Food frontiers最新文献

{"title":"A comprehensive review on the composition, processing methods, and sustainable utilization of tropical fruit seeds in food industry","authors":"Xuanyi Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Liang,&nbsp;Xiaojun Lin,&nbsp;Junzhe Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Luo","doi":"10.1002/fft2.493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.493","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The global consumption of tropical fruits has been increasing gradually, due to their high nutritional value and desirable sensory profile that can meet diverse consumer demands. In the fruit industry, the seeds of tropical fruits are often part of the by-products that are commonly generated from the processing and manufacture of fresh whole fruits, ready-to-eat fruit salads, juices, concentrates, and dried fruit products. Currently, most of the fruit seed by-products are subject to direct disposal or recycle in the form of the ingredients for animal feed and agricultural fertilizer. However, considering they are still rich in nutritional and bioactive components, tropical fruit seeds are hidden jewelry that can be more extensively utilized in the food industry, such as in food processing, food preservation, and the formulation of functional foods. In this review, the main components of different representative tropical fruit seeds are summarized, and the corresponding functions are elucidated. The methods on processing such fruit by-products and the extraction of value-adding substances from fruit seeds are compared. The potential application pathways in food industry are discussed accordingly, with further demonstration of current opportunities and main hurdles. This comprehensive review aims to capture the interests of food scientists, fruit manufacturers, and other stakeholders in the food supply chain, in order to explore the possibilities for reutilizing the functional components from tropical fruit by-products in a broader spectrum.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"644-669"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum CCFM1163 Alleviates Cathartic Colon Through the Acetate/Propionate-GPR41-Gβγ Pathway","authors":"Yin Huang,&nbsp;Nan Tang,&nbsp;Yifan Xue,&nbsp;Jiazhen Li,&nbsp;WenXu Liu,&nbsp;Shengnan Zhu,&nbsp;Linlin Wang,&nbsp;Gang Wang,&nbsp;Wei Chen,&nbsp;Jianxin Zhao","doi":"10.1002/fft2.526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cathartic colon, a form of slow-transit constipation, arises from prolonged stimulant laxative use and is associated with intestinal barrier impairment and enteric nervous system damage. We identified <i>Bifidobacterium bifidum</i> CCFM1163 as an effective agent for alleviating cathartic colon; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study first administered live, dead, and supernatant forms of CCFM1163 to cathartic colon mice, finding that only live bacteria were effective. Non-targeted and targeted metabolomics analyses of mouse fecal metabolites highlighted short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as key players. Animal experiments comparing the effects of major SCFAs revealed that acetic acid (AA) and propionic acid (PA) ameliorated cathartic colon (reduces intestinal transit time, <i>p &lt; </i>0.0001; increases fecal water content, <i>p &lt; </i>0.05). Inhibition studies using SCFAs receptor inhibitors and downstream inhibitors demonstrated that both HAS (a G protein-coupled receptor 41 [GPR41] inhibitor) and Gallein (Gi protein βγ subunit [Gβγ] inhibitor) negated the reparative effects of CCFM1163 on the enteric nerves and intestinal barrier in cathartic colon mice. CCFM1163 was shown to modulate the intestinal flora, notably increasing <i>Faecalibaculum, Candidatus Saccharimonas, and Prevotellaceae UCG-001</i> (<i>p &lt; </i>0.05) and decreasing <i>Escherichia, Clostridioides</i> (<i>p &lt; </i>0.0001), while elevating AA and PA levels (<i>p &lt; </i>0.05). AAs act on the GPR41 receptor, activating the Gβγ, thus enhancing the intestinal barrier and reducing tissue inflammation. PA primarily repairs enteric nerves via GPR41-Gβγ, promoting peristalsis. This study elucidates <i>B. bifidum</i> CCFM1163's potential mechanisms in cathartic colon relief and provides a theoretical basis for probiotic treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"852-871"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soybean Glycinin Reduced Growth Performance and Antioxidant Capacity and Caused Intestinal Inflammation and Microbiome Changes in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","authors":"Jianchun Shao,&nbsp;Zhangqi Li,&nbsp;Haokun You,&nbsp;Dejuan Wang,&nbsp;Jiaonan Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Chao Zhao,&nbsp;Wei Zhao","doi":"10.1002/fft2.524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glycinin, a major anti-nutrient in soybean meal, may trigger enteritis and oxidative stress in fish with overconsumption. However, its impact on intestinal inflammation and underlying signaling mechanisms in <i>Larimichthys crocea</i> remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of glycinin on growth, antioxidant function, inflammatory response, and gut microbiota. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental feeds were prepared, supplemented with 0%(G0), 3%(G3), 6%(G6), and 12%(G12) glycinin, respectively, and fed to juvenile <i>L. crocea</i> for 10 weeks. The findings indicated that dietary glycinin markedly decreased the growth, feed utilization, and survival rate of <i>L. crocea</i>. In addition, <i>L. crocea</i> fed with G6 and G12 diets showed lower trypsin activity compared with those fed with G0 and G3 diets. Similarly, fish fed with G6 and G12 diets showed higher malondialdehyde content and lower superoxide dismutase activity in the liver compared with those fed with G0 and G3 diets, suggesting that glycinin induced oxidative stress and led to the imbalance of the antioxidant system. Dietary glycinin significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of toll-like receptors in the gut. Moreover, dietary glycinin resulted in a heightened expression of both C-rel and p65 proteins, while also elevating the phosphorylation levels of JNK and ERK proteins, indicating that glycinin activated the MAPK/NF-κB signaling route. In addition, dietary glycinin increased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, including <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Streptococcus</i>, and reduced the <i>Bifidobacterium</i> abundance. The findings suggested that <i>L. crocea</i> is highly sensitive to glycinin, and a 3% level can cause growth decline and enteritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 1","pages":"248-258"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Alleviates Amyloid-β-Induced Toxicity in the Caenorhabditis elegans Model","authors":"Lu An,&nbsp;Wenbo Wang,&nbsp;Jihao Chu,&nbsp;Lin An,&nbsp;Bingyu Geng,&nbsp;Xueqi Fu,&nbsp;Jing Chen,&nbsp;Junfeng Ma","doi":"10.1002/fft2.522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, primarily characterized by the aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and associated oxidative stress. Given the lack of effective AD drugs, we investigated the effects of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> polysaccharide (LBP), a water-soluble polysaccharide from goji berries, on Aβ scavenging, aggregation, and Aβ-induced toxicity using the transgenic AD nematode. LBP treatment delayed paralysis, mitigated Aβ-induced chemotaxis deficits, and reduced Aβ_1–42 deposition and oligomer formation in AD nematodes. Furthermore, LBP supplementation alleviated Aβ-induced oxidative stress and improved oxidative stress resistance through the insulin/insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling (IIS) pathway. Evaluation of the Aβ clearance pathway revealed that LBP attenuated Aβ toxicity by increasing proteasome activity rather than lysosomal levels. Basic physiological assessments further indicated that LBP was non-toxic in vivo and promoted nematode health. Our findings suggest that LBP ameliorates AD-like symptoms in nematodes by activating the IIS pathway to reduce oxidative stress and enhancing proteasomal activity to clear Aβ aggregates, providing a new theoretical basis for considering LBP as a promising therapeutic drug for AD and related oxidative stress complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"819-836"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The V-Shaped Structuring Regulated via the LuxS-Dependent Quorum-Sensing Pathway Is Associated With Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Survivability in Acidic Environments","authors":"Athira Venugopal,&nbsp;Ronit Vogt Sionov,&nbsp;Yulia Kroupitski,&nbsp;Doron Steinberg,&nbsp;Moshe Shemesh","doi":"10.1002/fft2.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.514","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tolerance to acidic environments is an important adaptive feature of the probiotic bacterium <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> for surviving gastrointestinal transit or food processing. Here, we report a previously uncharacterized biological process that enables a highly coordinated adaptation of this bacterium to acidic stress. We provide mechanistic evidence for the role of the V-shaped multicellular structuring, associated with incomplete daughter cell separation, in the survival of <i>L. plantarum</i> cells in acidic environments. We also show that this process facilitates structured biofilm formation through the LuxS-dependent quorum-sensing pathway associated with autoinducer-2 (AI-2) production. The LuxS knockout results in compromised V-shaped structuring and poor biofilm formation under acidic conditions, whereas exogenous supplementation of 4,5-dihydroxy-pentanedione (DPD), the precursor of AI-2, to the LuxS knockout strain, restores V-shaped structuring and biofilm formation in an acidic environment. Furthermore, we show that LuxS-dependent V-shaped structuring provides an extraordinary protection mode for cellular survivability in extremely acidic conditions. Consequently, we propose that the self-generated V-shaped structuring, regulated by LuxS, is associated with protective and coordinated multicellular behavior during adaptation to acidic stress. It is believed that this study paves the way for developing a promising platform for preserving and delivering probiotic cells to mammalian hosts by utilizing persistent geometrical structuring.