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COVID-19-related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: insights from a clinical case. 与 COVID-19 相关的后可逆性脑病综合征：从一个临床病例中得到的启示。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00115
Reza Dehdab, Saif Afat
{"title":"COVID-19-related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: insights from a clinical case.","authors":"Reza Dehdab, Saif Afat","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00115","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present case report, a 50-year-old female presented with hemiparesis and blurred vision and was subsequently diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed cortico-subcortical edema with hyperintensities bilaterally in the frontoparietal and bi-occipital regions. Although PRES is a neurotoxic disorder that typically affects white matter of the brain and often is associated with hypertension, renal failure, and autoimmune disorders, recent studies have suggested that COVID-19 increases the risk of PRES. This case report presents a unique instance of COVID-19-related PRES. Unlike most previously reported cases occurring during the acute phase of severe COVID-19, our patient experienced PRES during the recovery phase with mild initial symptoms, such as fatigue and mild fever. The article discusses the pathophysiology of PRES, the potential mechanisms by which COVID-19 leads to PRES, and the treatment and outcome of the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"18-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11007401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138489276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The association between autoimmune encephalitis mediated by N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor autoantibodies and COVID-19: a systematic review. N-甲基-ᴅ-天冬氨酸受体自身抗体介导的自身免疫性脑炎与COVID-19之间的关联：系统综述。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00171
Ahmad Sawalha, Huda Alkilani, Rami Abdelaziz
{"title":"The association between autoimmune encephalitis mediated by N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor autoantibodies and COVID-19: a systematic review.","authors":"Ahmad Sawalha, Huda Alkilani, Rami Abdelaziz","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00171","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurological complications related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been increasingly reported. One of the most serious neurological complications is encephalitis, which could be due either to direct viral invasion or an immune-mediated inflammatory reaction. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of reported cases of autoimmune encephalitis mediated by N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor antibodies in conjunction with or after diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11007402/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138833342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gut microbiome diversity in a febrile seizure mouse model. 发热性癫痫小鼠模型的肠道微生物组多样性。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00206
Yongmoo Kim, Yoonhyuk Jang, Yong-Won Shin, Daejong Jeon, Jung-Seok Yoo, Dong-Kyu Park, Han Sang Lee, Seon-Jae Ahn, Kyung-Il Park, Keun-Hwa Jung, Soon-Tae Lee, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu
{"title":"Gut microbiome diversity in a febrile seizure mouse model.","authors":"Yongmoo Kim, Yoonhyuk Jang, Yong-Won Shin, Daejong Jeon, Jung-Seok Yoo, Dong-Kyu Park, Han Sang Lee, Seon-Jae Ahn, Kyung-Il Park, Keun-Hwa Jung, Soon-Tae Lee, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00206","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Febrile seizures at a young age can provoke late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Since recent evidence has suggested that the gut microbiome affects central nervous system pathology across the blood-brain barrier, we hypothesized that febrile seizures alter the composition of the gut microbiome to provoke epilepsy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Third-generation C57BL/6 mice were separated into two groups (n = 5 each), and hot air was applied to only one group to cause febrile seizures. After two weeks of heat challenge, the fecal pellets acquired from each group were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The gut microbiota of fecal pellets from each group revealed five taxa at the genus level and eight taxa at the species level that were significantly different in proportion between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although there was no significant difference in the overall diversity of the gut microbiota between the two groups, the identified heterogeneity may imply the pathognomonic causative relevance of febrile seizures and the development of epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"4 1","pages":"11-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11007404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139405434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acute messenger RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related meningitis/encephalitis is not uncommon. 急性基于信使rna的SARS-CoV-2疫苗相关脑膜炎/脑炎并不罕见。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00178
Josef Finsterer
