Environmental science. Advances最新文献

{"title":"Wastewater-induced microplastic biofouling in freshwater: role of particle size and flow velocity†","authors":"Gaurav Bhardwaj, Malihe Mohammadiun, Carlos Saul Osorio Gonzalez, Satinder Kaur Brar and Shooka Karimpour","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00303A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00303A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microplastics (MPs), discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), are found abundantly in freshwater systems. Along with MPs, various microorganisms that evade WWTP disinfection may colonize these particles, leading to biofouling. This study assessed the performance of six bacterial strains isolated from wastewater and the factors influencing biofilm formation using synthetic freshwater and polyethylene (PE) microplastics as a model. The effect of two PE microplastic sizes (180–200 μm and 3–4 mm) and three flow velocities (0.238, 0.11, and 0.077 m s<small>⁻¹</small>) were tested on the isolated strains' microbial growth and biofilm formation. Smaller MPs notably enhanced the growth rate. The treatment with small PE microplastics and a low flow velocity promoted the biofilm formation compared to a higher flow velocity where rapid microbial growth was observed but showed a lower biofilm formation after seven days of cultivation. These findings reveal how MP size and flow velocities influence biofilm development, advancing the understanding of MP-microbial interactions in freshwater aquatic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 1","pages":" 90-96"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00303a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treated wastewater reuse for crop irrigation: a comprehensive health risk assessment†","authors":"Solomon Ofori, Ylenia Di Leto, Štěpánka Smrčková, Marco Antonio Lopez Marin, Giuseppe Gallo, Iveta Růžičková and Jiří Wanner","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00274A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00274A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The use of treated effluent/wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation is gaining prominence globally due to growing freshwater scarcity. However, there are still questions about the safety of such a practice. This study sought to investigate and evaluate the health risks associated with the use of TWW for crop irrigation by assessing the potential risks arising from pathogens, heavy metals/potentially toxic elements (PTEs), micropollutants or pharmaceuticals and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), using tomato, carrot and cabbage as test crops. The levels of copper bioaccumulated in TWW irrigated crops were 25 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small> for tomato, 30 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small> for carrot and 20 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small> for cabbage, while those of the control (tap water) were 30 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small> for tomato, 40 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small> for carrot and 65 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small> for cabbage, respectively. Arsenic, cadmium and lead levels were below the detection limit for all treatments. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of copper and zinc were below 1 (adults) for TWW irrigated crops. <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Clostridium perfringens</em>, coliform and thermotolerant bacteria were not detected on the fruits of tomato plants irrigated with TWW. All analysed pharmaceuticals were below the limit of detection except gabapentin, which was 3 μg kg<small>⁻¹</small> in TWW irrigated tomatoes. <em>tetA</em>, <em>ermB</em>, <em>bla</em><small>_<em>TEM</em></small>, <em>sul2</em>, <em>sul3</em> and <em>qnrS</em> genes were found in the metagenomic DNA extracted from TWW- and tap-irrigated cabbage. The results indicate no potential non-carcinogenic health risk for adult consumers and no microbial contamination of the tomato fruits under TWW irrigation. No difference was observed in the presence and distribution of the ARGs between TWW- and tap-irrigated crops, suggesting no contribution to the diffusion of different ARGs due to irrigation. Altogether, these findings highlight that health risk assessment of TWW for crop irrigation should focus on the quality of the TWW and on soil characteristics, which may contribute to risk exposure of different types of contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 252-269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00274a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring wind and particle concentrations near freshwater and marine harmful algal blooms (HABs)†","authors":"Landon Bilyeu, Javier González-Rocha, Regina Hanlon, Noora AlAmiri, Hosein Foroutan, Kun Alading, Shane D. Ross and David G. Schmale","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00172A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00172A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide. New information is needed about the environmental conditions associated with the aerosolization and transport of HAB cells and their associated toxins. This information is critical to help inform our understanding of potential exposures. We used a ground-based sensor package to monitor weather, measure airborne