Environmental science. Advances最新文献

{"title":"Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide particles cause developmental neurotoxicity in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>.","authors":"Roi Faroud Lopez, Javier Huayta, Gordon D Z Williams, Sarah A Seay, Pooja D Lalwani, Sasha N Bacot, Avner Vengosh, Joel N Meyer","doi":"10.1039/d5va00103j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5va00103j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lithium is increasingly used in rechargeable batteries for mobile devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage, among other applications. One of the common formulations of lithium batteries is lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNMC) particles. Increasing utilization of LiNMC batteries would require adequate disposal and/or recycling, and yet the potential disposal of lithium batteries as waste either in or outside of landfills might lead to toxic effects to people and wildlife. However, understanding of the potential toxicity of LiNMC particles is limited. Based on previous literature investigating the mechanisms of toxicity of the constituent metals, as well as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) nanoparticles, we hypothesized that LiNMCs would cause toxicity <i>via</i> mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress. We further hypothesized that LiNMC toxicity would be exacerbated by knockdown of <i>frh-1</i> and <i>gas-1</i>, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> orthologs of human mitochondrial disease genes frataxin and NDUFS2. Finally, we predicted that LiNMC exposure would cause developmental neurotoxicity. We tested these predictions by carrying out LiNMC exposures, and found these did not significantly impact the redox state, steady-state ATP levels, mitochondrial:nuclear DNA ratio, or oxygen consumption in worms exposed developmentally to amounts of LiNMC that caused mild growth inhibition. We discuss possible reasons for the difference between our results and previous publications, including particle size. Furthermore, while knockdown of <i>frh-1</i> and <i>gas-1</i> altered several parameters, knockdown of these genes did not increase or decrease the effects of LiNMCs. However, we did find that exposure to LiNMC caused degeneration of dopaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons, but not serotonergic neurons or glial cells. Interestingly, it appears that the developmental neurotoxicity was driven either by a particle-specific effect, or a component other than lithium, because exposure to lithium chloride at the same concentration had no effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12478298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymer-enhanced nickel ferrite catalyst for the efficient reduction of 4-nitrophenol as a hazard pollutant","authors":"Ghizlene Boudghene Stambouli, Belkacem Benguella, Makhoukhi Benamar and Ayman H. Kamel","doi":"10.1039/D5VA00128E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00128E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The synthesized nickel ferrite (NiFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>)/poly(aniline-<em>co-o</em>-toluidine) (PAOT) nanocomposite was successfully characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX, confirming the formation of a stable spinel structure with uniform particle distribution (32–68 nm). The material exhibited a low bandgap energy of 1.24 eV and retained magnetic properties, enabling easy recovery and reuse for up to four cycles. The catalytic activity of the NiFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>/PAOT nanocomposite was evaluated for the visible-light-assisted reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) without external reducing agents. The catalyst achieved reduction efficiencies of 85.83% at 2 ppm, 95% at 10 ppm, and 99% at 15 ppm within 60 min, with improved performance at higher catalyst dosages and temperatures (<em>e.g.</em>, 50 °C with 20 mg). Kinetic analysis revealed pseudo-first-order behavior. Compared to other reported catalysts, NiFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>/PAOT offers green synthesis, high efficiency, magnetic recoverability, and operational simplicity, making it a promising material for sustainable wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1684-1698"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va00128e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool to study the bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in murine tissue samples","authors":"Rachel Neita, Sophie Kiefte, Haley Adams, Grace V. Mercer, Céline M. Schneider and Lindsay S. Cahill","doi":"10.1039/D5VA00220F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00220F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Many per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are known to be persistent in the environment and are associated with adverse health effects including kidney and liver disease and developmental toxicity. While PFAS are also known to have high bioaccumulation potential, whether these compounds can be detected in biological tissue using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has not been established. In this study, we used <small>¹⁹</small>F solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR to investigate the accumulation of a legacy PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in murine tissue samples including the adult brain, intestine, kidney, liver, uterus, adipose tissue, placenta and fetal brain. Healthy pregnant (<em>n</em> = 4) and non-pregnant (<em>n</em> = 5) female CD-1 mice were exposed to 50 ppm of PFOA through their drinking water for 17 days. PFOA was detected above the limit of detection (10 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>) in all of the liver samples (<em>n</em> = 9/9), 25% (<em>n</em> = 2/8) of the adipose tissue samples, 33.3% (<em>n</em> = 4/12) of the male placenta samples, and 16.7% (<em>n</em> = 2/12) of the female placenta samples. The detection of PFOA in adipose tissue challenges the current understanding about the behaviour of PFAS in the human body. These results demonstrate that <small>¹⁹</small>F solid-state MAS NMR is a promising tool for detection and quantification of PFAS in tissue samples and motivate further work to evaluate accumulation of unregulated, emerging PFAS that have different chain lengths and head groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1612-1621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va00220f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Microbial degradation of bioplastic (PHBV) is limited by nutrient availability at high microplastic loadings","authors":"Michaela K. Reay, Martine Graf, Lucy M. Greenfield, Rafael Bargiela, Charles Onyije, Charlotte E. M. Lloyd, Ian D. Bull, Richard P. Evershed, Peter N. Golyshin, David R. Chadwick and Davey L. Jones","doi":"10.1039/D5VA90037A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA90037A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Microbial degradation of bioplastic (PHBV) is limited by nutrient availability at high microplastic loadings’ by Michaela K. Reay <em>et al.