Environmental science. Advances最新文献

{"title":"Rapid adsorptive removal of Pb2+ ions from aqueous systems using a magnetic graphene oxide calcium alginate composite: optimisation, isotherms, and kinetics†","authors":"Sadit Bihongo Malitha, Dewan Md. Mahmudunnabi, Shreyoshi Mazumder, Khandker Saadat Hossain, Mohammad Nurnabi and Md. Zahangir Alam","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00341A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00341A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Water consumption from polluted sources is a significant cause of human exposure to lead compounds, posing potential risks to humans. This study investigated the synthesis and application of a magnetic graphene oxide calcium alginate composite (MGO@CA) for rapid removal of lead (Pb<small>²⁺</small>) ions from aqueous systems, demonstrating its effectiveness through various adsorption studies and characterisation techniques. We utilised XRD, FTIR, VSM, and SEM to confirm the structural and magnetic properties of the MGO@CA composite, while BET and AFM analyses were performed to assess its surface area and roughness, which are essential for evaluating its adsorption capacity. Characterization results indicated the formation of a composite with functional groups of both graphene oxide and alginate and a rough surface, high surface area, and magnetic properties. The adsorption process was optimised by studying the effect of varying solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial lead concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity for Pb<small>²⁺</small> ions was determined to be 270.27 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>, as revealed using the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating the high efficiency of the composite in removing lead from water. Different adsorption isotherms and reaction kinetic models were studied for the adsorption process. The obtained adsorption data fit well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, indicating the heterogeneous surface of the composite containing sites with different affinities for Pb<small>²⁺</small>. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the adsorbent is regenerable and reusable, maintaining 82.28% of its initial adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. Thus, the MGO@CA adsorbent is remarkably efficient, ecologically sound, readily separable, and thus optimal for rapid and effective elimination of heavy metals from water.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 4","pages":" 595-605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00341a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of phyto-parasitic nematodes using bacteria and fungi and their consortia as biocontrol agents","authors":"Shashi Prabha Yadav, Chhavi Sharma, Puneet Pathak, Anil Kanaujia, Mohan Ji Saxena and Anup Kalra","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00216D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00216D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Phyto-parasitic nematodes are the main risks to the agroecosystem that cause agricultural output to decline in a variety of crops around the world. An intriguing and promising substitute for the chemical practice of shielding plants against the growing hazards of these pathogens lies in biological plant protection. This approach focuses on using biological control agents (BCAs) using microbial-based biocontrol techniques to inhibit the growth of phytopathogens responsible for plant diseases. Microbial BCAs interact with pathogens or plant hosts to increase their resistance, which may be a useful way to control the development of agricultural diseases. However, in comparison to a single strain, microbial consortia with distinct modes of action might exhibit a multifunctional and more resilient effect as a biocontrol. The market is currently offering only a small number of microbial consortia-based biocontrol interventions as these products are still in their infancy of development and demand substantial research to avert phyto-parasitic nematodes. The employment of BCAs to combat phytopathogens will become an increasingly vital component of sustainable agriculture in the future. Thus, this article provides a thorough review of the current status of bacteria and fungi and their microbial consortia-based biocontrol for plant protection research through a biological manner considering upcoming and advanced technological developments. Commercialization of biocontrol products and associated challenges and ways to overcome these hurdles are also discussed as future perspectives. The present review also summarizes the latest research done (particularly the past five years' data) on the activity of BCAs bacteria, fungi and their consortium against various plant pathogens with their enormous benefits for upgrading plant growth and defense mechanisms. The present review efficiently contributes to sustainable development goal 2, which is concerned with food security and sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 335-354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00216d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of rare earth elements (REEs) in selected Nigerian coal fly ash: a prelude to extraction and waste management","authors":"Theophilus Ile Ojonimi, Janne Pesonen, Ferdinard Asuke, Ramalan Aliyu Mohammed, Ilemona Okeme and John Groppo","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00164H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00164H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The rising need for rare earth elements (REEs) as critical materials for the development of clean energy technologies, as against the rapid depletion of virgin REE-bearing ores as well as their imbalance in geographical occurrence, calls for thorough search on secondary sources such as coal fly ash, given that the aluminosilicate mineral phase in the waste is enriched in REE particles. To support the geographical diversification of REE sources, there is a need for a comprehensive documentation of REE content and, by extension, the economic potential of fly ash derived from Nigeria's vast coal fields. Eight representative coal fly ash samples generated from coals from Nigeria's major coal belts were collected. Silica and alumina, with respective ranges of 38.1–44.5% and 14–15.98%, accounted for the bulk of the major elements in the samples. Total REE contents in the samples ranged from 874 ppm to 1127 ppm, while the cerium, yttrium, neodymium and lanthanum-dominated rare oxide totals were found to be in the range of 941–2145 ppm across the samples. The outlook coefficients (extractability indices) computed for the samples ranged between 0.8 and 1.3, with 0.7 as the benchmark. The range of percentage of critical REEs in the CFA samples was 28%–36%. This research has successfully explored the relative abundance and distribution of REEs in the studied fly ash samples, providing a theoretical lead for the basis of extraction and waste management.