particles, and collect air samples on the shore of a freshwater HAB (bloom of predominantly <em>Rhaphidiopsis</em>, Lake Anna, Virginia) and a marine HAB (bloom of <em>Karenia brevis</em>, Gulf Coast, Florida). Each sensor package contained a sonic anemometer, impinger, and optical particle counter. A drone was used to measure vertical profiles of windspeed and wind direction at the shore and above the freshwater HAB. At the Florida sites, airborne particle number concentrations (cm<small>⁻³</small>) increased throughout the day and the wind direction (offshore <em>versus</em> onshore) was strongly associated with these particle number concentrations (cm<small>⁻³</small>). Offshore wind sources had particle number concentrations (cm<small>⁻³</small>) 3 to 4 times higher than those of onshore wind sources. A predictive model, trained on a random set of weather and particle number concentrations (cm<small>⁻³</small>) collected over the same time period, was able to predict airborne particle number concentrations (cm<small>⁻³</small>) with an <em>R</em> squared value of 0.581 for the freshwater HAB in Virginia and an <em>R</em> squared value of 0.804 for the marine HAB in Florida. The drone-based vertical profiles of the wind velocity showed differences in wind speed and direction at different altitudes, highlighting the need for wind measurements at multiple heights to capture environmental conditions driving the atmospheric transport of aerosolized HAB toxins. A surface flux equation was used to determine the rate of aerosol production at the beach sites based on the measured particle number concentrations (cm<small>⁻³</small>) and weather conditions. Additional work is needed to better understand the short-term fate and transport of aerosolized cyanobacterial cells and toxins and how this is influenced by local weather conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 279-291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00172a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative approaches to sustainable wastewater treatment: a comprehensive exploration of conventional and emerging technologies","authors":"Jaweria Shamshad and Rashid Ur Rehman","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00136B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00136B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Access to clean water is under threat due to population growth, climate change, and pollution, emphasizing the need for effective wastewater treatment. Wastewater pollutants pose risks to public health and ecosystems, necessitating proper treatment methods. This paper outlines both conventional and emerging technologies for wastewater treatment. Established techniques, such as activated sludge processing, chlorination, and constructed wetlands, are discussed alongside newer methods, such as advanced oxidation, ultraviolet disinfection, membrane bioreactors, reverse osmosis, artificial intelligence optimization, and nanofiltration, which enhance contaminant removal but may incur high costs and energy demands. Integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass, into treatment facilities improves efficiency and reduces emissions. The process efficiency can be possibly enhanced through real-time monitoring and automation, while a sustainable and resource-efficient method involves integrating bio-electrochemical systems with constructed wetlands. There are still challenges in sludge handling, land requirements, and long-term system maintenance. Balancing technological solutions, environmental protection, and economic feasibility is essential for sustainable wastewater management, which can ensure continuous access to clean water in the face of increasing demand for this vital resource.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 189-222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00136b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric mercury concentration variations at Syowa Station, Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica and contributing factors†","authors":"Koyomi Nakazawa, Osamu Nagafuchi, Akihiro Mitsui, Tomoaki Watanabe, Naoko Hishida, Megumu Tsujimoto and Satoshi Imura","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00166D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00166D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In January 2022, gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) concentrations were continuously monitored at Syowa Station on East Ongul Island, located ∼4 km from the continent on the eastern coast of Lützow-Holm Bay, to examine atmospheric Hg concentrations during the summer in the southeastern Antarctic region. Atmospheric GEM ranged from 0.36 to 1.83 ng m<small>⁻³</small> average value: 1.01 ± 0.21 ng m<small>⁻³</small> and increased during the day and decreased at night. While maintaining these diurnal variations, GEM concentrations increased to 1.99 and 1.55 ng m<small>⁻³</small> on January 2–3 and 17–20, 2022, respectively. During both events, the low-pressure system approached the Syowa Station, and the 72 hours backward trajectory analysis revealed that the air mass originated from open water surfaces, implying that Hg evasion from the sea surface increased the atmospheric GEM concentration. To investigate the causes of diurnal variation causes—excluding these two events mentioned—Hg concentrations in the soil [<em>n</em> = 102, 2.61 ± 3.16 (0.14–19.0) ng g<small>⁻¹</small>], snow, glacier, and