Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)最新文献

{"title":"Metformin modifies hormone changes associated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.","authors":"Mathew Gorman, Nawaid Usmani, Michael N Pollak, Sunita Ghosh, Arun Elangovan, Julian Kim, John Thoms, Myriam Bouchard, Michael Peacock, Ye Wang, Neil E Fleshner, Holly Campbell, Eric Vigneault, Francois Vincent, Alan So, Fabio L Cury, Harvey C Quon, Ryan G Carlson, Carole Lambert, Laurence Klotz, Kim Chi, Michael Brundage, Kerry S Courneya, Bernhard J Eigl","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0114","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is regularly used to treat locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) with toxicities, including metabolic syndrome (MS) and associated adverse hormonal changes. This study evaluated whether metformin mitigates changes in laboratory biomarkers associated with MS and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in PCa patients receiving ADT. PRIME is a phase III double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which 166 normoglycemic patients with PCa receiving ADT were randomized to receive metformin or placebo. For this study, 47 patients from the metformin arm and 32 patients from the placebo arm underwent serum collection and analysis of the following analytes at baseline, 9, and 12 months: IGF-1, IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, IGFBP7, leptin, adiponectin, GDF15, insulin, C-peptide, GIP, GLP-1, and IL-6. Independent <i>t</i>-tests were used to determine whether significant changes in analytes were evident in patients receiving metformin vs placebo and to evaluate analyte changes from baseline for the metformin and placebo groups separately. Mean leptin values increased markedly in the placebo group and significantly less in the metformin group across all time points. Significant improvements were also observed in IGFBP1, IL-6, C-peptide, and GLP-1 with metformin compared with placebo. GDF15 and IGFBP3 significantly increased compared with baseline with ADT alone. This study demonstrates that metformin can mitigate biomarker changes induced by ADT associated with an increased risk of T2DM and MS. In addition, the attenuated increase in leptin signals a potential for improved PCa outcomes, as high leptin values have been correlated with aggressive disease and worse prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13326723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148378111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional and behavioral outcomes in pediatric adrenal carcinoma under mitotane therapy: a caregiver-reported pilot study.","authors":"Heidi Frey, Maria Riedmeier, Johanna Krüger, Carl Friedrich Classen, Nerea Domínguez-Pinilla, Maria Fragoso, Steffen Fuchs, Dominika Janus, Mouna Mezoued, Andrea Mocna, Jessica Munarin, Soraya Puglisi, Hilal Susam Sen, Gerdi Tuli, Justyna Walenciak, Bilgehan Yalcin, Martin Fassnacht, Verena Wiegering","doi":"10.1530/EO-26-0010","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-26-0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Mitotane is the standard therapy for advanced pediatric adrenocortical carcinoma (pACC). With improving survival, treatment-related long-term side effects and their impact on everyday functioning are becoming increasingly relevant. This multicenter pilot study provides first insights into this underexplored topic and lays the groundwork for future prospective investigations.</p><p><strong>Design and methods: </strong>Caregivers of children with pACC treated with mitotane completed an online questionnaire. Based on these retrospective caregiver-reported data, treatment-related side effects and growth parameters were assessed. Using two validated instruments - Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation (CASP) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) - caregivers rated functional participation and behavioral outcomes. We classified patients according to ongoing versus completed mitotane therapy and compared them with a sibling control group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort included 24 children with pACC from eight countries, predominantly with advanced tumors (stage III-IV: 66.7%, median age: 7.4 years, 41.7% females). Half had completed mitotane therapy, and half were still receiving it. Most patients experienced relevant side effects, with adrenal insufficiency being the most frequent ongoing limitation. Patients on ongoing mitotane therapy showed reduced functional participation and more pronounced behavioral difficulties, whereas those who had completed therapy had outcomes comparable to their siblings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this pilot study suggest temporary impairments in functional participation and psychosocial behavior during mitotane treatment, with improvement after therapy completion. In contrast, endocrine sequelae, particularly adrenal insufficiency, may persist beyond treatment. These observations underscore the need for standardized long-term endocrine follow-up and support the feasibility of larger, prospective studies to evaluate long-term neuropsychological outcome, especially in younger children.