{"title":"Acute messenger RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related meningitis/encephalitis is not uncommon.","authors":"Josef Finsterer","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00178","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11007403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138447459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chronic cryptococcal meningitis with a cryptococcoma presenting as normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case report. 慢性隐球菌性脑膜炎伴隐球菌瘤表现为常压脑积水：一例报告。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00038
Taeho Seo, Hyun Kyung Kim, Jung-Won Shin
{"title":"Chronic cryptococcal meningitis with a cryptococcoma presenting as normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case report.","authors":"Taeho Seo,&nbsp;Hyun Kyung Kim,&nbsp;Jung-Won Shin","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00038","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic meningitis may present with clinical features related to hydrocephalus. We report a 76-year-old female who presented to an outpatient clinic with cognitive decline and gait disturbance with recurrent falls. The initial diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was based on the clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, which showed ventriculomegaly without an obstructive lesion. During follow-up, however, there was remarkable cognitive decline, and she was unable to walk without assistance. Lumbar puncture and brain MRI showed respective lymphocyte-dominant pleocytosis that was positive for cryptococcal antigen and a new encapsulated abscess-like lesion in a left caudate head. Treatment for cryptococcal meningitis was initiated, and the patient was cured after a long treatment with an antifungal agent. As chronic meningitis could be misdiagnosed as NPH, differential diagnoses of etiologies that can cause hydrocephalus should be addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"114-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bb/ac/encephalitis-2023-00038.PMC10598285.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10423140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electroconvulsive therapy and seizure: a double-edged sword? 电休克治疗和癫痫发作：一把双刃剑？
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00059
Hye-Rim Shin, Minah Kim, Kyung-Il Park
{"title":"Electroconvulsive therapy and seizure: a double-edged sword?","authors":"Hye-Rim Shin,&nbsp;Minah Kim,&nbsp;Kyung-Il Park","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00059","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used therapeutic option of drug-refractory psychiatric disorders. ECT treats psychiatric symptoms by inducing brief controlled seizures through electrical stimulation, but ECT does not generally cause prolonged seizures or epilepsy. However, several studies have reported cases of prolonged seizures after ECT. This review aimed to determine the mechanism of epileptogenesis with neurobiological changes after ECT. Contrary to epileptogenesis by ECT, several cases have reported that ECT was successfully applied for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. In addition, ECT might be applied to hyperkinetic movement and psychiatric symptoms of encephalitis. We also investigated the anticonvulsant mechanism of ECT and how it controls encephalitis symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"103-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/de/e5/encephalitis-2023-00059.PMC10598284.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10443984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Osmotic demyelination syndrome caused by rapid correction of hyperammonemia and continuous hyperbilirubinemia: a case report and review of the literature. 高氨血症和持续高胆红素血症快速纠正引起的渗透性脱髓鞘综合征：一例报告和文献复习。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00108
Kunwoo Park, Sang Beom Kim, Sung Sang Yoon, Ho Geol Woo
{"title":"Osmotic demyelination syndrome caused by rapid correction of hyperammonemia and continuous hyperbilirubinemia: a case report and review of the literature.","authors":"Kunwoo Park,&nbsp;Sang Beom Kim,&nbsp;Sung Sang Yoon,&nbsp;Ho Geol Woo","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00108","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is an acute demyelinating disorder characterized by the loss of myelin in the center of the basis pons, defined as central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), and demyelination in locations outside the pons, defined as extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM). ODS including CPM and EPM is mainly caused by rapid correction of hyponatremia. However, there are several reports of ODS in medical conditions such as malnutrition; alcoholism; liver transplantation; malignancy; sepsis; and electrolyte imbalance including hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and chronic illness. ODS caused by rapid correction of hyperammonemia or continuous hyperbilirubinemia without sodium fluctuations has rarely been reported. Because ODS may be irreversible, prevention is crucial. Herein, we report a case of ODS secondary to rapid correction of hyperammonemia and continuous hyperbilirubinemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/73/22/encephalitis-2023-00108.PMC10598282.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41174778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Otogenic Enterobacter cloacae meningitis complicated with pneumocephalus. 耳源性阴沟肠杆菌脑膜炎并发肺炎球菌。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00164
