Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health最新文献

{"title":"Investigation on the Semi-synthetic Cannabinoids Distributed on the Internet in Japan: Reduced Forms or Acetyl Derivatives of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)","authors":"R. Kikura-Hanajiri, S. Mizutani, M. Kawamura, R. Tanaka, T. Misawa, G. Tsuji, T. Kurohara, M. Ito, Y. Demizu","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In recent years, products containing structurally similar substances to ∆9-tetrahydrocannbinol (∆9-THC), the main constituent for the hallucinogenic effects of cannabis, have been widely distributed through the internet. Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), synthesized easily by the reduction of ∆8-THC and/or Δ9-THC, was listed as a Designated Substance under the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Act in Japan in March 2022; however, other semi-synthetic cannabinoids such as acetyl derivatives of THC and HHC emerged soon. In this study, three products labelled as containing HHC, HHC-O-acetate or THC-O-acetate were analyzed by LC-QTOF MS and GC-QTOF MS, and substances detected in the products were investigated in detail.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three yellowish-brown oil-like products (A, B, and C) obtained via the internet between 2022 and 2023, were extracted under sonication with acetonitrile. Analytical references for diastereomers of HHC (11α- and 11β-HHC), and acetyl derivatives of HHC (11α- and 11β-HHC-O-acetate) and THC (∆8- and Δ9-THC-O-acetate) were synthetized in National Institute of Health Sciences in Japan. LC-QTOF MS measurements were performed under a gradient condition of 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile using a Cortecs C18 column (2.1 mm i.d. x 150 mm, 2.7 µm, Waters). GC-QTOF MS measurements were carried out using a HP-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm, Agilent).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In GC-QTOF MS and LC-QTOF MS measurements, the diastereomers of HHC (11α- and 11β-HHC) and cannabinol (CBN) were detected as main peaks in Product A, and dihydro-iso-THC and Δ8-THC were also found in the product. The presence of HHC as the diastereomers together with Δ8-THC suggested that HHC was synthesized by the reduction of Δ8-THC. Furthermore, the detection of dihydro-iso-THC, the reduced form of Δ8-iso-THC and/or Δ4(6)-iso-THC which are by-products of the THC synthesis from cannabidiol (CBD), suggested that Δ8-THC may have been synthesized from CBD. In Product B, the diastereomers of HHC-O-acetate (11α- and 11β-HHC-O-acetate) and CBN-O-acetate were detected as main peaks, and small amounts of 11α- and 11β-HHC were detected only by LC-QTOF MS. The substances in Product B were almost the same as the acetyl derivatives of substances in Product A. In Product C, Δ8-THC-O-acetate was mainly detected, as well as other minor peaks of Δ9-THC-O-acetate, Δ8-THC and CBN-O-acetate. Several small peaks with the same protonated molecular ions as HHC, HHC-O-acetate and THC-O-acetate were also found in Product A, B and C, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The semi-synthetic cannabinoids are detected not only in oil-like products but also in food products such as gummies, and there are concerns about health risks caused by accidental ingestion of these substances. The reduced forms and acetyl derivatives of cannabinoids with different lengths of alkyl side chains of TH","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informal Use of Kratom for the Self-treatment of Heroin and Amphetamine-Type Stimulant (ATS): Findings from a Sample of People Who Use Drugs (PWUDs) in Malaysia","authors":"D. Singh,&nbsp;V. Balasingam,&nbsp;S. Narayanan","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Malaysia has harsh drug laws and continue to jail people who use drugs (PWUDs). This study aims to describe the use of kratom among PWUDs in Malaysia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 331 convicted PWUDs with kratom use history were randomly recruited from three penitentiaries for this cross-sectional study. Prison counsellors helped to conduct the surveys with a semi-structured questionnaire.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All males (n=331), 94% Malays, and 91% held employments prior to their incarceration. The samples mean age was 32.9 years (SD=7.3). The majority (59%, n=194/331) were amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) users, only 41% had co-used heroin and ATS. Almost one-third (32%, n=105/331) had used drugs between 1 to 5 years, while 68% had used drugs for ≥6 years. Most (99%, n=321/331) have been jailed before, and 86% (n=284/331) had no formal drug rehabilitation history. Kratom decoction is separately and intermittently consumed with illicit drugs, though 61% (n=202/331) used ≤1 litter of brewed solution daily, it is commonly ingested to enhance energy, to abstain from illicit drug consumption, to reduce the frequency of methamphetamine use, as a substitute to heroin, to maintain abstinence, to suppress heroin withdrawal, and to reduce heroin use frequency, though a few claimed using it to enhance sexual performance, and obtain euphoria. In addition, 48% claimed that it takes approximately one-month to reduce or stop heroin use, while 57% of ATS users claimed the same after initiating kratom. Heroin users rated their withdrawal pain severity as no pain (23%), mild (43%), moderate (27%), and strong (7%) after kratom use.