</em>, <em>Environ. Sci.: Adv.</em>, 2025, <strong>4</strong>, 133–146, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00311J.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1699-1699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va90037a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indium phosphide quantum dots as green nanosystems for environmental detoxification: surface engineering, photocatalytic mechanisms, and comparative material insights","authors":"Rima Heider Al Omari, Anjan Kumar, Ali Fawzi Al-Hussainy, Shaker Mohammed, Aashna Sinha, Subhashree Ray and Hadi Noorizadeh","doi":"10.1039/D5VA00156K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00156K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) offer a sustainable, low-toxicity alternative to heavy-metal-based nanomaterials for environmental detoxification. This critical review evaluates their potential as green photocatalysts, focusing on their ability to degrade organic pollutants, including dyes, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), under visible-light irradiation. Innovations in ligand functionalization, core/shell architectures, and eco-friendly synthesis enhance colloidal stability, photostability, and charge separation, surpassing traditional photocatalysts such as CdSe/ZnS and TiO<small>₂</small> in efficiency and safety. By elucidating structure–property relationships, this work provides a novel framework for designing scalable, biocompatible nanomaterials, paving the way for advanced nanoremediation technologies to address global pollution challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1553-1586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va00156k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the carbon pool vary among Ecuador's tropical dry forests and seasons? Experimental evidence from spatio-temporal assessments","authors":"Michael Macías-Pro, Emilio Jarre Castro, Juan Manuel Moreira Castro, José María Montoya Terán and Ezequiel Zamora-Ledezma","doi":"10.1039/D5VA00018A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00018A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Tropical dry forests (TDFs) are critical carbon reservoirs, yet their carbon storage dynamics remain poorly understood, particularly across seasons, forest subtypes, and species′ contributions. This study examined carbon pools—soil organic carbon (SOC), aboveground biomass carbon (CAGB), and litterfall carbon (C-litterfall)—across three TDF subtypes along the Ecuadorian coast. Twelve 100 m<small>²</small> plots were monitored semi-annually during rainy and dry seasons, with extrapolations made to assess total forest patch carbon stocks. SOC was the dominant carbon pool across all subtypes and seasons, with rainy periods contributing to greater SOC stability (LSF, 75.51 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>; LDF, 70.01 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>; SPF, 69.27 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>) compared to dry periods (LDF, 54.70 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>; LSF, 53.35 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>; SPF, 39.39 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>). CAGB and C-litterfall displayed significant seasonal variation, with litterfall peaking in the dry season, particularly in LSF (0.4 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>). Across subtypes, total carbon densities averaged 94.0 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small> in LSF, 67.4 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small> in SPF, and 99.9 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small> in LDF. Plant species significantly influenced CAGB. In LSF, <em>T. integerrima</em> contributed the most to CAGB (6.4–6.7 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>), while <em>C. eggersii</em> dominated in SPF (4.5–4.4 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small>). In LDF, <em>C. lutea</em> was the leading contributor, storing 13.8–13.9 Mg ha<small>⁻¹</small> of biomass carbon. Extrapolation to forest patches revealed substantial spatial differences, with LDF sequestering the most carbon (526 133.3 Mg), followed by SPF (463 133.0 Mg) and LSF (3113.3 Mg). These findings underscore the critical roles of species composition, climatic variability, and forest structure in carbon sequestration, emphasizing the need for tailored conservation strategies to mitigate climate change impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1663-1683"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va00018a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of pore size in binding dynamics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on modified graphene materials","authors":"Timothy C. Schutt, Caitlin G. Bresnahan, Timothy C. Ricard and Manoj K. Shukla","doi":"10.1039/D5VA00030K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00030K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become ubiquitous surfactants in the environment with long lifetimes, and emerging toxic effects. Capture and removal of PFAS from aqueous media is an important step in the treatment train along with the concentration and destruction of PFAS. Particularly PFAS with shorter alkyl chain lengths have proven to be difficult to remove from water. As a result of partial degradation from longer PFAS's as well as their enhanced mobility in the environment, short-chain PFAS are very prolific making them a high-target focus for PFAS removal research. Using molecular dynamics simulations of functionalized graphene oxide pores, we have shown that the selectivity and capacity of adsorption media for differing tail lengths of linear PFAS are impacted by the size of the material's nanoporosity. The relationship between PFAS transport and pore size is not monotonic and different PFAS have different critical pore diameters with a minimum in transport resistance enabling an effective mechanism for PFAS specificity. More pragmatically, we have identified critical pore diameters that impact the thermodynamics and kinetics of PFAS binding and transport. For example, selectivity towards PFBA is highest in pores of 9 Å diameter. These results imply design parameters with which to tune adsorption media to different partitioning, transport, and selectivity towards different PFAS.