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 318-326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00164h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Science: Advances – four years of diverse and holistic visions","authors":"Kevin C. Jones, Célia Manaia and Zongwei Cai","doi":"10.1039/D4VA90045F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA90045F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A graphical abstract is available for this content</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 1","pages":" 8-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va90045f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of wildfires on the drinking water catchment for the capital area of Iceland – a case study†","authors":"Maria J. Gunnarsdottir, Sigrún Tómasdóttir, Olgeir Örlygsson, Hrund Ó. Andradóttir and Sigurdur M. Gardarsson","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00352G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00352G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Climate change is leading to an increase in extreme weather events in the Arctic, which can significantly affect both the quality and availability of drinking water. Prolonged droughts lower groundwater levels and reduce soil moisture that elevates the risk of wildfires, which can contaminate water resources and damage water supply infrastructure. This case study examines the impact of wildfires on water quality in porous volcanic strata in the Arctic. The primary water extraction area for the capital region of Iceland supplies drinking water to six municipalities, representing approximately 64% of the country's population. The water source is mainly located in a postglacial porous lava field with thin volcanic strata and limited surface water. On May 4th, 2021, a large wildfire occurred in the watershed following a prolonged drought, burning 56.5 hectares of land. Three of the water intake zones for the capital region are situated 300 meters to a few kilometres from the fire-affected area. Water quality monitoring data from these zones, covering the period 2011–2023 and comprising 47 samples (28 pre-fire and 19 post-fire), were analysed. The results show the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as an increase in certain metals after the wildfire. The total concentration of the five detected PAHs ranged from 1.1 to 7.3 ng l<small>⁻¹</small>, with PAHs detected up to five months post-wildfire. These were predominantly five- or six-ring carcinogenic PAHs, though levels remained well below the parametric values set by Icelandic drinking water regulations. Some VOCs were also detected after the wildfire, albeit mostly at a later stage. Additionally, several metals were found in concentrations up to nearly six times higher than the median values recorded from 2011 to 2020. These findings suggest that groundwater quality is vulnerable to contamination following wildfires, underscoring a critical knowledge gap regarding the impacts of climate change on the water sector and the need for enhanced risk mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 4","pages":" 606-618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00352g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the foliar application of biogenic-ZnO nanoparticles on physio-chemical analysis of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) in a salt stress environment","authors":"Muhammad Adnan, Faisal Mahmood, Zhenhua Zhao, Hamza Khaliq, Muhammad Usman, Tahir Muhammad and Ghulam Abbas Ashraf","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00167B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00167B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Chilli (<em>Capsicum annuum</em> L.) plants are cultivated globally and are valued for their culinary use. One of the major challenges in agriculture is soil salinity, which drastically cuts down crop productivity. However, no information has been reported concerning the effects of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), applied as a foliar spray, on the physio-chemical properties of chilli plants under salt stress conditions. The nanoparticles were synthesized using an extract from <em>Acacia nilotica</em> leaves, which acted as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using various techniques including UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The pot experiment utilized a salinity level of 50 mM NaCl and tested five concentrations of ZnO NPs (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm). The results demonstrated that the highest concentration (100 ppm) significantly enhanced growth parameters, including the shoot length (38.6%) and root length (25.5%) compared to the control. Additionally, biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll content (23.3%) and phenolic content (12.5%) enhanced zinc accumulation by 38.7% and decreased oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) by 54.4% and hydrogen peroxide (H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>) by 33.1% as compared to the control. We can conclude that foliar application of 100 ppm of the synthesized biogenic-ZnO NPs may increase chilli growth in a salt-stress environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 306-317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00167b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of research progress on prevention and control technologies for arsenic and cadmium composite pollution in paddy soil†","authors":"Hao Cui, Bingbing Chen, Fan Yang, Tao Han, Rui Zeng, Lidan Lei and Songqing Liu","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00293H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00293H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are among the most common potentially toxic elements (PTEs) found in paddy soil, where they can easily transfer from soil to rice grains. The widespread contamination of paddy soil with As and Cd, either individually or in combination, poses a significant threat to food security and human health in China. As and Cd exhibit different behaviours in soil, making the simultaneous management of As–Cd composite pollution a major technical challenge for safe rice production. This review summarizes several practical techniques for synchronously controlling uptake and translocation of As and Cd in rice plants, including water management, soil passivation, leaching technology, electrokinetic remediation, phytoremediation, selection of low-accumulation rice varieties, and application of foliar inhibitors. The treatment effects, mechanisms, and constraints of each technique are analyzed, and the development directions of the main control technologies are proposed. It emphasizes the importance of developing regionally adaptive, comprehensive technology models to manage paddy soil co-contaminated with Cd and As and ensure the safe production of rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 4","pages":" 571-583"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00293h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds from food grade plastics†","authors":"Kara B. Loudon, Thane M. Z. Tomy, Erin C. Liebzeit, Thor Halldorson, Zhe Xia, Sara Sambanthan, Duc Luong Hoang, Nipuni Vitharana and Gregg T. Tomy","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00195H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00195H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Plastics are extensively involved in our everyday lives, including use as food storage containers. Greater than 95% of plastics produced are derived from petrochemicals. Numerous studies have shown that chemical additives (<em>e.g.