Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health最新文献

{"title":"Exploring high opioid prescriptions among nephrologists in the United States using machine learning algorithms","authors":"Shivashankar Basapura Chandrashekarappa ,&nbsp;Sulaf Assi ,&nbsp;Manoj Jayabalan ,&nbsp;Abdullah Al-Hamid ,&nbsp;Dhiya Al-Jumeily","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>The opioid pandemic has contributed to deaths globally, and prescription opioids have played a crucial role in these deaths. Addressing overdose requires understanding the reasons behind prescription, especially in cases of chronic diseases. Several factors play a role in the increased prescription of opioids, relating to patients’ lifestyle, characteristics, and disease. As these factors are complex in nature, understanding them requires machine learning approach. This study explored overprescribing opioids among nephrologists in the US using unsupervised machine learning algorithms.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Two types of unsupervised clustering were applied to the Medicare Provider Utilisation and Payment Data Part-D Prescriber Summary.</div></div><div><h3>Setting</h3><div>The dataset had 50,134 records with 85 features relating to opioids prescription per US state. Univariate and bivariate analysis were applied first to gain understanding of the data followed by K-mean clustering and Gaussian Mixture Models.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Unsupervised clustering showed that prescription issued to males were three times higher than those issued to females. Moreover, male nephrologists were higher prescribers than female nephrologists, and a third of male nephrologists were high prescribers of opioids. The highest rates of prescriptions were seen in California.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Unsupervised machine learning algorithms enabled understanding of high opioid prescription across gender and US state by analysing multiple features. Both K-mean clustering and Gaussian Mixture Models achieved the same outcomes. Future work will benefit from applying deep learning in order to understand in-depth patterns in prescription and contributing factors related to over-prescribing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Characterization of the Pyrazole-Carrying Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist 5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and its Structural Analogs","authors":"M.H. Deventer,&nbsp;C. Norman,&nbsp;R. Reid,&nbsp;C. McKenzie,&nbsp;N.N. Daeid,&nbsp;C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Pyrazole-carrying “FUPPYCA” synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) have made short-lived appearances on the market since 2015. However, 5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and 3,5-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA have recently been detected in Scottish prisons. This re-emergence is believed to be triggered by the Chinese generic SCRA ban (2021).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Infused paper samples, seized from different Scottish prisons were analyzed to assess the prevalence of FUPPYCA SCRAs. Six structurally related analogs were then functionally characterized using live cell receptor-based assays, based on the functional complementation of a nanoluciferase enzyme.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and 3,5-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA mixtures were detected 9 times in Scottish prisons since July 2021. Most FUPPYCA SCRAs were found to be inactive at both CB1 and CB2, with only 3 analogs showing some (minor) CB1 activation potential (3,5-AB-CHMFUPPYCA, 5,3-AB-CHMFUPPYCA and 5,3-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA). Interestingly, the 5,3 regioisomers (covered by the ban) were more active than their 3,5 counterparts. Furthermore, all analogs had antagonistic properties, potentially related to their structural resemblance to cannabinoid antagonists.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Given their weak CB activity, FUPPYCA SCRAs are not expected to pose a serious health hazard, despite their ability to evade the generic ban. This may also explain their only transient re-emergence in Scottish prisons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NPS in Poland: Problems and Solutions","authors":"K. Tkaczyk-Rymanowska","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>According to a polish law, NPS is a natural or synthetic substance acting on the central nervous system, other than a psychotropic substance or a narcotic drug, posing health or social risks comparable to the risks posed by them, or which mimic the effects of these substances. Whoever possesses NPS, is subject to a fine. If there is a significant amount of NPS, the perpetrator is subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to 3 years. If there is a NPS in insignificant amounts, intended for personal use, the proceedings may be discontinued, if the ruling against the perpetrator would be ineffective due to the circumstances. NPS use is very widespread in Poland, specially some of their types.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>NPS use as a phenomenon: Multidimensional - as to the factors necessary for its occurrence (drug-emotions-repeatability), Multifactorial - as to the sources (social impact of specific groups, the scale of supply, social status, cultural factors, life perspectives). Scope: NPS use as a problem: Social - a manifestation of social pathology Medical - addiction as a disease entity Legal - criminal liability for the crime of NPS possession. Social problems: Loss of the ability to live in a family, in society, to perform professional duties, Disappearance of social relations, Codependency, Development of other social pathologies (e.g., prostitution), Stigmatization of NPS addicts in society, marginalization and rejection consumer in social contacts, The problem of the so-called recreational use. Medical problems: Gradual destruction of health, sometimes up to the complete degradation of the person, the development of other diseases, including mental disorders, the phenomenon of tolerance, Politoxicomania, Risky behavior, loss of control over the behawior, Addiction treatment costs, the need to expand NPS treatment facilities (and methods), Difficulties in treating people after taking NPS (unknown ingredients). Legal problems: Development of drug-related crime and other forms of crime (e.g. theft, robbery), Criminalization, stigmatization of perpetrators, preventing them from returning to life in society (e.g. recording a conviction in the National Criminal Register makes it difficult to navigate the labor market), Legislative problems, constitutional doubts what really means “NPS”. Solving problems related to NPS addiction: Development of harm reduction system Addiction treatment centers Therapies/psychotherapies Prevention (e.g. phone apps) Supervision and control over NPS Criminalizing NPS possession (good idea?).