ice sheet around Syowa Station (<em>n</em> = 19, 0.45–5.60 ng L<small>⁻¹</small>), as well as in the atmosphere on the fast ice around the station (0.54–1.10 ng m<small>⁻³</small>), were measured. The results revealed that sources such as ornithogenic soil from the penguin rookery around the station, open water surfaces, and the gaseous oxidized Hg transported inland by katabatic winds did not contribute to the daytime GEM concentration increases. The cause of the summer diurnal variation at Syowa Station was unidentified and warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 1","pages":" 172-179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00166d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of microplastic targets in environmental matrices using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry†","authors":"Rebecca H. Peel, Charlotte E. M. Lloyd, Stephen J. Roberts, B. D. A. Naafs and Ian D. Bull","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00269E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00269E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microplastic pollution is a growing environmental problem. Consequently, an emerging area of research is the analysis of these micro-particles, to identify the distribution and impacts of plastic in the environment. This paper details the development and application of a pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) method for the quantification of microplastic pollution in terrestrial samples. Initial analysis of plastic standards using Py-GC-MS revealed diagnostic pyrolytic products, which were utilised alongside internal standards and linear regression to create calibrations for each studied synthetic plastic. A microplastic extraction protocol for soils and sediments was developed, namely an overnight density separation with wet peroxide digestion, and its efficacy confirmed through spiking and recovery experiments. Matrix effects were observed for PE, PS and PVC, highlighting the need to use multiple diagnostic compounds per plastic, where possible. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Py-GC-MS can be successfully applied for the determination of microplastic concentrations in terrestrial samples, with a view to establishing effective mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 1","pages":" 159-171"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00269e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A life cycle assessment study of European Space Agency's space tracking terminal†","authors":"Alex Zabeo, Michele Molin, Lorenzo Favretto, Lisa Pizzol, Marc Roubert, Florian Renk, Petra Scanferla and Elena Semenzin","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00070F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00070F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The transition to a low-carbon and resource-efficient circular economy is a political pillar of the EU and a priority for space agencies. Indeed, the space industry is pursuing sustainable development practices to reduce the environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is internationally recognized as the most appropriate methodology to estimate the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services and to evaluate the effectiveness of sustainability strategies related to reducing these negative externalities. To support the European Space Agency (ESA) in the process of planning more sustainable eco-design solutions, the objective of this paper is the development of a cradle-to-grave screening LCA study to assess the environmental impacts concerning the ESA's ground-based satellite tracking system based in New Norcia (AU) along its entire life cycle, including the tracking antenna and the photovoltaic panels. This scenario has been compared with 2 other scenarios to verify whether the use of photovoltaic panels has a benefit in terms of environmental impact (scenario A) and to understand the consequences in changing the location of the station, from New Norcia to Cebreros (E) by considering the change in the national energy mix from the Australian to the Spanish (scenario B). This study is one of the first attempts to apply the LCA methodology to the space sector, and its results, conducted according to ISO 14040/44 2021 guidelines and by means of the ReCiPe calculation method (2016), will be exploited by the ESA to plan a more sustainable eco-design for the construction of future space tracking stations.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 432-446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00070f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of a hidden epidemic: examining the occupational and environmental risk factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu)","authors":"Madeleine Bradley, Danielle Land, Darrin A. Thompson and David M. Cwiertny","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00304G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00304G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of mortality and disability-adjusted life years has increased, and this trend is expected to worsen over the next few decades. The primary cause of CKD is known to be due to hypertension and diabetes, however, over the last three decades, a form of CKD has been described in people without any known risk factors. These cases can be described as chronic kidney disease of an unknown etiology (CKDu). Cases of CKDu are rising primarily among rural agricultural communities in affected regions and occur mostly among young male farmers. There is no agreement on whether CKDu in these emerging clusters represents a single disease or a group of different diseases. As such, hypothesized causes of CKDu development include chronic occupational heat stress and dehydration, as well as exposure to environmental contaminants and agrochemicals, such as heavy metals and pesticides. The purpose of this critical review is to bring together the current literature on proposed CKDu etiologies, specifically those related to work in the agricultural sector. This review examines what is known about these occupational and environmental factors and their potential impact on the widespread epidemics of CKDu.