Environmental science. Advances最新文献

{"title":"Chemical transformation, exposure assessment, and policy implications of fluorotelomer alcohol partitioning from consumer products to the indoor and outdoor environment—from production to end-of-life","authors":"Ivan A. Titaley","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00019F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00019F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Fluorotelomer (FT) alcohols (FTOHs) belong to the subclass of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and are used as building blocks of FT-based side chain fluorinated polymers (SCFPs), which are applied to consumer products to provide hydro- and oleophobic characteristics. FTOHs are consistently detected in consumer products, indicating FTOHs as major degradation products of FT-based SCFPs. Literature on FTOHs indicates that much is known about the release of FTOHs during the production, throughout the lifetime, and at the end-of-life of consumer products. This Perspective combines information from FTOHs in consumer products with sufficient knowledge on FTOH volatility, partitioning to the gas phase, and transformation to perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) to understand the extent of FTOH release to the environment. In the indoor environment, FTOHs are released in textile factories to the air during the production of consumer products, indicating a potential inhalation risk for the workers. Meanwhile, indoor air FTOH levels at residential sites are estimated to pose low inhalation risk to humans based on studies of 8:2 FTOH, which is known to undergo human metabolism to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Release of FTOHs from FT-based SCFP-applied consumer products to the indoor environment throughout the lifetime of the products is known, as well as release to the outdoor environment through washing, weathering, or drying. At the end-of-life of consumer products, FTOHs are released to air from landfills and can be detected in biosolids. Future policies need to not only account for FTOH presence in consumer products, but also the known FTOH volatility, partitioning to the gas phase, and transformation to PFCAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00019f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why there is no evidence that pyridine killed the English crabs†","authors":"Alex T. Ford, Mark F. Fitzsimons and Crispin Halsall","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00006D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00006D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The North East coast of England experienced a mass mortality event in late 2021 affecting millions of crabs and lobsters. The die-off coincided with the redevelopment of one of the UK's flagship ports, prompting local scientists to suggest the remobilization of dredged industrial contaminants as a cause. A multi-agency investigation found no definitive causal factor; however, re-evaluation of data by consultants drew a different conclusion, linking the industrial compound pyridine to the crustacean deaths. Authors of an unpublished study subsequently claimed that their data demonstrated pyridine to be exceptionally toxic and that their modeling explained the coastal distribution of washups. These data were presented to a cross-party Environmental, Fisheries and Rural Affairs (EFRA) committee in the UK parliament and led to the commissioning of an independent panel to review the data. This panel was also unable to identify a definitive cause, but found that a major role for pyridine was ‘very unlikely’. Unfortunately, the debate has been highly politicised, with misleading information aired by the two leading political parties. Here, several members of that independent review panel refute the pyridine link to the mass mortality, based on both reported data and the known chemistry and behaviour of this molecule, and highlight where the science has been misrepresented by the media.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00006d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing sustainability through supply chain legislation? A policy trilemma","authors":"Luc Fransen, Martin Curley and Anne Lally","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00048J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00048J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The European Union and governments of various economies in the world are currently developing supply chain legislation for businesses, aiming to protect the environment and human rights in supply chains. These laws regulate firms active on home markets in these countries, but in terms of environmental and human rights risks also apply to global supply chains. Legislative initiatives assume that firms have the ability to influence many suppliers and their conditions of production abroad. Illustrated by the urgent case of garment production exported to Europe, we conclude that current import–export relations could limit the scope and impact of such supply chain legislation. If patterns as visible in the garment sector hold more broadly, policymakers that are ambitious about the impact of supply chain legislation on environment and human rights face a policy trilemma: they must sacrifice one out of three current design features of such legislation: designing legislation unilaterally for their home markets, letting regulation apply to supply chains across the world, or giving firms the ability to freely choose their suppliers. We discuss the different combinations of design options that could advance sustainability in supply chains.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00048j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scandia-doped zirconia for the electrochemical detection of hazardous dihydroxybenzene (DHB) isomers in water†","authors":"Angelo Ferlazzo, Antonino Gulino and Giovanni Neri","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00126E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00126E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Modified yttria- and scandia-doped zirconium oxides were exploited for the development of an effective electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of dihydroxy benzene (DHB) isomers, <em>i.e.</em> hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC) and resorcinol (RS). A morphological, microstructural and electrochemical characterization, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV), of pure zirconium oxide, zirconium oxide doped with 8% yttria and zirconium oxide doped with 10% scandium (ZrO<small>₂</small>, ZrO<small>₂</small>8Y, and ZrO<small>₂</small>10Sc, respectively), were carried out. Modified electrochemical sensors were fabricated by using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Electrochemical analysis conducted in phosphate buffer solution (0.01 M PBS; pH = 7.4) showed the great ability of the ZrO<small>₂</small>10Sc/SPCE sensor to detect simultaneously DHB isomers with high sensitivity. SWV analysis performed with this sensor showed the lowest limits of detection (LODs) among all sensors tested, with values of 0.92, 0.69, and 5.61 nM, for hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and resorcinol (RS), respectively. In addition, the sensor shows good repeatability and simultaneous detection capability for all DHB isomers. This sensor also showed excellent results for the detection of HQ, CC, and RS in tap and mineral water samples, with good recoveries (90–116%).