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e260010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13250649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148229503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic germline variants identified in pNEN patients during genetic testing.","authors":"Tara Arouchian, Alexandra Gangi, Ka Wing Fung, Teodora Dumitra, Abrahm Levi, Arsen Osipov, Andrew E Hendifar","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0088","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poor outcomes in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) partially result from the inability to identify early-stage disease in patients. Prevention strategies have focused on identifying high-risk patients through genetic susceptibility genes. This study aims to report the incidence of pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) in pNEN. 129 pNEN patients that underwent germline testing with Invitae between September 5, 2019, and February 15, 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. PGVs were found in 14.7% (19/129) of pNENs. PGVs in pancreatitis genes were detected in 7.7% (3/39) of the 39 pNEN patients with an available pancreatitis panel. <i>CFTR</i> alterations were the most common pancreatitis-associated gene identified (5.1%, 2/39). <i>MUTYH</i> alterations were the most frequently detected (3.9%, 5/129) PGV in pNENs. DNA or base repair PGVs were found in 7.8% (10/129). Our findings suggest that germline testing may play a role in the standard-of-care management of pNEN. <i>MUTYH</i> alterations merit further evaluation as a potential risk factor for pNEN.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13232594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metastatic neuroendocrine lesions in diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH): a narrative review and case series.","authors":"David C Llewellyn, Saoirse Dolly, John K Ramage, Afsheen Wasif, Nabil Kibriya, Georgios K Dimitriadis, Amy M Llewellyn, Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0093","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0093","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is a rare entity characterised by the proliferation of neuroendocrine cells in the respiratory epithelium. DIPNECH is a pre-neoplastic condition that can progress to localised or metastatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). The understanding of DIPNECH remains limited, and although the European Neuroendocrine Society has recommendations for its management, there are currently no established guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method: &lt;/strong&gt;This study involves a case series of three patients with DIPNECH progressing to metastasis, as well as a narrative review of previous cases screened from Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and SCOPUS databases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In 40 documented cases of DIPNECH progression to metastasis, metastatic spread was more frequently observed in the thoracic lymph nodes, with a disproportionately high incidence of atypical carcinoid features on histological examination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Patients with DIPNECH are a heterogeneous group, and based on current data, it is difficult to confidently predict which are more likely to experience metastases. We provide recommendations for surveillance for a range of possible outcomes, including if there is DIPNECH without metastases, if there are no metastases but particularly large lesions and when metastases are present. Patients with DIPNECH-associated atypical neuroendocrine tumours, TNM stage &gt; IIA, R1 resection margins and/or involvement of the visceral pleura ought to be monitored most closely. There are currently insufficient data to make meaningful recommendations regarding treatment options to prevent metastases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Learning points: &lt;/strong&gt;There are more published cases of metastases developing in the context of DIPNECH, suggesting that this is not an indolent condition in all cases.Thoracic lymph nodes tend to be the source of metastases, with a disproportionately high incidence of cases having atypical carcinoid features on histological examination.Patients with DIPNECH are a heterogeneous group, and based on current data, it is difficult to confidently predict which are more likely to experience metastases. Patients with DIPNECH and one or more of the following features: atypical neuroendocrine tumours, TNM stage &gt; IIA, R1 resection margins and/or involvement of the visceral pleura, ought to be monitored as per ENETS and ESMO guidelines for atypical bronchial NETs. DIPNECH with typical bronchial NET should be followed as per ENETS and ESMO guidelines for typical bronchial NETs. Surveillance for nodules with no confirmed histology of DIPNECH should be followed as per the British Thoracic Society Guidelines.For patients with histologically proved DIPNECH but without visible lung neuroendocrine tumours, CT thorax s","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13216853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148139937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in metastatic thyroid cancer survival from 1992 to 2022: a SEER database analysis.","authors":"Ashwin Govindan, Philippos Apolinario Costa, Richard Feinn, Hari Deshpande","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0086","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The majority of thyroid cancers present as localized disease that is treated with surgery or radioactive iodine. Despite the effectiveness of radioactive iodine, 5-10% of thyroid cancers are radioiodine-resistant and are termed radioiodine-refractory (RAIR) thyroid cancers. RAIR tumors that spread distantly exhibit high mortality. Phase III trials, in the early 2010s, for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as lenvatinib, sorafenib, and cabozantinib have shown promise in extending progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with RAIR, but it remains unclear whether these advances have improved disease-specific survival (DSS). We conducted a survival analysis of metastatic thyroid cancers using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) national database to assess changes in DSS from 1992 to 2022. Patients were divided into three cohorts based on the year of diagnosis: 1992-2001, 2002-2011, and 2012-2022. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to assess survival trends and effects of demographic and treatment variables. Our results suggest a modest but significant improvement in DSS for those diagnosed with distant metastasis of anaplastic, follicular, medullary, and oncocytic thyroid carcinoma in the most recent decade (2012-2022) compared to earlier periods. Limited information on detailed treatment data, imposed by the use of SEER, ought to be considered. Future studies with more detailed treatment data would be beneficial for confirming our findings and better characterizing RAIR thyroid cancer survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13193066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148019118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A contemporary overview of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes: MEN syndromes 1-5 and beyond.","authors":"Raquel A Maggacis, Alexandra Sorvina, Lisa J Hayes, Warrick J Inder, Emily K Brooks, Sunita M C De Sousa","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0103","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes constitute a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders predisposing to endocrine tumours of varying malignant potential. Recent advances in molecular genetics and tumour biology have significantly reshaped our understanding of underlying pathophysiology, enabling earlier diagnosis, genotype-specific surveillance and the emergence of targeted therapies. This review provides a contemporary overview of key recent advances and consensus guidelines across MEN syndromes, including MEN1, MEN2, MEN4, and MEN5 syndromes, SDHx syndrome, Carney complex, McCune-Albright syndrome, DICER1 syndrome and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. These insights reflect a rapidly evolving field with genetic diagnosis at the centre of prognostic assessment, targeted surveillance and individualised management.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13193063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148019016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential expression of POMC-processing genes in corticotroph tumors.","authors":"Elisa Lamback, Renan L Miranda, Laryssa Mendonça, Camila S de Figueiredo, Kaio C R Salum, Rômulo S Dezonne, Luiz Eduardo Wildemberg, Mônica R Gadelha","doi":"10.1530/EO-26-0003","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-26-0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Corticotroph tumors (CTs) derive from the <i>TBX19</i> lineage and are functioning (FCTs) or nonfunctioning (NFCTs). In FCTs, the main pathogenic variants are found in <i>USP8,</i> enhancing proopiomelanocortin (<i>POMC</i>) transcription through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, resulting in a higher secretion index compared with wild type (WT). POMC is cleaved by prohormone convertase 1/3, encoded by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 gene (<i>PCSK1</i>), into ACTH. <i>PCSK1</i> is inhibited by <i>PCSK1N,</i> which in turn is inhibited by transcription factor paired box 6 (<i>PAX6</i>). We aimed to compare gene expressions involved in POMC processing among NFCTs, <i>USP8</i>+ FCTs, and WT FCTs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fresh CTs were collected to quantify <i>TBX19</i>, <i>POMC</i>, <i>EGFR</i>, <i>PCSK1</i>, <i>PCSK1N,</i> and <i>PAX6</i> by polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing was performed to detect <i>USP8</i> variants. ACTH levels were normalized to tumor diameter to calculate the secretion index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 42 NFCTs, 13 WT FCTs, and 11 <i>USP8</i>+ FCTs. NFCTs had lower <i>TBX19</i>, <i>POMC</i>, and <i>PAX6</i> compared with both FCT groups, but similar <i>PCSK1N</i>. <i>TBX19</i> correlated positively with <i>POMC</i> (<i>R</i> = +0.460; <i>P</i> = 0.002) and <i>PAX6</i> (<i>R</i> = +0.327; <i>P</i> = 0.030). <i>USP8+</i> FCTs had a higher secretion index (<i>P</i> = 0.019), higher <i>PCSK1</i> (<i>P</i> = 0.037), and also lower <i>PCSK1N</i> (<i>P</i> = 0.041), compared with WT, despite similar <i>TBX19</i> and <i>POMC</i>. Secretion index only correlated with <i>PCSK1N</i> (<i>R</i> = -0.469; <i>P</i> = 0.021).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In NFCTs, low <i>TBX19</i> may contribute to their nonfunctioning phenotype. In FCTs, <i>USP8</i>+ and WT displayed similar <i>POMC</i> levels, but downstream <i>POMC</i>, <i>USP8</i>+ had a higher <i>PCSK1</i> and lower <i>PCSK1N</i>, which may account for their comparatively increased secretory activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e260003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13130876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the clinical utility of iodine-123 scans in follow-up for differentiated thyroid cancer: a single-centre study.","authors":"Robert Smith-Baker, Richard Meades, Arunansu Kar","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0105","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the impact of iodine-123 (I-123) diagnostic scintigraphy on management outcomes in patients undergoing follow-up for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), and to assess whether multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion influences subsequent clinical pathways.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with DTC who underwent I-123 scintigraphy at an NHS trust. Demographic data, scan findings, and subsequent clinical actions were collected. Scans were categorised as MDT endorsed or requested by individual clinicians. Outcomes were assessed by distinguishing initial diagnostic actions prompted by I-123 imaging from definitive management outcomes following completion of downstream investigations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 55 I-123 scans from 51 patients were included. New or abnormal findings were identified in 21 scans (38.2%). Initial diagnostic actions followed 23 scans (41.8%), most commonly further imaging. When management outcomes were reassessed after completion of downstream investigations, no definitive change in management occurred in 40 scans (72.7%), while 13 scans (23.6%) resulted in a definitive management change; in 2 scans (3.6%), outcomes were unclear. MDT-endorsed scans more frequently prompted initial diagnostic actions, although this difference was not statistically significant. Outcomes for MDT-requested scans and individually requested scans were near-identical (definitive change in management in 20% vs 20.7).