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Though kratom has been banned, the infamous indigenous medicinal plant is widely used as a substitute to illicit substances, since it helps PWUDs to self-manage their substance use disorder (SUD). Hence, further clinical studies are needed to support kratom's medicinal use among PWUDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Psychoactive Substances: the Surprise Guest in Clinical and Therapeutic Approaches","authors":"A. Beyamina","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmacological identification and screening is one data point among many when approaching patients with polysubstance use disorders. This information must be completed with detailed clinical observations of subjects who use them in order to determine the potential dangers and adverse effects of NPS. NPS are used by a wide variety of persons from all walks of life. Their reasons for using, their expectations from the drug, their perceived satisfaction, and benefits from the substance as well as the adverse events and risks are key to repeating the experience. An individual's context is also key: how they obtain the substance and how they administer it and how often. These elements are not necessarily dependent on the pharmacological properties of the substance. NPS users are frequently polydrug users. The cumulative toxicity with other more habitual substances may present the greatest dangers to consumers. In this context, blanket legislation banning all potential psychoactive substances may encourage producers to more widespread innovation with potentially greater risks to users. Such legislation may actually prevent us from gaining access to clinically relevant data to make appropriate benefit-risk analyses of NPS. Encouraging efforts to support early warning systems, to rapidly identify upticks in overdoses and toxicity, remain important in our risk reduction efforts to consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Office-Based Injectable Buprenorphine in Opioid-Dependence","authors":"R.M.M. Alhawi","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Opioid use disorder is a global epidemic and has recently become one of the most prevalent addictions in the United Arabe Erarits (UAE). Opioids have long-lasting harmful effects on human health as well as affect the quality of life in terms of psycho and social aspects. The high mortality in opioid dependence remains a significant problem. To date, the recovery rate for patients who suffer from Opiod Used Disorder OUD doesn't exceed 22% globally by receiving effective treatments available. This study aims to determine if injectable buprenorphine reduction of opioids, increases recovery rates, and improves the quality of life in opioid dependence by comparing the efficacy of buvidal treatment vs psychosocial treatment after opioid intoxication one-month period.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a longitudinal comparative study following 42 male inpatients and outpatients aged between18-65 years under the care of Erada canter for treatment and rehab – Dubai, who were admitted for detoxification and rehabilitation, between April 2020 to December 2021, and divided into two groups: 21 male patients who are receiving Buvidal Prolonged-Release Solution for Injection and completed at least 12 weeks of weekly Buvidal injection in a group; and Another group of 21 male patients who received psychosocial treatment for 12 weeks. Data collection from a medical record system, Urine Drug Test, Quantitative Data, Assessments as well as Semi-structured interviews, and a Generic quality of life questionnaire (QoL-5) were used to assess the quality of life domains.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Buvidal Prolonged-Release Solution for Injection formations is a promising therapeutic option in OUD; it was found to play the most significant role in reducing opioid consumption and improving the recovery rate, it encourages users to engage more in the psychosocial treatment process and positively impacts their lives</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study definitively showed that Buvidal increased recovery rates among users of opioid substances and reduced opioid consumption as well as improved the quality of life among patients with Opioid Use Disorder. These studies provided evidence of therapeutic benefits in the field of opioid use disorder. Further studies are needed to establish and develop preventive and treatment measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SCRAs with a “Brand” New Look: In Vitro Cannabinoid Activity Profiling of Generic Ban-Evading Brominated Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists and their Analogs","authors":"M.H. Deventer,&nbsp;M. Persson,&nbsp;C. Norman,&nbsp;H. Liu,&nbsp;M. Connolly,&nbsp;N.N. Daeid,&nbsp;C. McKenzie,&nbsp;H. Green,&nbsp;C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Since the enactment of the Chinese generic ban (2021), the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) market has vastly changed and now encompasses unexpected, ban-evading structures such as brominated and tail-less compounds.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six new SCRAs were functionally characterized at CB1 and CB2 using 2 distinct activity-based assays, monitoring βarr2 recruitment (NanoBiT® assay) and Ca2+ mobilization (AequoScreen® assay).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Brominated, tailed SCRAs (ADB-5’Br-BUTINACA, MDMB-5’Br-BUTINACA) showed high efficacy and potency at CB1. Interestingly, switching the bromine for a fluorine (ADB-5’F-BUTINACA) resulted in an even more pronounced CB activity. Tail-less, brominated compounds (ADB-5’Br-INACA, MDMB-5’Br-INACA) retained activity at both receptors, albeit with decreased potency compared to their tailed counterparts, which was confirmed in both assays. Removing the bromine group from the tail-less core resulted in decreased activity (ADB-INACA), evidencing the positive effect of bromine substitution.