{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Circular RNAs as Targets for Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Milad Asadi, Sanam Sadeghi-Mohammadi, Najibeh Shekari, Venus Zafari, Zahra Soleimani, Ufuk Mert, Maryam Seyyedi, Ayse Caner, Habib Zarredar","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45330","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of non-coding RNAs primarily generated through a back-splicing processes. These molecules exhibit extensive expression across various tissues, indicating their significant role in numerous biological processes, particularly in complex diseases such as cancer. Based on their origin, structure, and biogenesis, circular RNAs are categorized into exonic circRNAs (ecirc-RNAs), circular intronic RNAs (ci-RNAs), or exonic-intronic circRNAs (EIci-RNAs). Due to their covalently closed-loop configuration, it is necessary to develop specialized techniques to study them. CircRNAs are known to function as protein and microRNA sponges, regulate transcription, interact with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and, in rare cases, serve as templates for translation. In this review, we provide an overview of circRNA features, biogenesis, and functions. In addition, we summarize molecular methods for studying them and explain their significant roles in malignancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 3","pages":"533-551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12703386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Autophagy in Long-term Effects of Spinal Cord Injury: Does Exosome Change the Autophagy Process and Vice Versa?","authors":"Naeimeh Akbari-Gharalari, Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan, Zeinab Aliyari-Serej, Hamid Soltani Zangbar, Maryam Ghahremani-Nasab, Yahya Yahyavi, Ayyub Ebrahimi, Negar Aghaei, Farshad Nezhadshahmohammad","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.43284","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.43284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review explores the synergistic effects of exosomes and autophagy in mitigating spinal cord injury (SCI) while elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms. We evaluate current literature on the roles of exosomes and autophagy in SCI, highlighting key findings from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Previous research has demonstrated the contributions of these processes to cellular responses under SCI-related conditions. Additionally, animal models have provided insights into the therapeutic potential of modulating exosome and autophagy pathways. The overview discusses the activation of mTOR signaling and autophagy-related proteins, emphasizing their impacts on inflammation and axonal integrity. We identify a synergistic mechanism in which exosome-mediated cargo delivery and autophagy modulation work together to mitigate the effects of SCI. The regulation of the mTOR pathway and autophagy-related proteins is crucial for reducing inflammation and preserving axonal integrity. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting exosomes and autophagy for SCI treatment. The collaborative actions of these cellular processes present promising therapeutic avenues for SCI and possibly other neurological disorders. This review underscores the necessity for further studies to unravel the molecular intricacies and to translate these findings into clinical applications for SCI patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 3","pages":"506-520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12703383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maryam Abdulmaged Oleiwi, Ali Al-Samydai, Aya Y Al-Kabariti, Khaldun M Al Azzam, Simone Carradori, Walhan Alshaer
{"title":"Codelivery of Raloxifene and Rutin as PEGylated Nanoliposomes: Formulation, Characterization, and Prophylactic Activity Against Breast Cancer.","authors":"Maryam Abdulmaged Oleiwi, Ali Al-Samydai, Aya Y Al-Kabariti, Khaldun M Al Azzam, Simone Carradori, Walhan Alshaer","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.43681","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.43681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Chemotherapy faces challenges such as systemic toxicity and multidrug resistance. Advances in nanotechnology have led researchers to develop safer and more efficient cancer treatment methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The thin-film hydration method was employed to synthesize PEGylated nanoliposomes (NLs) loaded with raloxifene (RLX) and a combination of RLX and rutin. The NLs were characterized using a Zetasizer® instrument, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The encapsulation of RLX and rutin was confirmed, and cell viability assays were conducted against breast cancer and normal endothelial cell lines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The encapsulation efficiency significantly increased in the mixed formulation, with RLX reaching 91.28% and rutin 78.12%, indicating successful encapsulation. These NLs remained stable for up to two months at room temperature and one month at 4°C, demonstrating a biphasic release pattern. After 24 hours, approximately 17% of RLX was released from the NLs and 25% from the mixed NLs. In contrast, 55% of rutin was released from the NLs and 70.4% from the mixed NLs within 72 hours. The inclusion of rutin or RLX in the liposomal formulation reduced cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines, as indicated by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. However, it improved safety in normal human cells and tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PEGylated NLs loaded with RLX and rutin demonstrated safe anti-breast cancer effects, outperforming mixed NLs, suggesting the potential for a safer and more targeted treatment. Further investigations are needed into clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"371-389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sajjad Alimohammadvand, Mohammad Shahpouri, Mohammad Amin Adili Aghdam, Hasan Majdi, Hamed Hamishehkar, Masoumeh Kaveh Zenjanab, Abolfazl Barzegari, Mehdi Jaymand, Zohreh Amoozgar, Rana Jahanban Esfahlan
