial cells in the small intestine, and hepatocellular vacuolation are observed in various toxicity studies. Increased incidences of thyroid follicular cell adenoma in male rats and of hepatocellular adenoma in male mice were observed in carcinogenicity studies. However, a genotoxic mechanism was unlikely to be involved in the tumor increases. FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.0085 mg/kg bw per day, applying a safety factor of 100 to the NOAEL, 0.85 mg/kg bw per day, that was derived from the two-year combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 1","pages":"10-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37788027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dichlobentiazox (Pesticides).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>FSCJ conducted the risk assessment of a fungicide, dichlobentiazox (CAS No.957144-77-3), having benzoisothiazole and isothiazole rings, based on results from various studies.The data used in the assessment include fate in animals (rats) and in livestock (goats), fate in plants (paddy rice), residues in crops, subacute toxicity (rats, mice and dogs), chronic toxicity (dogs), carcinogenicity (rats and mice) and other relevant study results. This chemical showed none of carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity and genotoxicity. The lowest no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) obtained in all studies was 5.03 mg/kg bw per day in a two-year chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats. FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.05 mg/kg bw per day by applying a safety factor of 100 to the NOAEL.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37788658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Understanding of Food Safety Assessment Procedure for Stacked Trait Products Derived from Conventional Breeding among Approved GM Plants.","authors":"Wataru Iizuka","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has conducted food safety assessment of the genetically modified (GM) plants generated by conventional breeding among approved GM plants (hereinafter called \"stacked trait products\"). Food safety assessment procedure of stacked trait products was revised in 2014. The safety assessment policies will continue to be updated, based on the collected knowledge and experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37788656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monepantel (Veterinary Medicinal Products).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>FSCJ conducted a risk assessment of monepantel (CAS No.887148-69-8), a parasiticide based on results from various studies. Data on pharmacokinetics (cattle) and residues (cattle) were newly submitted. Negative results were obtained in all genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) obtained in all studies was 100 ppm (equivalent to 3 mg/kg bw per day for both sexes). In the 52-week chronic toxicity study in dogs, FSCJ specified an ADI for monepantel at 0.03 mg/kg bw per day based on NOAEL of 3 mg/kg bw per day, by applying a safety factor of 100.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"8 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37788657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dedication","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-818219-2.00014-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818219-2.00014-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54198262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}