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"801-818"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taraxasterol Acetate From Taraxacum officinale Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium–Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice in Association With Changes of the Metabolism and Structure of Gut Microbiota","authors":"Li Jin,&nbsp;Man Li,&nbsp;Beihui He,&nbsp;Liqin Li,&nbsp;Yingchao Liu,&nbsp;Jizhou Zhang,&nbsp;Biao Wang,&nbsp;Chengtao Sun,&nbsp;Guoyin Kai","doi":"10.1002/fft2.518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is closely associated with the structural and metabolic disorders of gut microbiota. Taraxasterol acetate (TSA) from <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> (TO) has anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, to investigate the therapeutic potential of TSA and its mechanism of action in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC. The anti-inflammatory effects of TSA were evaluated in vitro. DSS-induced UC animal models and TSA gavage were employed for in vivo experiments. The results indicated that TSA showed good anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo, and the anti-UC effect of TSA was better than that of the extract in vivo. TSA relieved clinical symptoms in DSS-induced UC mice and repaired the intestinal barrier. TSA restored the structural disorder of gut microbiota and regulated metabolic levels in DSS-induced UC mice. This study provides a fresh perspective on developing new therapeutic methods against UC using the traditional Chinese medicine TSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"891-908"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Updated Review on the Mechanisms, Pre-Clinical and Clinical Comparisons of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)","authors":"Xu Yang,&nbsp;Anni Lu,&nbsp;Xiao Guan,&nbsp;Tianlei Ying,&nbsp;Jingrong Pan,&nbsp;Mingqian Tan,&nbsp;Jun Lu","doi":"10.1002/fft2.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.511","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) biology has gained popularity recently. Research discovered that two NAD⁺ biosynthesis intermediates, nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), are biosynthetic precursors of NAD⁺, an essential chemical for metabolism. Many studies show that NAD⁺ levels fall considerably with aging, with NAD⁺ regeneration in aging animals increasing longevity and enhancing health. According to research on the two molecules, NMN and NR, supplementation with either raises NAD⁺ levels during aging. The objective of this review is to highlight current developments in the biology of NAD⁺ in relation to NR or NMN supplement. This review highlightings significant discoveries about NR and NMN supplementation in relation to NAD⁺ biological activities and health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"630-643"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Safety in Developing Countries: Common Foodborne and Waterborne Illnesses, Regulations, Organizational Structure, and Challenges of Food Safety in the Context of Nepal","authors":"Deepak Subedi,&nbsp;Madhav Paudel,&nbsp;Sandesh Poudel,&nbsp;Niranjan Koirala","doi":"10.1002/fft2.517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.517","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Food safety presents a global challenge, contributing to 600 million cases of foodborne diseases and 420,000 fatalities annually worldwide. In developing countries, such as Nepal, addressing food safety is particularly intricate and arduous because of the prevalent issues of food insecurity, poverty, illiteracy, and regulatory hurdles. The objectives of this comprehensive review are to evaluate the prevalent foodborne and waterborne illnesses, examine the existing regulations and institutional frameworks, and identify the challenges associated with food safety in Nepal. Additionally, this review aims to propose strategies to enhance food safety measures in the country. An electronic search was conducted using relevant keywords to include articles and literature pertinent to the topic. Common foodborne illnesses in Nepal include cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, worm infections, and poisoning from mushrooms, heavy metals, and pesticides. While existing rules, regulations, and government infrastructure exist, they often face limitations in effectively addressing these multifaceted challenges. Food safety in developing countries, such as Nepal, faces several challenges, including inadequate regulatory frameworks, limited surveillance and monitoring, rural–urban disparities, and high incidences of foodborne illness. Additional issues stem from weak law enforcement, poor food safety practices, limited infrastructure, informal sector challenges, cross-border trade, limited access to clean water, and the impacts of climate change. A multisectoral One Health approach involving collaboration among government agencies, food industry stakeholders, consumers, and civil society organizations is imperative to enhance food safety in developing countries such as Nepal.