{"title":"Tumor Microenvironment Responsive TPZ-Loaded Core-Shell Polymeric Nanoparticles for Selective Cancer Bioreductive Therapy.","authors":"Sajjad Alimohammadvand, Mohammad Shahpouri, Mohammad Amin Adili Aghdam, Hasan Majdi, Hamed Hamishehkar, Masoumeh Kaveh Zenjanab, Abolfazl Barzegari, Mehdi Jaymand, Zohreh Amoozgar, Rana Jahanban Esfahlan","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.43945","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.43945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Tumor hypoxia is a key barrier to successful delivery and activity of anti-cancer agents. To tackle this, we designed hypoxia-responsive Au-PEI-Azo-mPEG nanoparticles (NPs) denoted as APAP NPs for targeted delivery of hypoxia-activated prodrug (HAP), tirapazamine (TPZ) to hypoxic breast cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AuNPs were first synthesized. And then, were coated with polyethylene imine (PEI) by EDC-NHS chemistry. To realize NP biocompatibility and self-activating potential, a hypoxia-cleavable mPEG-AZO linker shell was coupled to the Au-PEI core. The hypoxia-responsible behavior of nanoparticles was analyzed under 21% O<sub>2</sub> (normoxia) and 1% O<sub>2</sub> (hypoxia) condition in 2D cell culture as well as MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 spheroids as reliable biomimetics of tumor hypoxia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>APAP NPs elicited comparable cytotoxicity upon MDA-MB-231 cancer cells lowering TPZ IC<sub>50</sub> to 7.46 µg/mL after 24 h. And were capable of enhanced ROS generation (<i>P</i><0.001), and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential under hypoxia condition compared to the control (<i>P</i><0.0001). Further, these NPs induced widespread apoptosis in both 2D and 3D cancer cell culture (<i>P</i><0.0001), significantly reduced cell adhesion density (<i>P</i><0.01), increased cell uptake by ~100 folds under hypoxia condition, and destroyed large MCF-7 spheroids by 72 h.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Together, APAP@TPZ as biocompatible, and multi-stage activating platforms afford deepened penetration of HAP to hypoxic tumor core, where PEG detachment and TPZ bioreduction into its active form promote selective and effective eradication of hypoxic breast cancer microtumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"390-405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Angiogenesis and Cardiac Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Rodent Models.","authors":"Samaneh Narimani, Reza Rahbarghazi, Hanieh Salehipourmehr, Maryam Taghavi Narmi, Hamid Lotfimehr, Robab Mehdipour","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45122","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Myocardial infarction (MI), the leading cause of human mortality, is induced by a sudden interruption of blood supply. Among various stem cell types, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are novel and valid cell sources for the restoration of vascularization in the ischemic tissue. The present study aimed to evaluate the regenerative properties of EPCs in rodent models of MI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive systematic search was implemented in Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without language limitation in Sep 2024. Of the 67 papers pooled, 42 met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to multiple analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the MI group, the overall effect size was confirmed in the groups receiving EPC with enhanced angiogenesis (SMD: 2.02, CI 95%: 1.51-2.54, <i>P</i><0.00001; I<sup>2</sup>: 82%), reduced fibrosis (SMD: -1.48; 95% CI-2.15, -0.81; <i>P</i><0.0001; I<sup>2</sup>: 88%), improved ejection fraction (EF; SMD: 1.72; 95% CI-1.21, 2.23; <i>P</i><0.00001; I<sup>2</sup>: 87%), and fractional shortening (FS; SMD: 1.58; 95% CI-1.13, 2.03; <i>P</i><0.00001; I<sup>2</sup>: 82%). Data confirmed significant improvements in the cardiac tissue parameters after intramyocardial injection of EPCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data showed that EPC transplantation is an alternative therapy to ameliorate ischemic myocardium in rodents via the stimulation of angiogenesis, reduction of fibrosis, and improvement of fractional shortening and ejection fraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"268-283"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Silencing Calumenin Expression via Artificial MicroRNA, a Potential Breakthrough for Inhibiting Proliferation, Halting Migration, and Triggering Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells.","authors":"Zahra Amiri, Fatemeh Bahrami, Babak Jahangiri, Arash Javeri, Frouzandeh Mahjoubi, Nahid Nafissi, Mohammad Zaefizadeh, Fatemeh Masoumi, Alireza Zomorodipour","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.43819","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.43819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Calumenin (CALU) is a calcium-binding protein involved in several physiological processes, exhibiting tumor-specific expression variation and emerging as a potential player in cancer progression. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between CALU and clinicopathological features in breast cancer (BC) and perform a functional assessment of CALU based on a microRNA-mediated knockdown approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The BC tissues' CALU expression was measured by q-RT-PCR. We looked at correlations between changes in CALU expression and clinicopathological characteristics. We adopted a CALU knockdown approach using an artificial microRNA (amiR), expressed through an episomal vector, in BC cell lines. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were then assessed, and cell cycle, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When compared to the normal surrounding tissues, the BC tissues showed a 3.4-fold increase in CALU expression. This was significantly correlated with clinicopathological parameters such as histological grade, Ki-67 expression, TNM stage, lymph node involvement, and vascular lymph invasion. Key EMT markers, including GSC, MMP2, TIMP1, TGF1, SLUG, ZEB1, ZEB2, SNALI1, and TWIST1, were downregulated as a result of CALU knockdown, which prevented cell migration and proliferation and caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the BC cell lines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the amiR-mediated knockdown approach support the findings that CALU is a potential promoter of BC, as evidenced by the upregulation of CALU in BC tissues and its correlation with clinicopathological features, which highlights its role in BC progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"453-466"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bheemisetty Brahmam, Salwa, Dani Lakshman Yarlagadda, Prasad Chowdari Gurram, Lalit Kumar, Rekha R Shenoy, Shaila A Lewis