</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00126e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolved oxygen forecasting in the Mississippi River: advanced ensemble machine learning models","authors":"Francesco Granata, Senlin Zhu and Fabio Di Nunno","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00119B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00119B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important variable for rivers, which controls many biogeochemical processes within rivers and the survival of aquatic species. Therefore, accurate forecasting of DO is of great importance. This study proposes two models, including AR-RBF by leveraging the additive regression (AR) of radial basis function (RBF) neural networks and MLP-RF by stacking multilayer perceptron (MLP) and random forest (RF), for the prediction of daily DO with multiple forecast horizons (1 day ahead to 15 days ahead) in the Mississippi River using a long-term observed dataset from the Baton Rouge station. Two input scenarios were considered: scenario A includes mean water temperature and a certain number of preceding DO values and scenario B comprises solely the aforementioned number of preceding DO values while entirely disregarding exogenous variables. The AR-RBF and stacked MLP-RF models excel in short-term forecasting and offer sufficiently accurate predictions for medium-term horizons of up to 15 days. For instance, in 3 day ahead predictions, the root mean square error (RMSE) amounts to 0.28 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>, with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) hovering around 2.5% in the worst-case scenario. Similarly, for 15 day ahead forecasts, RMSE remains below 0.93 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>, with MAPE not exceeding 8.2%, even under the worst-case scenario. Both models effectively capture the extreme values and the fluctuations of DO. However, as the forecasting horizon is extended, both models experience a decrease in accuracy, which is particularly evident for scenario B when the average water temperature is not included in the input variables. When examining longer forecasting horizons in the study, AR-RBF demonstrates a more restrained bias as compared to the stacked MLP-RF model. The consistently robust performance of the models, in comparison to prior research on DO levels in US rivers, underscores their potential as more effective tools for predicting such an essential water quality parameter.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00119b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of biohythane from cow dung using novel microbial synthetic consortia designed by heat-treated and acclimatized combined wastes†","authors":"Rashmi Ira, Vikas Sharma, Shrawan Kumar, Mira Koul, Lalita Sharma, Aditi Halder and Tulika Prakash","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00107A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00107A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The world's increasing dependency on fossil fuels has become a significant energy and environmental concern as they contribute 83% of the global energy supply and produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. Biohythane, a blend of biomethane (5–10%) and biohydrogen (50–60%), is emerging as a promising and environmentally friendly alternative fuel derived from organic wastes and offers a sustainable solution. The existing methods of biohythane production suffer from major limitations of being cost- and labor-intensive due to adopting bulk substrate pretreatment to enhance biohythane yield thereby limiting their industrial applications. In this study, we have developed a synthetic microbial consortium (E(C2)Tx) for anaerobic digestion by combining various organic wastes and subjecting them to heat pre-treatment and acclimatization to enrich biohydrogen producers and methanogens, respectively. Raw cow dung was anaerobically digested as the substrate with E(C2)Tx and this resulted in the production of biohythane with 3% biohydrogen and 36% biomethane. The consortia designing strategy avoided any bulk substrate pretreatment and only included the pretreatment of the inoculum which is used in four times less volume than the substrate. A 16S rRNA gene based metagenomic analysis revealed that the CD samples treated with E(C2)Tx were enriched in cellulolytic and hydrogen-producing <em>Firmicutes</em>, along with methylotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The developed technology offers promising commercial benefits by requiring less energy for biohythane production. In addition, it offers environmental advantages by providing an efficient CD waste management alternative and reducing climatic impact by lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuel burning. Using a waste complementarity approach for consortia designing aligns with the principles of circular economy and presents a sustainable, scalable energy solution. The developed method can support the growing energy market by increasing biohythane yield and lowering its production cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00107a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescent carbon dot embedded silica nanocomposites as tracers for hydrogeological investigations: a sustainable approach†","authors":"Venu Sreekala Smitha, Parola Athulya, Kazhuthoottil Kochu Jayasooryan and Thoppil Ramakrishnan Resmi","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00156G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00156G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The injected tracer technique using nanoparticles has evoked a lot of research interest in hydrogeological research as it encompasses a broad spectrum of applications in water resource management. The present work deals with developing carbon dot embedded silica-based nanocomposites using a microwave-assisted co-polycondensation method. The synthesized carbon dot-embedded silica nanocomposites have been characterized for their structural and functional characteristics using UV-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), lifetime analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD). The results obtained showed that carbon dots having a size of less than 5 nm had been successfully embedded into the silica structure, and the nanocomposite as such shows interesting optical properties. Laboratory scale column experimental studies were further conducted to ascertain the applications of the synthesized carbon dot-embedded silica nanocomposite for hydrological studies. Experiments were performed by varying the filling materials (sand/soil) in the column during which different concentrations of the nanotracer were injected under the continuous flow of water at a constant flow rate of 5 ml min<small>⁻¹</small> followed by monitoring the detection of carbon dots for a definite time. The developed nanocomposite was found to exhibit satisfactory results in terms of the detection and recovery of carbon dots when injected as a tracer in an experimental hydrological study. About 99% of the nano tracer could be regained when ∼0.5 g of the CD-SiO<small>₂</small> nanotracer is injected into the column and the detection was much faster with a peak detection time of 6 minutes. The better traceability and retention of the original optical properties of the developed tracer under different experimental conditions could be attributed to the optimal size of the nanocomposite system. Thus, the current challenges faced in groundwater flow analysis such as huge time consumption/expenses can be resolved to a significant extent considering the better traceability of the developed nanotracer.