Dementia and neurocognitive disorders最新文献

{"title":"Gait Analysis Using Wearable Sensors in Patients With Alzheimer's Dementia: A Preliminary Report.","authors":"Saenal Lee, Sung-Ho Woo, Ki Chang Nam, Changon Moon, Kwangmo Lee, Kwang Ki Kim, Hang-Rai Kim, Jeewon Suh","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.178","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Gait dysfunctions have been frequently observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have used various methods to assess the gait impairment in AD. Here, we developed a wearable gait sensor, a Smart-insole, which is embedded in shoe insoles. We evaluated whether gait parameters measured using the Smart-insole were associated with cognitive performance in patients with AD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants aged 45-90 years, who were either cognitively unimpaired (CU) or had Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) were recruited from a hospital-based outpatient clinic, between January and December 2023. Participants performed three gait tasks (walk straight and turn test, timed up and go test, and ramp and stair test) while wearing the Smart-insole. The association of gait parameters with individual's cognitive status (CU vs. ADD) and cognitive test scores (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] and various domain-specific cognitive tests from the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, 2^nd Edition) was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with ADD demonstrated decreased gait pace, rhythm, and stability as evidenced by longer task, cycle, and stance times, a higher number of steps, greater variability in swing time, and lower cadence during the gait task. Furthermore, gait parameters showed nominal associations with individual's MMSE score and each cognitive domain score (fronto-executive, memory, and language function).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Smart-insole wearable sensors showed exploratory gait-related alterations in patients with ADD. These hypothesis-generating findings suggest that wearable insole-based gait assessment may provide complementary information for characterizing gait and cognitive dysfunction in ADD.</p>","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 3","pages":"178-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13444366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Effects of Sarcopenia and Frailty on Cognitive Function, Brain Volume, and Dementia Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank.","authors":"Seok-Jae Heo, Min Young Chun","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. 115 in vol. 25, PMID: 42088088.].</p>","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 3","pages":"194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13444362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Druggable Pathophysiologic Targets in Alzheimer Disease: From Amyloid and Tau to Biomarker-Guided Multimodal Therapy.","authors":"Jiwon Park","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.152","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer disease (AD) is no longer viewed only as a clinical syndrome of memory impairment but as a biological disease continuum driven by interacting amyloid-β, tau, glial, vascular, metabolic, and synaptic mechanisms. This shift has practical therapeutic consequences. Symptomatic agents such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine remain useful for selected patients, but they do not directly modify the core neurodegenerative process. In contrast, amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies have provided proof that biomarker-confirmed early AD can be slowed, although the magnitude of clinical benefit is modest, treatment is restricted to carefully selected patients, and amyloid-related imaging abnormalities require structured monitoring. Tau pathology, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, mitochondrial and oxidative stress, and impaired proteostasis are therefore increasingly important druggable axes rather than secondary background phenomena. A staged, biomarker-guided druggability framework can evaluate each target by biological proximity to clinical decline, biomarker measurability, therapeutic modifiability, implementation feasibility, and suitability for sequencing or combination therapy. Validated and emerging targets are summarized with emphasis on how biomarkers reshape patient selection and outcome assessment and how anti-amyloid therapy can be integrated with stage-specific interventions targeting tau propagation, glial activation, vascular injury, clearance failure, and metabolic vulnerability. The central conclusion is that AD drug development should move from a single-target rescue model toward biomarker-guided, mechanism-matched, and combination-ready strategies that can be tested earlier in the disease course while maintaining realistic safety and implementation standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 3","pages":"152-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13444365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Age- and Education-Specific Normative Data for K-MoCA Total Score, Domain Index Scores, and K-MoCA-22.","authors":"Yeonwook Kang, Seungmin Jahng, Minji Song","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.164","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>The Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) is widely used for cognitive screening, but its normative data require updating to reflect current demographic characteristics. Norms are also unavailable for the K-MoCA domain index scores and the K-MoCA-22. This study aimed to update norms for the K-MoCA total score and to establish norms for the six domain index scores and the K-MoCA-22.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nationwide normative sample of 1,177 cognitively healthy adults aged 19-90 years completed the K-MoCA and the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, Second Edition: Standard Version (K-MMSE~2:SV). Six domain index scores and K-MoCA-22 scores were derived from the K-MoCA. Demographic effects and score distributions were examined. Ordinary least-squares regression modeled the K-MoCA and K-MoCA-22 scores, while quantile regression modeled the domain index scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>K-MoCA and K-MoCA-22 performance was primarily influenced by age and education, with sex contributing little independent variance. Compared with the K-MMSE~2:SV, the K-MoCA showed a broader score distribution and a smaller ceiling effect. Among domain index scores, the Memory Index Score showed the broadest distribution and the smallest ceiling effect. The K-MoCA-22 showed improved distributional characteristics relative to the K-MoCA, with reduced negative skewness. Age- and education-specific norms were established for all measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides updated age- and education-adjusted norms for the K-MoCA, along with the first Korean norms for its domain index scores and the K-MoCA-22. These norms extend the K-MoCA's clinical utility by enabling age- and education-adjusted interpretation of global and domain-specific cognitive performance in clinical practice and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 3","pages":"164-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13444372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy With Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia mimicking Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Suyeon Seo, Ja-Hyun Jang, Hee Jin Kim, Ju-Hong Min","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.191","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 3","pages":"191-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13444363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI-Based Artificial Intelligence Models for Distinguishing Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment From Cognitively Normal Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Sara Mahmoud Ibrahim Allaham","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.141","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based artificial intelligence (AI) models are increasingly applied to brain MRI for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but their overall diagnostic performance remains unclear. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore until February 15, 2026, for diagnostic accuracy studies of machine-learning or deep-learning models using structural brain MRI to distinguish AD vs. cognitively normal (CN) controls and MCI or late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI) vs. CN controls. Seven studies met inclusion criteria, contributing five AD vs. CN and two MCI/LMCI vs. CN tasks, predominantly using deep-learning architectures applied to Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohorts. For AD vs. CN (five studies), pooled sensitivity was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-0.97) and pooled specificity was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92-0.97), indicating excellent discrimination. For MCI/LMCI vs. CN (two studies), sensitivity was consistently high (0.91-0.93), whereas specificity varied widely (0.54-0.98), limiting the interpretability of pooled estimates. MRI-based AI models therefore show strong performance for established AD but heterogeneous specificity for MCI, underscoring the need for larger, externally validated studies in diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 3","pages":"141-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13444374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Sarcopenia and Frailty on Cognitive Function, Brain Volume, and Dementia Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank.","authors":"Seok-Jae Heo, Min Young Chun","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.115","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Despite the rising prevalence of sarcopenia, frailty, and dementia, their interrelationships remain unclear. This study investigated the associations of sarcopenia and frailty with cognitive function, brain structure, incident dementia, and their longitudinal changes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 390,903 participants aged 40-70 years from the UK Biobank. Sarcopenia was assessed using hand grip strength, muscle mass index, and gait speed; frailty was measured based on weight loss, exhaustion, physical activity, gait speed, and grip strength. Outcomes included cognitive test scores, magnetic resonance imaging-derived brain volumes, and incident dementia. Linear regression, Cox proportional hazards models, and linear mixed effects models were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Frailty was associated with poorer performance across cognitive domains (all <i>p</i><0.05), while sarcopenia was associated with slower reaction time (<i>p</i><0.001). Frailty, but not sarcopenia, was associated with reduced cortical volume. Both conditions increased all-cause dementia risk: frailty with a dose-response gradient (hazard ratio [HR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87 to 2.38) and particularly strong associations with vascular dementia (VaD, HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.85 to 3.07); sarcopenia with a moderate increase (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.12). Longitudinally, sarcopenia-but not frailty-was associated with accelerated cognitive decline.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sarcopenia and frailty show overlapping but non-identical patterns of association with neurocognitive outcomes: sarcopenia was linked to longitudinal cognitive decline, whereas frailty was associated with cortical volume reduction and VaD. Early identification of these conditions is crucial for mitigating neurodegenerative decline and reducing dementia risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 2","pages":"115-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysphagia Characteristics and Its Neuroanatomical Correlates in Korean Patients With Subcortical Vascular Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"Mee Kyung Suh, Yeong Ju Cho, Byung Hwa Lee, Yisuh Ahn","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.103","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is frequently associated with dysphagia, but its specific characteristics and underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the swallowing characteristics in SVCI patients and examine their neuroanatomical correlates using diffusion tensor imaging-voxel-based morphometry (DTI-VBM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-five SVCI patients and 20 normal controls underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing studies and 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Swallowing components were evaluated using Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile, Penetration-Aspiration Scale, and temporal measurements. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity maps were analyzed to determine neuroanatomical correlates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SVCI patients exhibited significant differences in tongue control during bolus hold, bolus preparation/mastication, bolus transport/lingual motion, oral residue in the oral stage and anterior hyoid excursion, epiglottic movement, laryngeal vestibular closure, tongue base retraction, vallecular residue, pyriform sinus residue, pharyngeal esophageal segment opening in the pharyngeal stage. Temporal measurements revealed significant delay in pharyngeal transit times (PTT). Time gap was shorter between initiation and maximal displacement of hyoid, hyoid maximal displacement and aryepiglottic closure, and longer between initiating movement of hyoid and bolus head reaching vallecula. DTI-VBM demonstrated that prolonged oral transit time correlated with the right corona radiata and anterior cingulate cortex. Prolonged PTT significantly correlated with microstructural alterations in the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, corona radiata, internal capsule, corpus callosum, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellar circuits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SVCI patients manifest dysphagia in the oral and pharyngeal stage. Temporal measurements reveal delay in PTT which is correlated with widespread disruptions in the corticobulbar tract, frontal subcortical circuits, and cerebellar control circuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 2","pages":"103-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stage-Specific Efficacy of Lecanemab and Donanemab in Early Alzheimer's Disease: An Indirect, Comparative Interpretation of Phase 3 Trials.","authors":"YongSoo Shim","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.130","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 2","pages":"130-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseline Clinical and Neuropsychological Characteristics of Amyloid PET-Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease Treated With Lecanemab: Early Experience at a Tertiary Hospital in Korea.","authors":"Hyeongjin Kim, Jeongha Lee, Hee Kyung Park, Kyung Bok Lee, Jun Pyo Kim, Byung Hwa Lee","doi":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.137","DOIUrl":"10.12779/dnd.2026.25.2.137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72779,"journal":{"name":"Dementia and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"25 2","pages":"137-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}