{"title":"Investigation of 3D Wave Propagation in Foam-Core Functionally Graded Material Magneto-Piezoelectric Smart Nanoplates","authors":"Mustafa Buğday, Ismail Esen","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500436","DOIUrl":"10.1002/adem.202500436","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, wave propagation in functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic smart nanoplates is investigated by nonlinear stress gradient theory considering size effects. Wave propagation equations are obtained under thermal, magnetic and electric field effects using Hamilton's principle. Trigonometric functions were used as an analytical solution method. Phase velocity, frequency, and group velocity are determined depending on the wavelength. The effects of porosity are investigated with four different models, and BaTiO<sub>3</sub> is considered as the bottom layer and CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as the top layer within the scope of functional change of material composition. In addition, material gradient value, porosity distribution function, dimensionless parameters, electric-magnetization potentials, and thermal load effects are analyzed. The results show that wave propagation properties can be controlled by material composition and external fields. This flexibility can provide advantages in areas such as sonar and aviation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adem.202500436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chaoqun Xia, Haochen Wang, Shuguang Liu, Bohan Chen, Xing Zhang, Ning Liu, Tai Yang, Qiang Li
{"title":"Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Novel Low-Density Zr–xAl–0.5Si Alloys","authors":"Chaoqun Xia, Haochen Wang, Shuguang Liu, Bohan Chen, Xing Zhang, Ning Liu, Tai Yang, Qiang Li","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500875","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Herein, pure zirconium (Zr) is alloyed with specified amounts of silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) in a vacuum arc furnace to create Zr–<i>x</i>Al–0.5Si (<i>x</i> = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 at.%) alloys. Thereafter, the phase composition and microstructure of the alloys are characterized using X-ray diffractometer, optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyzer, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction. The presence of the Zr<sub>3</sub>Al phase is found in the α-Zr matrix. Meanwhile, the mechanical behavior of the samples is evaluated using a uniaxial compression test. Notably, the compressive strength of Zr–18Al–0.5Si can reach 1833 MPa while having a compression deformation of 28.7%. These results show that adding Al to Zr alloy increases the strength, decreases the overall density, and causes grain refinement. The decrease in Vickers hardness of the alloy is related to Zr<sub>3</sub>Al intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, corrosion behavior tests of the alloys are conducted using an electrochemical workstation. Zr–18Al–0.5Si exhibits lower corrosion current density (<i>I</i><sub>corr</sub>), and Zr–3Al–0.5Si exhibits higher corrosion potential (<i>E</i><sub>corr</sub>).</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photothermal Polyurethane Composite Foam: Enhanced Bionic Honeycomb Columnar Structure, Expanded Polystyrene Granules, and Spacer Fabric for Body Protection","authors":"Le-Tian Li, Ting-Ting Li, Chen-Wei Zhang, Ying Zhang, Hongyang Wang, Hai-tao Ren, Jia-Horng Lin, Ching-Wen Lou","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500609","DOIUrl":"10.1002/adem.202500609","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Single polyurethane (PU) foams exhibit poor energy absorption, short service life, and are prone to damage under impact, which significantly limits their practical applications. In this study, inspired by the sheath wings of beetles, a bionic honeycomb columnar-structured PU foam is developed. To further enhance its mechanical performance, the foam is reinforced with expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles and spacer fabrics. Additionally, a titanium nitride photothermal functional layer is applied to the surface to endow the material with photothermal properties. The mechanical properties, photothermal performance, cost-efficiency, and human wearability of the composite PU foam are systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the composite PU foam exhibits excellent mechanical strength and superior photothermal effects. Cost analysis reveals a 54% reduction compared to the D3O intelligent impact protection material, highlighting its economic advantage. Moreover, the material shows good softness and conforms well to the human knee, offering enhanced comfort during physical activity. These findings provide a novel strategy for developing sports knee pad materials suitable for cold environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145062491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdulrahman Jaber, Agyapal Singh, Dimitrios C. Rodopoulos, Nikolaos Karathanasopoulos