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00156g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing ammonia recovery through pH polarization in bipolar membrane electrodialysis†","authors":"Sandali Panagoda, Pengyi Yuan, Vladimir Pavlovic, John Barber and Younggy Kim","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00082J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00082J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ammonia recovery from food waste (including its liquid digestate) is highly emphasized in wastewater treatment and management. Among various membrane-based separation technologies, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) without anion exchange membranes (AEMs) is an attractive candidate for selective ammonia separation with reduced scaling problems. In this study, a bench-scale BMED stack was built using 5 pairs of cation exchange membranes (CEMs) and bipolar membranes (BPMs). A simulated food liquid digestate was treated using a lab-scale BMED stack to examine the ammonia separation with 3 different intermembrane distances (0.82, 1.64, and 2.46 mm). The highest electric current and ammonia separation were obtained for the intermembrane distance of 1.64 mm, while the BMED stack with 3 spacer gaskets (2.46 mm) still showed comparable separation performance without significant decreases in electric current or ammonia recovery. The residual Ca<small>²⁺</small> and Mg<small>²⁺</small> in the cleaning-in-place (CIP) solutions indicated that there were no noticeable scaling problems during the BMED operation. Finally, the pH polarization between the base and feed cells was found to minimize the ammonia back-diffusion even with the highly accumulated ammonia concentration (&gt;11 000 mg<small>_N</small> L<small>⁻¹</small>) in the base cell. With the relatively low energy requirement (1.24–6.78 kW h kg<small>_N</small><small>⁻¹</small>), BMED lacking AEMs with wide intermembrane distances was confirmed to be a sustainable candidate for ammonia recovery from wastewater with high levels of ammonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00082j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stormwater alters the resistome of urban surface water, an impact that can be mitigated by green stormwater infrastructure†","authors":"Kassidy O'Malley, Walter McDonald and Patrick McNamara","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00111G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00111G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Antibiotic resistance poses an escalating threat to global health, with environmental reservoirs being pivotal areas of concern, as well as opportunities for potential mitigation. Stormwater systems are an important type of environmental reservoir in the urban water cycle with a dearth of research related to impacts on antibiotic resistance. In particular, there has been limited research exploring the impact of diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) carried by stormwater from various land uses on surface water, nor has there been an examination of the role played by green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) in mitigating this impact. Therefore, this study sought to elucidate the variability of ARGs across diverse land uses and evaluate the efficacy of GSI in mitigating ARG dissemination. Five distinct stormwater samples—representing mixed, residential, urban, and GSI-treated effluents—were taken to assess variations in ARG resistomes based on land use types. The ARGs in stormwater collected from different land uses were found to be similar in composition and represent a similar level of diversity. A GSI system with a rock swale and bioretention cell connected in series, was also sampled to see how GSI impacted ARGs, and this GSI system did substantially alter the diversity of ARGs. Moreover, the bioretention cell was found to reduce ARG concentrations by 30%. This research also sought to assess the impact of all five stormwater samples on the resistome of surface water <em>via</em> lab-scale microcosm experiments. The urban and residential stormwater significantly (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) altered the resistome of surface water, while the mixed-land use sample did not. This finding underscored stormwater's pivotal role in introducing distinct ARG resistome compositions into downstream waters, heightening the chances for development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The effluent stormwater from the GSI system, however, had less of an impact on the resistome of surface water in the microcosm experiments in comparison to the influent (untreated) stormwater. In managing stormwater runoff through GSI systems, this study's findings highlight the potential of GSI designs and practices to limit the dissemination of diverse and abundant ARGs, safeguard public health, and contribute to sustainable stormwater management by minimizing the impact on downstream surface waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00111g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anodic peroxide production for advanced oxidation processes with different metal oxide electrodes in carbonate electrolytes†","authors":"Tobias Schanz and Jonathan Z. Bloh","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00176A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4VA00176A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >As an alternative to the anthraquinone process that can be used directly on site without storage and transport, electrochemical peroxide synthesis is a promising technology to produce reagents for water remediation <em>via</em> Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP). The focus of research here is on anodic peroxide production, since cathodic synthesis is already at a high degree of maturity. Different materials and electrolytes have been reported for the anode reactions so far. It has also been shown that some electrolytes such as carbonate-based ones lead to the formation of secondary peroxides such as percarbonates which are well-suited as oxidants for AOP. Herein, these materials and electrolytes are evaluated under different conditions with particular focus on the actual oxidation power of the formed product mixtures.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00176a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}