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Paper Spray-Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of NPS in Emergency Department","authors":"S. Boccuzzi,&nbsp;D. Cowan,&nbsp;P. Dargan,&nbsp;E. Goucher,&nbsp;V. Abbate","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ambient ionisation has recently become an attractive addition to toxicology workflows, as it provides rapid analysis of drugs of abuse compared with traditional chromatographic techniques such as LC-MS. Based on electrospray ionisation mechanisms, paper spray ionisation (PSI) generates ions directly from a sample spotted onto a paper substrate, minimising the cost and time of analysis. PSI uses dried matrix spots (DMS), a well-established but evolving trend in toxicology providing an alternative to collection of venous blood samples. DMS also offer improved matrix and analyte stability due to fewer enzymatic processes taking place as a result of matrix dehydration. Using DMS and PSI combined introduces the possibility of less invasive sample collection for the patient, no sample extraction or chromatography required facilitating lower cost per analysis, and quicker turnaround with earlier results available to clinicians. Emergency department (ED) presentations due to acute drug toxicity can be life-threatening; currently clinicians rely on self-report and clinical patterns of toxicity to determine the drug(s) likely to be involved. The use of PSI for identification and quantitation of NPS/other drugs can provide results on drugs present to inform patient care early in the patients’ ED presentation. With the NPS market continually expanding, PSI coupled to MS has the potential for a wide-reaching benefit to ED care, ultimately enabling clinicians to tailor patient care based on analytically confirmed NPS use. This presentation will illustrate our preliminary work using a VeriSpray PSI-MS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Psychoactive Drugs and Their Use as Doping by High Performance Athletes","authors":"L. Santi","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The list of banned substances released and revised by WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) every year has several classes of drugs, among which many can be considered psychoactive. This study qualitatively analyzes the use of these substances and their effects on the performance enhancement, in multiple ways, of high-performance athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Analysis and review of annual statistical data published by WADA (World Antidoping Agency) and case studies with data provided by cooperating international federations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Many psychoactive drugs have been found in different profiles and sports, used by high performance athletes, associated or not with other classes of drugs for performance enhancement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It was possible to find a correlation between the use of psychoactive drugs and high-performance sports for many reasons, but it is very difficult to trace and limit the profile of the athlete who uses these substances, making prevention and tracking a challenge</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription Drugs and the Hazard of Addiction","authors":"A. Alzayed","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>It has been a known fact that prescription drugs make up a considerable portion of drug addiction in any community. It has estimated to form up to 60% of addict population in some countries.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Accordingly, it is of great significance to discuss this medical and legal issue in a scientific approach, trying to figure which drugs are at a greater risk to be abused by patients who have the suspect ability to be addicted to any substance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Try to develop a system that is able to prevent or at least reduces the risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This speech aims to construct a frame to address these points.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Effects of Selected Synthetic Cannabinoids on Neuronal Senescence: Impact on Proliferation and Beta-Galactosidase Activity in SH-SY5Y Cells","authors":"R. Roque-Bravo,&nbsp;H. Carmo,&nbsp;J. Pedro Silva,&nbsp;F. Carvalho,&nbsp;D. Dias da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) display a pharmacological mechanism similar to that of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the key active principle of cannabis. SC are full agonists with higher potency at the CB1 and CB2 receptors, contrasting with THC's partial agonism. Cannabis use precipitates certain aspects of senescence/ageing, so it is plausible that SC act alike. Thus, for the present study the impact of SC exposure on in vitro neuronal cells proliferation and beta-galactosidase activity (a marker of senescence) was determined, to investigate their putative pro-senescence effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1µM, 1nM and 1pM AMB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA for 24, 48, 72 and 96h, after which the sulforhodamine B assay (an indirect measure of cell proliferation) was conducted. To determine CB1R and CB2R involvement, the assays were repeated after cells’ pre-incubation for 20 min in the presence of the selective antagonists, SR141716A and SR144528, respectively, at 0.5µM. Beta-galactosidase activity was measured in cells exposed to 1µM and 1nM AMB-FUBINACA for 22 passages (P24-46, 68 days), using the Enzo Life Sciences Cellular Secescence Activity Assay kit.