{"title":"Inner Design and Strain-Rate Effects on the Performance of Architected Materials and Interpenetrating Phase Composites: State-of-the-Art Analysis and Perspectives","authors":"Abdulrahman Jaber, Agyapal Singh, Dimitrios C. Rodopoulos, Nikolaos Karathanasopoulos","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500870","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Architected materials achieve properties infeasible for their monolithic counterparts, with the inner topology and base material, serving as a lever for the desired target performance. The work investigates the influence of the base material, inner topological design, and loading rate on the mechanics of single-phase architected materials and interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs). Metamaterials additively manufactured with different, widely employed metals, namely steel 316 L, aluminum AlSi10Mg, and titanium Ti–6Al–4V alloys, as well as polymer-based designs, are considered, along with metal–metal, metal–ceramic, metal–polymer, and polymer–polymer IPCs. Their peak stresses, densification or failure strains, specific energy absorption, and strength are thoroughly analyzed for diverse inner topological patterns, including strut, triply periodic minimal surfaces, and stochastic architectures. Comparative, quantitative insights into the effect of their inner design and loading rate are provided, deriving simplified analytical formulas for the bounds of the stress spaces developed. Their specific strength is assessed, evaluating the significance of relative density and loading rate on the recorded mechanics. Ceramic–metal and metal–polymer IPCs are found to be particularly sensitive to the loading rates applied. Overall, large-data-based summarizing performance metrics for the forward and inverse engineering of architected materials are provided, identifying limitations in the current state-of-the-art, while detailing research perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Mo Content on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of TZM/CoCrFeNiMox/Q235 Joints by Electron Beam Welding","authors":"Debin Song, Ruofan Wang, Ting Wang, Zun Zhang, Siyuan Jiang","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500213","DOIUrl":"10.1002/adem.202500213","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electron beam welding joints of TZM molybdenum alloy and Q235 steel are achieved using CoCrFeNiMo<sub><i>x</i></sub> as the interlayer material. The effects of Mo content in the interlayers on the microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam-welded TZM/Q235 joints are systematically investigated. There is an obvious Fe–Mo reaction layer between the TZM and the weld. The phase compositions of the fusion zone are face-centered-cubic (FCC) solid solutions, and a minor fraction of intermetallic compounds (ICs) distributes between the grains. The hard and brittle ICs in the reaction layer lead to a substantial elevation in microhardness, and the microhardness of the fusion zone increases with the increase of Mo content of the interlayer. All specimens undergo fracture exclusively at the reaction layer adjacent to the TZM side, exhibiting a brittle fracture mode. The reaction layer of TZM/CoCrFeNiMo<sub>0.2</sub>/Q235 joint presents a fine eutectic structure composed of FCC solid solutions and ICs. This unique microstructural configuration contributes favorably to enhancing the overall mechanical properties of the joint, and the tensile strength of the joint is 267.8 MPa. Compared with direct welding, the tensile strength of the TZM/CoCrFeNiMo<sub>0.2</sub>/Q235 joint is increased by 57%.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qia Zhao, Weixing Yao, Yuan Tao, Boda Wang, Zhen Dai
{"title":"Predicting Fatigue Strength in Additively Manufactured Metals: A Novel Minimum Independent Hazard Volume Approach to Size Effects","authors":"Qia Zhao, Weixing Yao, Yuan Tao, Boda Wang, Zhen Dai","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/adem.202500017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Additive manufacturing (AM) specimens often exhibit reduced fatigue performance due to inherent defects. This study systematically investigates the combined effects of defect characteristics and microstructural variations on the fatigue strength of AM components. For the first time, a physically meaningful concept termed the “Minimum Independent Hazard Volume” is introduced, and a weakest-link theory model based on this concept is developed. The proposed model effectively captures the size effect, where larger specimens contain a greater number of fatigue damage sources, and enables the unification of <i>P–S–N</i> curves for specimens of varying sizes. The model's validity is verified through two sets of fatigue test data: one involving AM specimens of different volumes fabricated using identical process parameters, and the other comprising specimens with varying process parameters and volumes. By eliminating the labor-intensive step of defect size statistical analysis, this model provides a novel approach to studying the size effects of fatigue in additively manufactured metallic materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synergistic Enhancement of Strength, Plasticity, and Electrical Conductivity in Cu–3Ti Alloy: Process Optimization and Mechanism Analysis","authors":"Zhen Wang, Yanmin Zhang, Yaoke Xu, Jiang Feng, Kexing Song, Feiyue Liu, Shikang Zhou, Xiangyang Xue, Yanfang Ma","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500841","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cu–Ti alloy has excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature stability. It is an ultra-high-strength, environmentally friendly copper alloy that serves as a substitute for Cu–Be alloys. However, high-strength copper titanium alloy (strength > 1000 MPa) generally has low conductivity (<20% international annealed copper standard (IACS)) and poor elongation (about 6%). This study utilizes an integrated approach of aging, cold rolling, and subsequent aging to develop a Cu–3Ti alloy with a balanced combination of high strength, superior electrical conductivity, and enhanced plasticity. The alloy achieves high strength, with a tensile strength of 1043 MPa and a yield strength of 1017 MPa, while also exhibiting excellent electrical conductivity (24.13%IACS) and elongation (10%). Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrates that the abundant presence of <i>β</i>′-Cu<sub>4</sub>Ti precipitation phases, combined with dense dislocation networks in the Cu–3Ti alloy matrix, plays a crucial role in enhancing its mechanical performance. The emergence of <i>β</i>′-Cu<sub>4</sub>Ti phases induces Ti depletion in the copper solid solution, thereby suppressing lattice distortion-induced carrier scattering. The dominant strengthening mechanism is identified as Orowan bypassing mechanism. Through thermodynamic analysis, a modified Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov model is formulated to describe precipitation kinetics and an activation energy of <i>Q</i> = 60 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> determined via Arrhenius equation fitting.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of FeSiBCr Soft Magnetic Powder Cores with Low Loss and High DC Bias Performance","authors":"Hao Li, Yujie Yang, Zhengyu Zhang, Hongyu Ding, Zhihao Geng","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500858","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To propel the development of electronic components toward high-frequency and miniaturization, amorphous soft magnetic powder cores must possess low loss and excellent DC bias performance. Although employing nanoscale oxides for insulation coating is an effective means to reduce loss, ensuring the uniformity of insulation coating has emerged as a pressing technical challenge that requires urgent attention. Herein, ultrasonic technology is employed to successfully achieve a uniform dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of amorphous powder, resulting in the fabrication of FeSiBCr/ZnO composite powder cores with low loss and high DC bias performance. Subsequently, the addition of epoxy resin further enhances the insulation coating effect. The specific impact of adjusting the time of ultrasonic treatment on coating effectiveness is thoroughly investigated, leading to the determination of the optimal coating process. Simultaneously, optimal insulation coating treatment is achieved through the controlled addition of ZnO nanoparticles, resulting in reduced losses. Finally, after ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, the FeSiBCr/1.0 wt% ZnO composite powder cores exhibit the best soft magnetic properties. Specifically, the loss is 254 mW cm<sup>−3</sup> at 20 mT and 1000 kHz, and the DC bias performance reaches 83% at 100 Oe.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Absorptive-Diffusive Metasurface for Ultrawideband Backscattering Reduction","authors":"Weiliang Yu, Sensen Guan, Guo Qing Luo, Zhongxiang Shen","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500898","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this article, an absorptive-diffusive metasurface is proposed, which realizes wideband radar cross section (RCS) reduction by hybridizing diffusion and absorption at low and high frequencies, respectively. The combination of artificial electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces with absorbing materials creates new design paradigms and research avenues for RCS reduction. The proposed absorptive-diffusive metasurface is a three-layer structure. The top-layer miniaturized coding metasurface utilizes EM cancellation to reduce low-frequency backscattering. The middle layer is a lossy layer which, together with the conducting reflective plate, can form a circuit analog EM absorber. The bottom layer consists of two absorbing materials backed by a conducting reflective plate. The middle and bottom layers work together to absorb high-frequency EM waves. Miniaturized and absorptive elements are utilized by the coding metasurface to suppress harmonic resonance at high frequencies. Through combined absorption and diffusion, this proposed metasurface achieves a 10 dB reflection reduction in an ultrawide range from 1.79 to 30 GHz. Experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in EM backscattering across the ultrawide frequency band of 1.85–30 GHz, with polarization-insensitive behavior. Furthermore, the measured RCS reduction remains stable under oblique incidence, achieving angular stability up to 30°. These findings show excellent agreement with simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current-Carrying Tribological Behavior of NbN Coating under Oil Lubrication","authors":"Qingpeng Guo, Kaishuo Wang, Tianyu Fang, Dejian Zhang, Huilai Sun, Yong Wan","doi":"10.1002/adem.202500974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500974","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, NbN has garnered significant attention in research due to its exceptional superconductivity, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. In this study, a magnetron sputtering method is used to create a high-hardness NbN coating onto a steel substrate. In the presence of polyalphaolefin 6 as a lubricant, the tribological behavior of the NbN coating is examined in both electrified and nonelectrified situations. The results indicate that the bare steel substrate experiences a larger wear rate of 4.03 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> Nm<sup>−1</sup>, whereas the NbN-coated sample exhibits a wear rate as low as 1.23 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> Nm<sup>−1</sup>, representing a 97.5% reduction as compared to the uncoated substrate. It is observed that the current accelerates the oxidation reaction upon the NbN coating's surface, positively influences its wear resistance, and causes a lubricating film made mainly of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> to form on the wear track. Consequently, even under current-carrying conditions, the NbN coating demonstrates superior wear resistance and electrical damage resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7275,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials","volume":"27 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}