Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health最新文献

{"title":"The Psychoactive Drugs and Their Use as Doping by High Performance Athletes","authors":"L. Santi","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The list of banned substances released and revised by WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) every year has several classes of drugs, among which many can be considered psychoactive. This study qualitatively analyzes the use of these substances and their effects on the performance enhancement, in multiple ways, of high-performance athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Analysis and review of annual statistical data published by WADA (World Antidoping Agency) and case studies with data provided by cooperating international federations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Many psychoactive drugs have been found in different profiles and sports, used by high performance athletes, associated or not with other classes of drugs for performance enhancement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It was possible to find a correlation between the use of psychoactive drugs and high-performance sports for many reasons, but it is very difficult to trace and limit the profile of the athlete who uses these substances, making prevention and tracking a challenge</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription Drugs and the Hazard of Addiction","authors":"A. Alzayed","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>It has been a known fact that prescription drugs make up a considerable portion of drug addiction in any community. It has estimated to form up to 60% of addict population in some countries.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Accordingly, it is of great significance to discuss this medical and legal issue in a scientific approach, trying to figure which drugs are at a greater risk to be abused by patients who have the suspect ability to be addicted to any substance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Try to develop a system that is able to prevent or at least reduces the risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This speech aims to construct a frame to address these points.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Effects of Selected Synthetic Cannabinoids on Neuronal Senescence: Impact on Proliferation and Beta-Galactosidase Activity in SH-SY5Y Cells","authors":"R. Roque-Bravo,&nbsp;H. Carmo,&nbsp;J. Pedro Silva,&nbsp;F. Carvalho,&nbsp;D. Dias da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) display a pharmacological mechanism similar to that of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the key active principle of cannabis. SC are full agonists with higher potency at the CB1 and CB2 receptors, contrasting with THC's partial agonism. Cannabis use precipitates certain aspects of senescence/ageing, so it is plausible that SC act alike. Thus, for the present study the impact of SC exposure on in vitro neuronal cells proliferation and beta-galactosidase activity (a marker of senescence) was determined, to investigate their putative pro-senescence effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1µM, 1nM and 1pM AMB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA for 24, 48, 72 and 96h, after which the sulforhodamine B assay (an indirect measure of cell proliferation) was conducted. To determine CB1R and CB2R involvement, the assays were repeated after cells’ pre-incubation for 20 min in the presence of the selective antagonists, SR141716A and SR144528, respectively, at 0.5µM. Beta-galactosidase activity was measured in cells exposed to 1µM and 1nM AMB-FUBINACA for 22 passages (P24-46, 68 days), using the Enzo Life Sciences Cellular Secescence Activity Assay kit.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 96h, SH-SY5Y proliferation was increased after exposure to test concentrations of both SC (p&lt;0.05); the use of CB1 antagonist reverted proliferation for AMB-FUBINACA, while CB2 antagonist reversed effects for both SC (p&lt;0.05). Preliminary results show increased beta-galactosidase activity at passage 46 in SC-treated cells (p&lt;0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results show a possible influence of SC on senescence-associated markers, proving the need to test additional neuronal ageing markers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial Rehabilitation Programs from Emirati Culture perspective at Erada Center","authors":"A. Aljasmi","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All substance use patients on addiction treatment centers deserve to be treated to the highest professional and ethical standards by appropriately qualified, experienced healthcare professionals. Indeed, both the patients’ micro and macro systems involve stakeholders’ influences to informally or explicitly on their treatment. In addition, the UAE Federal Law No.8 of 2016 has a dramatic shift towards treatment where offenders will no longer have a court case if they voluntarily present themselves to the Addiction Treatment Unit seeking treatment. In addition to the Law No. 5 of 2015 of establishment of Erada Center in Dubai aims to treat the disease of substance use disorders and alcohol addiction, which result in negative psychological, economic, social and physical impacts. This presentation will give an overview about Erada Center Treatment Programs and how the cultural aspects was taken into consideration during the implementation process. The treatment programs are driven from trained clinicians through individual and group counselling include a variety of treatments used to treat behavioural health problems such as Matrix Model, 12 steps, CBT module, family intervention and spiritual