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 1","pages":" 57-76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00304g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical analysis and toxicity of the Rainha River waters: conceptual design of a treatment plant","authors":"Gabriel G. de Barros, Anna De Falco, Carlos Leonny R. Fragoso, Luis Fhernando Mendonça da Silva, Adriana Gioda and Roberto Bentes de Carvalho","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00252K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00252K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The current study, conducted over a year, involved a comprehensive analysis of water samples from the Rainha River. This river crosses the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Campus to assess water quality and potential applications. The samples underwent rigorous physical–chemical tests, including metal concentrations, pH, turbidity and toxicity assessments. The water collected and analysed by the standards proposed by CONAMA was found to be below the limit of regulation, classified at class 1, and requiring only a simplified treatment to remove microorganisms and achieve potability. Toxicity tests using <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> were performed to examine biological effects, revealing no significant toxicity. The next step was to design a water treatment plant, following the viability, water studies and identification. The process involved designing a block diagram and, later, the process flow diagram (PFD). The processes consist of getting water, passing through microfiltration, decontaminating it with hypochlorite, and using adsorption methods to turn it into a potable and useable on campus, thereby ensuring a safe and sustainable water supply for the university community.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 245-251"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00252k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzothiophene based semi-bis-chalcone as a photo-luminescent chemosensor with real-time hydrazine sensing and DFT studies†","authors":"Nidhi H. Oza, Dinkal Kasundra, Amar G. Deshmukh, Niteen Borane, Rajamouli Boddula and Paresh N. Patel","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00306C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00306C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrazine is a very toxic chemical that poses a major threat to human health and the environment. As a further expansion of our ongoing research, this report validates the enhanced real-time hydrazine sensing using benzothiophene-based semi-bis-chalcone (SBC). Hypothesized SBC molecules that can be easily attacked by nucleophilic groups were synthesised <em>via</em> classical Claisen–Schmidt condensation. Two derivatives of novel SBC scaffolds were synthesised by the reaction of simple acetone with benzothiophene carbaldehydes. This reaction involved the use of KOH and pyrrolidine as catalysts, and they demonstrated two different processes in comparative studies. KOH worked as a speedy catalyst, while pyrrolidine was demonstrated to be a more efficient catalyst. The structures of the synthesised compounds were established by various spectral techniques. The optical properties of the prepared SBCs were studied in different solvent systems and demonstrated that methanol was the more suitable solvent. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of both compounds in methanol were performed using the Gaussian software. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were performed to study the dynamic behaviour of electrons in both molecules and materials by considering their density as a function of time. Both DFT and TDDFT calculations were observed to have a good correlation with the experimental results. The obtained absorption and photoluminescence results and their theoretical correlation suggested that the prepared SBCs can be optimized for applications in optoelectronics, sensing, and bioimaging. As an improvement to our earlier protocol, more efficient real-time hydrazine sensing SBCs probes were established with prolonged π-conjugation. An exhaustive protocol with a working pH range, analyte selectivity, and real sample test was developed. The studied SBCs showed a broad working pH range and excellent hydrazine sensing selectivity. With these two included in our large library of photoresponsive molecules, we aim to construct a model device for hydrazine sensing in real life applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 2","pages":" 235-244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00306c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}