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides essential information for both drug law enforcement agencies and health care workers, as it can be expected that the ever-lasting cat-and-mouse game that describes the SCRA market will carry on, with the surge of new and unexpected substances remaining a great challenge for several fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future of Legalization of Cannabis and its Impact on the Availability of Synthetic Cannabinoids","authors":"A. El Mougy","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, there has been a strong pressure on legislatures to legalize or decriminalize use and possession of specified amounts of cannabis in many Countries. Opinions about drug legalization/decriminalization can differ based on whether a person has a personal history of substance use and as a function of demographic and ideological characteristics (such a religious or political preference). Legalization of drugs (e.g., cannabinoids) is the process of removing all legal prohibitions against it. Decriminalization of drugs (e.g., cannabinoids) means it would remain illegal, but the legal system would not prosecute a person for possession under a specified amount. Instead, the penalties would range from no penalties at all, civil fines, drug education, or drug treatment. Proponents of drug legalization argue that prohibition in general and the “War on Drugs” that began in the 1980′s, in particular, have created a black market for drugs, overloaded the criminal justice system, and failed to reduce the supply of drugs. On the other hand, the negative data of cannabinoids use far outweigh a few documented benefits for a limited set of medical indications, for which safe and effective alternative treatments are readily available. If there is any medical role for cannabinoid drugs, it lies with chemically defined compounds, not with unprocessed cannabis plant. On the other hand, the easy availability, cheapness, perceptive legality, and difficulty in detecting its presence with standard urine toxicologic tests, and similar factors probably contribute to the increased use, and popularity of synthetic cannabinoids. Although laws, and regulations concerning auditing of these substances have been implemented in many countries, production of new types of synthetic cannabinoids rapidly takes place.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of the Extraction Methods for the Simultaneous Detection of NPS Groups from Urine","authors":"M. Kuloglu Genc,&nbsp;S. Mercan,&nbsp;C. Bulut,&nbsp;Z. Turkmen","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100100","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;New psychoactive substances (NPS) has become a global issue with 134 countries and territories reporting seizures of at least one or more substances from every continent. A total of 1,127 NPS have been reported worldwide as of 2022. The increasing chemical diversity and unprecedented substance numbers of NPS make this phenomenon even more difficult to detect, monitor and understand analytically. These synthetic substances containing more than one substance, pose a global threat for public health and cause challenges for analytical chemists, toxicologists, and clinicians due to their ever-changing chemical structure. Urine as the most common used matrix for analytical toxicology studies, is an invasive biological sample and allows a longer detection time for the parent drugs and their metabolites. Considering that the NPS recovered throughout Turkey are predominantly synthetic cannabinoids and that these substances are constantly changing, it is a necessity to develop an effective extraction method for urine which covers the currently consumed synthetic cannabinoids. In view of sample extraction techniques having a noteworthy contribution to analysis results, the aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of the two most widely used techniques, liquid-liquid (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) on the detection of NPS focusing mostly on synthetic cannabinoids. In this study, the comparison of extraction techniques was performed from urine by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;In order to compare the efficiency of the extraction, different LLE and SPE procedures were evaluated in terms of recovery efficiency, accuracy, and precision. A 10-point calibration was prepared in methanol. The reference standards of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites, synthetic cathinones, a tryptamine, and a phencyclidine-type substance were spiked at 0.5 ng/L (low) and 5 ng/L (high) levels. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate using an LC-MS/MS system equipped with an electrospray ionization source operating in positive ion mode. The selected SPE procedure was applied to 20 authentic urine samples taken from volunteers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The optimized extraction method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, the limit of detection, the limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision. The linear range was achieved between 0.05-5 ng/L, and correlation coefficient values of analytes were ≥0.999. Accuracy and precision studies were satisfactory for most of the substances. Results showed that the developed extraction method was suitable not only for synthetic cannabinoids but also for synthetic cathinones, tryptamine (5-MeO-Mipt) and phencyclidine type substance (ketamine) as well.