programs. These programs were translated to Arabic language with review to take the cultural values of the patients into consideration. This presentation also will show the effectiveness of these programs from patient's recovery and relapse rates, and patient quality of life improvements. It will give an overview about psychosocial treatment standards that has been followed at Erada Centre. The Method of the research will be using internal and external secondary data; such as statistics, recovery and relapse rate, patients progress reports, and other national reports about substance abuse figures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Drugs of Abuse: What Clinicians Need to Know?","authors":"A. El Mougy","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drug abuse is a growing concern all over the world, and over the past decade, novel drugs have emerged and have become increasingly popular. Designer drugs—otherwise known as synthetic drugs—are manufactured to chemically resemble illicit drugs but may be purchased legally because drug manufacturers constantly change the chemical structure to circumvent drug laws. “In fact, designer synthetic drugs are found to be more potent and dangerous than their street drug counterparts” (NIDA, 2015). People who abuse designer synthetic drugs have suffered a number of negative health outcomes that include anxiety, seizures, hallucinations, loss of consciousness, and significant organ damage (DEA, 2013). Recognition and treatment of new drugs of abuse pose many challenges for health care providers due to lack of quantitative reporting and the difficulty of detection in routine blood and urine analyses (Rech et al., 2015). Clinicians should familiarize themselves with management principles of these new agents. Therefore, the purpose of this workshop is to describe the pharmacology, clinical and adverse effects of several new classes of drugs of abuse as well as management of patients with addiction to these drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Strengthened Preparedness and Response to New Psychoactive Substances in Europe","authors":"A. Gallegos","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In January 2022, the European Commission proposed to strengthen the mandate of the EMCDDA, transforming it into the new EU Drugs Agency (EUDA) [1]. This new regulation aims to improve data sharing, preparedness, surveillance, risk assessment, early warning, prevention, and response [2]. Under the new regulation, the European Union Early Warning System (EWS) on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) will continue to have a central role in supporting national- and EU-level preparedness and responses to NPS. The EWS, operational in Europe since 1997, was the first regional early warning system to be established to monitor new psychoactive substances (NPS) and has been recognized as a model for national, regional and international early warning systems [3]. The EU EWS rapidly detects, assesses, and responds to health and social threats caused by NPS. Data collected and analyzed include event-based data on seizures by law enforcement, collected samples and serious adverse events linked to NPS. These data are complemented by annual reports, which include aggregated data on seizures and from poisonings. This presentation will provide an update from the EWS on NPS, highlight emerging threats in Europe, and reflect on the role of early warning systems in monitoring, strengthening preparedness and responding to NPS. [1] <span><span>https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022PC0018</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>; [2] <span><span>https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/03/28/eu-drugs-agency-council-presidency-and-european-parliament-agree-to-strengthen-the-agency-s-role/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>; [3] <span><span>https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/rapid-communication/update-eu-early-warning-system-2022_en</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NPS and Other Emerging Drugs in the Clearnet and Darkweb.","authors":"I. Mazzoni","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Psychoactive substances have a long history of use as doping substances in sport, usually constituting the second most used drug class behind anabolic steroids. In addition to the classic doping substances, a more challenging problem is presented by the increasing availability of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and other emerging drugs (ED). These news drugs need first to be found and identified, classified based on the little information available as doping substances and finally analytical methods have to be developed or implemented in WADA accredited laboratories to detect them. In an effort to anticipate doping trends, one of the methods WADA uses is an intelligence-based approach, where new or potential doping substances are identified and purchased to confirm or identify their chemical structures and to assess their quality and purity. In this study we set out to monitor both the Darkweb and the Clearweb for emerging drugs with potential doping benefits. A comparison between the prevalence of these substances from both sources will be presented as well, to establish whether athletes have access to more sophisticated substances in the Darkweb. The presence of these NPS/ED as components of multipart nutritional subjects will be reported as well. These results will serve to target efforts to discover new substances entering the sport world for doping purposes and develop prevention and rapid-response strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Profiling of the Street Drug Nyaope in South Africa using GC-MS.","authors":"E.M. Mwenesongole,&nbsp;P.M. Mthembi,&nbsp;M.D. Cole","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Nyaope is a highly addictive low-grade heroin mixed with cannabis and/or other psychoactive compounds such as caffeine, lidocaine, phenacetin, dextromethorphan, and antiretroviral medication. The contents of Nyaope can differ within batches making it a challenge to profile. We present an analytical method for the storage, extraction, identification, and profiling of Nyaope.