{"title":"Dissolving Microneedle Patch Incorporated with Insulin Nanoparticles for The Management of Type-I Diabetes Mellitus: Formulation Development and in Vivo Monitoring.","authors":"Bheemisetty Brahmam, Salwa, Dani Lakshman Yarlagadda, Prasad Chowdari Gurram, Lalit Kumar, Rekha R Shenoy, Shaila A Lewis","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.42583","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.42583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study aimed to fabricate microneedles (MNs) for transdermal delivery of insulin. Chitosan-conjugated carboxy phenyl boronic acid polymer was synthesized and characterized to load insulin in the form of nanoparticles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Optimized insulin nanoparticles (ILN-NPs) were loaded into MN arrays by micromolding, and the resulting MN patches were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical failure tests. The MNs were evaluated for skin insertion via a confocal laser scanning microscope. The in vivo efficacy (blood glucose levels [BGLs] and serum insulin concentration) of the MNs was studied in diabetic rats in comparison with traditional subcutaneous insulin injection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In diabetic rats treated with MNs incorporated with insulin-loaded nanoparticles (ILN-MNs), the BGLs reached≤200 mg/dL at 2 h following the application of the ILN-MNs and maintained BGLs≤200 mg/dL from 2-8 h. The BGLs decreased to 29 mg/dL at 2 h following the subcutaneous administration of insulin. After 6 h, the BGLs rose to their initial level. These results were supported by the corresponding serum insulin concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study demonstrate the reliability of the developed ILN-MNs for sustaining normal BGLs in diabetic rats. Therefore, it can be further explored as an approach for diabetes treatment to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"359-370"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fathimath Ina Shareef, Kannan Subbaram, Razana Faiz, Sheeza Ali
{"title":"Bacteria Associated with Prostate Cancer Progression and New Strategy in the Treatment.","authors":"Fathimath Ina Shareef, Kannan Subbaram, Razana Faiz, Sheeza Ali","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45862","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45862","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"228-229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact Beyond Academia: Patent Citations of the Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin.","authors":"Mihály Hegedűs, Mehdi Dadkhah, Lóránt Dénes Dávid","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45761","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to analyze the technological impact of papers that <i>Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin</i> (APB) has published through patent-to-paper citations analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Current research uses a Scientometric approach to analyze patent citations to published papers by the APB. The Lens has been used for collecting patents that cited related papers. Some of the data analysis was conducted using the Lens analytical tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results show that APB's patent-to-paper citation rate is 32.39%, above the toxicology field average (6.15%) but below pharmacology (46.33%), indicating significant technological influence. APB contributes to both science and technology, attracting global inventors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The patent citations metric can be used to understand how a journal contributes to technological progress. However, these methods need to be standardized and promoted to understand a journal's real value in technology contribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"223-227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing the Potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence Models to Assist Experts in the Development of Pharmacokinetic Models.","authors":"Sergio Sánchez-Herrero, Laura Calvet Liñan","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.43852","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.43852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study explores the potential of generative AI models to aid experts in developing scripts for pharmacokinetic (PK) models, with a focus on constructing a two-compartment population PK model using data from Hosseini et al.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Generative AI tools ChatGPT v3.5, Gemini v2.0 Flash and Microsoft Copilot free could help PK professionals- even those without programming experience-learn the programming languages and skills needed for PK modeling. To evaluate these free AI tools, PK models were created in R Studio, covering key tasks in pharmacometrics and clinical pharmacology, including model descriptions, input requirements, results, and code generation, with a focus on reproducibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ChatGPT demonstrated superior performance compared to Copilot and Gemini, highlighting strong foundational knowledge, advanced concepts, and practical skills, including PK code structure and syntax. Validation indicated high accuracy in estimated and simulated plots, with minimal differences in clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution (V c and V p) compared to reference values. The metrics showed absolute fractional error (AFE), absolute average fractional error (AAFE), and mean percentage error (MPE) values of 0.99, 1.14, and -1.85, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results show that generative AI can effectively extract PK data from literature, build population PK models in R, and create interactive Shiny apps for visualization, with expert support.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"467-473"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}