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>I-123 scintigraphy can influence clinical decision-making during follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, most commonly by prompting further diagnostic investigation. However, definitive changes in management occur in a minority of cases. These findings support a selective rather than routine role for I-123 imaging in follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13087875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms following peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine neoplasms: case series reporting characteristics and outcomes from single-centre experience.","authors":"Wallace Chow, Ivy Wen, Claire Mok, Kathryn Huang, William Stevenson, Paul J Roach, Dale L Bailey, Connie I Diakos, Stephen J Clarke, Nick Pavlakis, David L Chan","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0107","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE is increasingly used in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Marrow toxicity resulting in therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) remains a rare but fatal complication of PRRT, with a limited understanding of prognostic or predictive factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a single-centre retrospective review of all patients with metastatic NEN who received at least one cycle of PRRT and subsequently developed t-MN confirmed on bone marrow biopsy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen out of 306 patients (4.2%) developed t-MN during follow-up, confirmed on bone marrow biopsy. The median time from cycle 1 of PRRT to diagnosis of t-MN was 48.3 months (range: 5.4-110.1 months). The median number of PRRT cycles was 4 (range: 3-8). Nine (69%) patients received concomitant radiosensitising chemotherapy with capecitabine, and one (7.7%) had the combination of capecitabine and temozolomide. The median overall survival from cycle 1 of PRRT was 61.9 months (range: 18.5-112.2 months). The median overall survival from diagnosis of t-MN was 10.4 months (range: 1.9-89.3 months). An unfavourable karyotype, a higher degree of cytopaenia and a higher blast percentage in bone marrow were associated with worse survival outcomes of t-MN.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>t-MN following PRRT is an uncommon but serious complication that can occur several years after treatment. This case series highlights the poor prognosis following t-MN diagnosis, particularly if untreated. PRRT is an effective treatment modality for NEN, but prospective studies are needed to explore factors predictive of t-MN development.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13052804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147635352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clinical impact of androgens in endometrial cancer: cancer promoter or suppressor?","authors":"Xirong Wu, Wenyan Tian, Yingmei Wang","doi":"10.1530/EO-25-0040","DOIUrl":"10.1530/EO-25-0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Androgens are associated with the risk of endometrial carcinoma (EC). However, their roles as prognostic factors are less clear. This study aims to investigate the prognostic impact of different androgens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who had previous endometrial sampling that showed EC between August 19, 2003, and November 4, 2015. This study included 465 patients with an average follow-up of 37 months. We examined associations between endogenous testosterone levels (total, bioavailable and free testosterone) and the clinical outcomes in patients with EC. Serum levels of bioavailable testosterone were calculated using the total testosterone level and the sex hormone-binding globulin concentration (measured by chemiluminescent and radioimmunoassays, respectively).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher circulating concentrations of total and bioavailable testosterone were associated with a higher risk of type I endometrial cancer (OR = 1.015, 95% CI: 1.008-1.022; OR = 1.395, 95% CI: 1.266-1.536, respectively), but the similar association was not found in type II patients (OR = 1.009, 95% CI: 0.998-1.020; OR = 1.208, 95% CI: 0.998-1.461, respectively). However, higher levels of testosterone in EC patients correlated with favorable clinicopathological features, especially bioavailable and free testosterone. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that elevated bioavailable and free testosterone levels were associated a longer overall survival (<i>P</i> = 0.048, <i>P</i> = 0.036, respectively), but this trend was not statistically significant after adjustment for other prognostic factors (<i>P</i> = 0.312, <i>P</i> = 0.272, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated serum testosterone levels were associated with an increased risk of type I cancers. Although androgens showed certain prognostic values, they were not independent prognostic factors. Different androgenic indexes showed different clinical implications. The risk estimates could refer to total and/or bioavailable testosterone. Bioavailable and/or free indexes may be better markers for the probable prognostic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":72907,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England)","volume":"6 1","pages":"e250040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13034521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}