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Identification and profiling of Nyaope was conducted with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Method validation parameters assessed were, stability, linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, accuracy and precision, ruggedness, selectivity, and recovery.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The method achieved accuracy of 80–120%, linearity with R2≥0.99, and precision values of less than 20%. Detection limits for diamorphine, efavirenz, nevirapine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol ranged from 9.94 to 18.7 pg on column and the quantitation limits ranged from 30.1 to 56.6 pg on column. Stability, recoveries, and ruggedness were within acceptable laboratory standards. Samples were discriminated into original batches using the method and Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The Southern African drug Nyaope can now be identified and compared. This can assist law enforcement agencies and public health stakeholders develop suitable methods to deal with supply and demand of this drug.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzodiazepine Boom: Tracking Etizolam, Pyrazolam and Flubromazepam from Pre-Psychoactive Act 2016 to Present Using Analytical and Social Listening Techniques","authors":"A. Mullin,&nbsp;M. Scott,&nbsp;G. Vaccaro,&nbsp;F. Schifano,&nbsp;J. Corkery,&nbsp;A. Guirguis","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The designer benzodiazepine (DBZD) market continues to expand driven by pro-drug use communities on social media, increasing demand. This research addresses the evolution of three popularised DBZDs, etizolam(E), flubromazepam(F) and pyrazolam(P), available on the drug market for over a decade.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Quantitative analysis of multiple drug batches, purchased in bulk in 2016 from 15 open web vendors, under a Home Office licence, was performed by UHPLC-MS(MS) and qualitatively supported by 1H NMR. Underpinned by a systematic literature review and netnographic analyses, both manual and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven thematic analyses of social media content on X and Reddit were performed between 2016-2023, using numerous.ai and ChatGBT.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>UHPLC-MS(MS) confirmed the presence of expected drugs in every sample, showing significant inter/intra batch variability (E = 13.8 ± 0.6 to 24.7 ± 0.9mg; F = 4.0 ± 0.2 to 23.5 ± 0.8mg; P = 5.2 ± 0.2 to 11.5 ± 0.4mg). 1H NMR could not confirm etizolam as a lone compound in any etizolam batch. Etizolam dominated social media discussions (59% of posts); with 24.2% involving sale/purchase and 17.8% discussing new administration trends/poly-drug use. AI confirmed three of the top five trends identified manually.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings emphasise a broad-spectrum in purity variability among samples, highlighting potential health risks associated with DBZDs. The study suggests that social media discussions on platforms like X and Reddit exacerbate the global DBZD market. Despite newer analogues emerging, these three drugs remain popular. The increasing demand, despite their potency and potential life risks, calls for greater control and real-time monitoring of social media content to implement effective harm reduction strategies and regulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Listening of Benzodiazepines Abuse and Misuse","authors":"A. Guirguis","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Benzodiazepines are Class C drugs that can act as anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives, and muscle relaxants. Over the decade, benzodiazepine misuse has proliferated with increasing numbers of newly emerging benzodiazepines. The aim of this work is to use a social listening approach to identify the latest trends in benzodiazepine abuse and misuse.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Literature reviews were conducted over various periods spanning over 2020-2021 and 2022/2023 from PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. During the same periods, tweets were collected using the Twitter social media platform (Rapid Miner Software) and analyzed using a thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over 1000 article and 60,000 tweets were collected and cleaned using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The number of articles peaked in 2018/2019 and declined afterwards. The type of benzodiazepines being misused encompassed traditional benzodiapines such as diazepam and designer benzodiazepines such as bromazolam, with Xanax (alprazolam) being one of the most popular benzodiazepines. Polysubstance misuse with benzodiazepines included cannabis, opioids, steroids, nicotine, caffeine, and alcohol. Self-medication was a common theme for panic attacks, anxiety, and insomnia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Unsafe practices continue to be popular with benzodiazepine misuse. Clinicians and policy makers need to be vigilant when prescribing and devising harm reduction interventions related to benzodiazepines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}