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 1","pages":"86-123"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphoproteomic Reveals That Phosphoglycerate Kinase 2 Suppresses Hypoxanthine Accumulation in Broiler","authors":"Manting Ma,&nbsp;Xin Yang,&nbsp;Shaofen Kong,&nbsp;Rongshuai Yuan,&nbsp;Zhen Zhou,&nbsp;Qinghua Nie,&nbsp;Bolin Cai","doi":"10.1002/fft2.512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent studies have found that the amount and proportion of meat flavor–related metabolites differ among different parts of muscle, which is partly attributed to their diverse myofiber type composition. However, the genetic regulatory factors behind these meat flavor–related metabolites remain unclear. Here, to systematically identify the differences in meat flavor–related metabolite of different parts of muscle and explore their genetic causes, metabolome and transcriptome were performed by using breast and drumstick muscle in Guangming-2 chicken. Meat flavor–related metabolite-gene networks were constructed, and phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (<i>PGK2</i>), which was found to be negatively correlated with flavor–related metabolites such as hypoxanthine, lysine, and glycerophospholipids, was selected for further identification. AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5)–mediated m⁶A demethylation enhances RNA stability of <i>PGK2</i>. Lentivirus-mediated <i>PGK2</i> overexpression and knockdown chicken models were constructed to study the function of <i>PGK2</i>. Gain- and loss-of-function analysis revealed that <i>PGK2</i> promoted a switch from slow-twitch to fast-twitch fibers and suppressed the accumulation of hypoxanthine in vivo. Moreover, phosphoproteomic results demonstrated that <i>PGK2</i> was involved in myofiber type transformation and meat flavor–related metabolite accumulation by modulating protein phosphorylation. Our findings deepen the understanding of the regulatory role of protein phosphorylation in meat flavor–related metabolite accumulation in broiler.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"789-800"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Amino Acid Synthesis in Maturity Sesame Seeds Based on the Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome","authors":"Yinping Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Xiangyu Zhou,&nbsp;Nan Yang,&nbsp;Duoqi Zhou,&nbsp;Kiran Thakur,&nbsp;Qiang Wang,&nbsp;Carlos L. Cespedes-Acuña,&nbsp;Haiyang Zhang,&nbsp;Hongmei Miao,&nbsp;Zhaojun Wei","doi":"10.1002/fft2.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sesame plays a vital role in food industry due to its high oil yield, antioxidant potential, and substantial protein content. Notably, there are significant differences in amino acid composition in sesame seeds at various developmental stages. However, the molecular basis and regulatory mechanism underlying amino acid production largely remain unexplored. To unravel these mechanisms, we analyzed the metabolome and transcriptome profiles of a sesame variety across four distinct growth stages (S1–S4). Our analysis identified a total of 17 amino acids, with glutamic acid (Glu), arginine (Arg), proline (Pro), and tyrosine (Tyr) exhibiting significantly higher abundances in mature stages. This increased abundance correlated with the elevated expression of genes involved in amino acid synthesis and regulatory genes. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we discovered modules associated with glutathione metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, proline, and tyrosine synthesis, along with candidate genes that regulate amino acid production and metabolism. Notably, the differential expression of genes within the amino acid pathways resulted in significant variations in the contents of Glu, Arg, Pro, and Tyr at the mature stage (28 days after flowering, S4) compared to other growth stages. Correlation analysis revealed strong association among the enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate/aspartate–prephenate aminotransferase (PAT), and polyamine oxidase (PAO) with the 17 amino acids, suggesting their potential role in the amino acid synthesis. Our findings provide novel insights into the synthesis and accumulation of amino acids during the growth stages of sesame seeds, highlighting key regulatory genes and metabolic pathways involved in this process. Our study lays the groundwork for future studies aiming to enhance the nutritional quality and yield of sesame varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":73042,"journal":{"name":"Food frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"775-788"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fft2.509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}