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1587-1593"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va00030k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermophysical treatment technologies for chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard, sarin, and nerve agent VX – a review","authors":"Veera M. Boddu, Justin Morales, Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda, Lukas Oudejans and Lance Brooks","doi":"10.1039/D5VA00071H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00071H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Over the past few decades, technical advances have been made in the destruction of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) due to an enhanced understanding of reaction chemistries. This review focuses on summarizing the deactivation of the following CWAs: sulfur mustard (HD), sarin (GB), and nerve agent X (VX). This review includes multiple aspects of the agents, including chemical and physical properties, lethal doses, and common surrogates. However, the primary focus of the review is on various thermophysical approaches to deactivate these harmful chemical agents. Conventional deactivation technologies, including incineration and neutralization, are discussed along with advanced approaches, such as wet air oxidation, catalytic, and metal–organic frameworks (MOF) treatments. The review indicates that all three agents can be destroyed to nearly 100% Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE) with incineration, but at a high cost and with a significant energy demand, and only at secure, established facilities. Several countries have used incineration to reduce large volumes of CWA stockpiles. Other neutralization, wet air oxidation, and supercritical oxidation technologies are demonstrated at lab and pilot-scale levels to achieve 98–100% DRE depending on the operating conditions. Other relatively new technologies, such as catalytic deactivation and treatment using MOF, can achieve 70–100% efficiency but are still in the embryonic or laboratory development stage. Deactivation of CWAs with MOFs exhibit high degradation potential, reaching 100% DRE, but it may not be suitable for large volumes. Catalyst and MOF treatment may be ideal for deactivating small-volume CWA. However, further development and demonstrations are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1538-1552"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va00071h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore size effects upon adsorption of PFAS in covalent organic frameworks: molecular dynamics study","authors":"Timothy C. Ricard, Timothy C. Schutt, Caitlin G. Bresnahan and Manoj K. Shukla","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00422A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4VA00422A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of industrial chemicals whose diversity, spread, and environmental/health impacts have recently become a major concern for environmental and health policy makers. This concern is further exacerbated by their pervasiveness and chemical resilience, which complicates their removal from watersheds and other contaminated environments. Due to the chemical stability of the carbon–fluoride bonds, they are difficult to degrade. Instead, an alternative presents itself in the form of adsorption, concentration, and then removal of PFAS from contaminated sites. Both metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently come under significant investigation as possible adsorption media which could be adapted for the removal of PFAS from contaminated sites. To gain greater insight into the adsorption capabilities of COFs for the removal of PFAS from waterways, we have studied the adsorption of PFAS molecules in COFs of differing pores sizes using molecular dynamics simulations. We examine the absorption of aqueous PFBA, PFOA, and PFOS into Covalent Triazine-Based Frameworks (CTF) of different pore sizes. This mechanistic adsorption data shows that a goldilocks zone occurs in pores with diameters of around 8 Å where the PFAS thread through the pores smoothly. Kinetic factors from diffusion into these nanopores favors the adsorption of short chain PFAS even though larger PFAS are thermodynamically favored. Each pore tends to initially adsorb only one PFAS, occupying the mouth of the pore, until the local COF surface is saturated and then multiple occupancy per pore can occur. Discussion on the impacts of PFAS concentration and interaction with the pores will inform design principles for enhanced selectivity and capacity for PFAS adsorbent material.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1633-1649"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d4va00422a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconciling algal growth understanding in photobioreactors through a statistical and facile single parameter (ψ) approach","authors":"Rupesh Kumar, Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki, Asher Wishkerman, Snehanshu Saha, Santonu Sarkar and Anirban Roy","doi":"10.1039/D5VA00083A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00083A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >As the global energy crisis intensifies, there is an urgent need for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Algae, with their high growth rates and ability to sequester carbon, present a promising solution for renewable energy and carbon capture. This study investigates the potential of various algal species for carbon capture through a comprehensive analysis of bubble column photobioreactors (BC-PBRs). By reviewing 102 relevant studies over the past 15 years, a total of 24 articles were identified, providing 650 data points on biomass yield in relation to design parameters such as aeration rate, column height, diameter, volume, and carbon dioxide concentration. The analysis revealed a positive correlation between biomass yield and column height (<em>R</em> = 0.48; range: 20–200 cm), total volume (<em>R</em> = 0.48; range: 1–70 L), and cultivation time (<em>R</em> = 0.47; range: 2–22 days). In contrast, a negative correlation was observed with carbon dioxide concentration (<em>R</em> = −0.12; range: 0.03–20%) and column diameter (<em>R</em> = −0.21; range: 2–24 cm). Notably, <em>Chlorella spinulatus</em> emerged as the most promising species among those studied, with the highest biomass yield (mean of 3.03 ± 1.12 g L<small>⁻¹</small>). This research highlights critical design considerations for optimizing BC-PBRs to enhance algal growth and biomass production.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 1650-1662"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/va/d5va00083a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}