Sorae Lee, Sumin Kim, Jun-Sang Sunwoo
{"title":"Otogenic Enterobacter cloacae meningitis complicated with pneumocephalus.","authors":"Sorae Lee,&nbsp;Sumin Kim,&nbsp;Jun-Sang Sunwoo","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00164","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pneumocephalus refers to a pathologic collection of gas within the cranial cavity and is mostly caused by head trauma and neurosurgical procedures. Spontaneous nontraumatic pneumocephalus is a very rare condition. We herein report an unusual case of community-acquired bacterial meningitis with a combination of acute otitis media, Enterobacter cloacae, and nontraumatic pneumocephalus. A 75-year-old woman presented with fever, mental change, and neck stiffness. Brain imaging demonstrated pneumocephalus and fluid collection in the left mastoid air cells. E. cloacae was isolated from both blood and otorrhea cultures, and the patient was successfully treated with intravenous ceftazidime for 3 weeks. Although E. cloacae is a very rare cause of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults, it should be considered as a possible pathogen in otogenic meningitis complicated with pneumocephalus.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"125-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ed/8d/encephalitis-2023-00164.PMC10598281.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41141899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A case of hyperacute postvaccinal encephalopathy after BNT162b2 nCoV-19 vaccine. 接种BNT162b2-NoV-19疫苗后出现超急性疫苗后脑病一例。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00066
Soo Ji Yoon, Kwang Ki Kim, Hang-Rai Kim, Eun Ja Lee
{"title":"A case of hyperacute postvaccinal encephalopathy after BNT162b2 nCoV-19 vaccine.","authors":"Soo Ji Yoon,&nbsp;Kwang Ki Kim,&nbsp;Hang-Rai Kim,&nbsp;Eun Ja Lee","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00066","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic contributed to the development of a large variety of vaccines, of which postvaccinal hyperacute encephalopathy is a very rare complication. Despite its rarity, if diagnosed properly, appropriate treatment can be rapidly applied. A healthy 53-year-old woman was admitted for a seizure on the day she received the second dose of the BNT 162b2 nCoV-19 vaccine. She subsequently developed irritability, which gradually worsened over several days. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mild pleocytosis and normal protein levels. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed diffuse sulcal hyperintensity on the entire brain surface on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images with meningeal enhancement. The patient was diagnosed with hyperacute postvaccinal encephalopathy and received immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and therapeutic plasmapheresis. Fortunately, the patient responded to therapy, achieving almost complete recovery from the neurological symptoms, with only mild memory impairment remaining after 3 weeks. Based on the clinical presentation, electroencephalogram findings, and MRI, our patient developed hyperacute encephalopathy within 24 hours of vaccine administration, which we surmised from the temporal course of symptoms and brain imaging findings. Further studies are required to elucidate the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination-related encephalopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"109-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c1/2b/encephalitis-2023-00066.PMC10598283.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10423137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Atypical occurrence of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis after breast cancer surgery and COVID-19. 乳腺癌手术后抗ma2相关脑炎与COVID-19的不典型发生。
Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00080
Jungyun Seo, Hong Nam Kim, Minsuk Kwon, Tae-Joon Kim
{"title":"Atypical occurrence of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis after breast cancer surgery and COVID-19.","authors":"Jungyun Seo,&nbsp;Hong Nam Kim,&nbsp;Minsuk Kwon,&nbsp;Tae-Joon Kim","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this report, we present a rare case of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis concurrent with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following breast cancer surgery. The patient exhibited minimal clinical symptoms of COVID-19 infection but developed seizures and altered mental status after surgery, leading to diagnosis of a classic paraneoplastic syndrome. This case highlights the possibility of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome even after cancer surgery and the need for careful consideration of post-acute infection syndromes when neurological symptoms occur following an infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"3 3","pages":"97-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ce/d6/encephalitis-2023-00080.PMC10368525.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9886519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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