</em>, phthalates) can migrate out of food grade plastics into foods. Based on this we hypothesize that petrochemicals used in the manufacturer of plastics also migrate into foods. To test this hypothesis, we simulated chemical migration from petrochemical-based plastics under refrigeration and microwave conditions using the United States Food and Drug Administration testing guidelines. Specifically, we measured the amounts of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) migrating from four plastics used heavily in the food industry namely polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate glycol. Our results showed that several alkylated and non-alkylated PACs could be detected in the food simulant used with relatively greater amounts of the alkylated PACs compared to their non-alkylated analogs. Data from our studies were used to estimate daily intake where it was shown that the greatest risk of exposure to humans stems from migration of PACs from PE into foods with total EDIs of 1794.4 ± 163.5 and 169.4 ± 23.5 ng per person per day under refrigeration and microwave conditions, respectively. Finally, an assessment of human health risk resulting from dietary exposure to PACs migrating from the four plastics studied under the two usage scenarios, suggests that at current exposure levels, PACs pose negligible cancer risk to humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 292-305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00195h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocomposite UF membrane of PVC/nano-silica modified with SDS for carwash wastewater treatment","authors":"Eman S. A. Al-Sammarraie, T. M. Sabirova, Hicham Meskher, Raed A. Al-Juboori, Grigory V. Zyryanov and Qusay F. Alsalhy","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00088A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00088A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study presents an investigation of a novel fouling-resistant mixed matrix membrane (MMM) composed of ultrafiltration PVC incorporating silica nanoparticles modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SiO<small>₂</small>-SDS) for carwash wastewater treatment. The hydrophilic SiO<small>₂</small>-SDS was synthesized by modifying SDS molecules onto the surfaces of silica nanoparticles (SiO<small>₂</small> NPs). Later, SiO<small>₂</small>-SDS NPs were incorporated into a PVC polymeric matrix at an optimized ratio. The prepared virgin membrane and MMMs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results revealed that MMMs prepared with 0.15 wt% SiO<small>₂</small>-SDS NPs exhibited optimum characteristics and performance, where the highest thickness of 118.71 ± 0.42 μm and maximum porosity of 81.40 ± 0.23% were obtained. The pure water flux of this membrane reached 127.75 ± 1.72 L m<small>⁻²</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>, which is better than that of other modified membranes. This membrane achieved high removal of total suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand of 93% and 78%, respectively, when used with real carwash wastewater. Additionally, the 0.15 wt% SiO<small>₂</small>-SDS NPs exhibited stable performance during prolonged operation, resulting in the best flux recovery ratio of 80% among other tested membranes, signifying its superior fouling resistance bestowed by the hydrophilic nature of the incorporated SiO<small>₂</small>-SDS NPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 469-488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00088a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile detection of microplastics from a variety of environmental samples with conjugated polymer nanoparticles†","authors":"Angela Awada, Mark Potter, Julian Aherne, Sarah Lavoie-Bernstein, Miriam L. Diamond, Paul A. Helm, Liisa Jantunen, Brittany Welsh, Bulent Mutus and Simon Rondeau-Gagné","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00239C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00239C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microplastic pollution constitutes a pressing global environmental issue impacting nearly every facet of human activity. This specific environmental challenge exerts profound yet still poorly understood influences on health, social dynamics, and industrial practices. A major obstacle for further investigation and mitigation of microplastics lies in their heterogeneity in size and composition. Additionally, the multitude of sources contributing to microplastic emissions further complicates their study. To enhance current detection and analytical methodologies for microplastics, this study exploits a novel approach for the easy and specific identification of microplastics within diverse environmental samples (including air, soil, lake water, rain, snow, and marine sediment) collected from various geographical locations across Canada. This method relies on fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles that can be used to identify microplastics after minimal preparation. In all examined samples, originating from diverse sources and environments, microplastics were consistently present in the form of fragments and/or fibers, with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) emerging as the most abundant type, as confirmed <em>via</em> Raman spectroscopy either before or after labeling. This approach significantly streamlines the microplastic identification process, reducing the time needed for extraction and isolation. Our findings corroborate the efficacy of nanoparticle labeling for microplastic detection, offering promising avenues for their facile, specific, and reliable identification. Ultimately, this novel procedure holds potential to enhance remediation efforts targeting microplastics in the environment, thereby advancing our understanding of their global impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 270-278"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00239c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}