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;NPS creates societal challenges that need to be addressed greatly due to its widespread use and the spee","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity-based Detection of HIF stabilizers: a Future-proof Complementing Method in Doping Control?","authors":"L.K. Janssens,&nbsp;L. De Wilde,&nbsp;P. Van Eenoo,&nbsp;C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Small-molecule HIF stabilizers are being misused in sports to ‘artificially’ increase red blood cells. WADA banned their use, but the structural variety in this relatively new class of performance enhancing drugs and the rapid pace at which new drug candidates are emerging hampers their detection in biological fluids, as many currently used techniques target specific structures – a problem also encountered with NPS. Therefore, a future-proof strategy was envisaged, capable of detecting ANY HIF stabilizer (known AND unknown ones).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A previously developed cell-based assay, monitoring the upstream mechanism of HIF1 activation (heterodimerization of HIF1α with HIF1β), was used to detect HIF stabilizers in spiked urine samples based on their HIF stabilizing activity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The HIF1 bioassay proved to be universal, detecting every HIF stabilizer tested so far (including enarodustat, IOX2, JNJ-42041935, etc.). Using roxadustat as a prototype compound, sensitivity in known urine matrices was determined and ranged from 1-25 ng/mL. A limit-of-detection in blind-coded roxadustat-spiked urine matrices was determined to evaluate routine applicability of this activity-based detection method.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Proof of concept was established that HIF stabilizers can be detected in spiked urine samples by a cell-based assay format through the measurement of increased HIF activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise Dependence and Perfectionism: a Novel Issue in Sport Environment?","authors":"P. Venuti,&nbsp;C. Furlanello,&nbsp;A.M. Peirò,&nbsp;T. Zandonai","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Exercise dependence (ED) can be defined as a maladaptive pattern of excessive exercise that manifests in physiological and psychological and cognitive symptoms (Biggs et al 2021). Moreover, perfectionism is a multidimensional personality disposition characterized by setting exacting standards, striving for perfection and harsh criticism (Hill et al 2015). The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between these two variables.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The ED level of the participants was assessed using the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R) while the perfectionism we used the Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport” (MIPS). A specific survey online was performed. Correlations between variables were calculated using Pearson's r for normal distributed data and Spearman's rho for non-normal distributed data. For supplements consume we used a contingence analysis (Pearson's Chisquared test, 3 × 2).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>On a sample of 341 Spanish athletes (mean age 25.6 years (SD 8.3), 57% men, 43% women), 6% were at risk of dependence (AR), 57% were non-dependent symptomatic (NDS) while 37% were non-dependent asymptomatic. EDS-R score was positively correlated with MIPS score (r=0.3692, p&lt;0.001) and we found a higher use of supplements in AR (50%) vs NDS (26%) participants (p=0.029).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Exercise dependence appears to be positively associated with perfectionism and supplements use. However, these relationships should be examined in future research to confirm this trend, and possibly identify a risk stratification model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When a Prophecy comes True: Ethyleneoxynitazene as a ‘Prophetic’ Member of the Emerging Class of 2-Benzylbenzimidazole ‘Nitazene’ Synthetic Opioids","authors":"M.M. Vandeputte,&nbsp;G.C. Glatfelter,&nbsp;D. Walther,&nbsp;I. Ujváry,&nbsp;D.M. Iula,&nbsp;M.H. Baumann,&nbsp;C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>2-Benzylbenzimidazole opioids (‘nitazenes’) have become increasingly prevalent on the recreational drug market. We performed pharmacological characterization of various 'prophetic' nitazenes, allowing risk prioritization based on structure-activity relationships. Ethyleneoxynitazene, which we predicted to emerge and which was first found in January 2023, is presented as a case example.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In vitro pharmacological characterization encompassed radioligand binding assays in rat brain tissue and a cell-based µ-opioid receptor activation (MOR-β-arrestin2) assay. Antinociception (hot plate assay), locomotor activity, and thermic effects were evaluated after subcutaneous administration in C57BL/6J mice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Binding assays revealed a Ki of 57.9 nM; only slightly higher than that of etonitazene (38.4 nM). However, ethyleneoxynitazene had a &gt;100-fold lower potency in the MOR-β-arrestin2 assay (EC50, ethyleneoxynitazene=70.0 nM; EC50, etonitazene=0.588 nM). Its efficacy (relative to the reference hydromorphone) was also lower (Emax,ethyleneoxynitazene=187% vs. Emax,etonitazene=254%). The strongly reduced activity was reflected in vivo, with an ED50, antinociception of 11.1 mg/kg and 0.0223 mg/kg for ethyleneoxynitazene and etonitazene, respectively. Hypothermia and locomotor assays revealed the same pattern.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The a priori availability of pharmacological data upon the first emergence of ethyleneoxynitazene allowed to rapidly communicate that (compared to other nitazenes) this is likely not the opioid of highest concern. Similarly, pharmacological data for other anticipated nitazenes are readily available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}