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 96h, SH-SY5Y proliferation was increased after exposure to test concentrations of both SC (p&lt;0.05); the use of CB1 antagonist reverted proliferation for AMB-FUBINACA, while CB2 antagonist reversed effects for both SC (p&lt;0.05). Preliminary results show increased beta-galactosidase activity at passage 46 in SC-treated cells (p&lt;0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results show a possible influence of SC on senescence-associated markers, proving the need to test additional neuronal ageing markers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial Rehabilitation Programs from Emirati Culture perspective at Erada Center","authors":"A. Aljasmi","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All substance use patients on addiction treatment centers deserve to be treated to the highest professional and ethical standards by appropriately qualified, experienced healthcare professionals. Indeed, both the patients’ micro and macro systems involve stakeholders’ influences to informally or explicitly on their treatment. In addition, the UAE Federal Law No.8 of 2016 has a dramatic shift towards treatment where offenders will no longer have a court case if they voluntarily present themselves to the Addiction Treatment Unit seeking treatment. In addition to the Law No. 5 of 2015 of establishment of Erada Center in Dubai aims to treat the disease of substance use disorders and alcohol addiction, which result in negative psychological, economic, social and physical impacts. This presentation will give an overview about Erada Center Treatment Programs and how the cultural aspects was taken into consideration during the implementation process. The treatment programs are driven from trained clinicians through individual and group counselling include a variety of treatments used to treat behavioural health problems such as Matrix Model, 12 steps, CBT module, family intervention and spiritual programs. These programs were translated to Arabic language with review to take the cultural values of the patients into consideration. This presentation also will show the effectiveness of these programs from patient's recovery and relapse rates, and patient quality of life improvements. It will give an overview about psychosocial treatment standards that has been followed at Erada Centre. The Method of the research will be using internal and external secondary data; such as statistics, recovery and relapse rate, patients progress reports, and other national reports about substance abuse figures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Drugs of Abuse: What Clinicians Need to Know?","authors":"A. El Mougy","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drug abuse is a growing concern all over the world, and over the past decade, novel drugs have emerged and have become increasingly popular. Designer drugs—otherwise known as synthetic drugs—are manufactured to chemically resemble illicit drugs but may be purchased legally because drug manufacturers constantly change the chemical structure to circumvent drug laws. “In fact, designer synthetic drugs are found to be more potent and dangerous than their street drug counterparts” (NIDA, 2015). People who abuse designer synthetic drugs have suffered a number of negative health outcomes that include anxiety, seizures, hallucinations, loss of consciousness, and significant organ damage (DEA, 2013). Recognition and treatment of new drugs of abuse pose many challenges for health care providers due to lack of quantitative reporting and the difficulty of detection in routine blood and urine analyses (Rech et al., 2015). Clinicians should familiarize themselves with management principles of these new agents. Therefore, the purpose of this workshop is to describe the pharmacology, clinical and adverse effects of several new classes of drugs of abuse as well as management of patients with addiction to these drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Strengthened Preparedness and Response to New Psychoactive Substances in Europe","authors":"A. Gallegos","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In January 2022, the European Commission proposed to strengthen the mandate of the EMCDDA, transforming it into the new EU Drugs Agency (EUDA) [1]. This new regulation aims to improve data sharing, preparedness, surveillance, risk assessment, early warning, prevention, and response [2]. Under the new regulation, the European Union Early Warning System (EWS) on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) will continue to have a central role in supporting national- and EU-level preparedness and responses to NPS. The EWS, operational in Europe since 1997, was the first regional early warning system to be established to monitor new psychoactive substances (NPS) and has been recognized as a model for national, regional and international early warning systems [3]. The EU EWS rapidly detects, assesses, and responds to health and social threats caused by NPS. Data collected and analyzed include event-based data on seizures by law enforcement, collected samples and serious adverse events linked to NPS. These data are complemented by annual reports, which include aggregated data on seizures and from poisonings. This presentation will provide an update from the EWS on NPS, highlight emerging threats in Europe, and reflect on the role of early warning systems in monitoring, strengthening preparedness and responding to NPS. [1] <span><span>https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022PC0018</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>; [2] <span><span>https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/03/28/eu-drugs-agency-council-presidency-and-european-parliament-agree-to-strengthen-the-agency-s-role/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>; [3] <span><span>https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/rapid-communication/update-eu-early-warning-system-2022_en</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}