Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Pregnant and Breastfeeding Mothers Who Have Received the ChAdOx1 AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine May Have Infants with an Increased Risk of Zinc Insufficiency and SCID Disease.","authors":"Amr Ahmed,&nbsp;Amr Ghit,&nbsp;Mahmoud El Kazzaz","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.024","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"216-217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9764061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translational Phytomedicines against Cancer: Promise and Hurdles.","authors":"Aswathy R Devan,&nbsp;Bhagyalakshmi Nair,&nbsp;Lekshmi R Nath","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.023","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"210-215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9764060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cefazolin-Loaded Double-Shelled Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles/Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Composites: A Delivery Vehicle for Regenerative Purposes.","authors":"Negar Karimi,&nbsp;Mohsen Khorashadizadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Yahya Hanafi-Bojd,&nbsp;Esmat Alemzadeh","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> As important challenges in burn injuries, infections often lead to delayed and incomplete healing. Wound infections with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are other challenges in the management of wounds. Hence, it can be critical to synthesize scaffolds that are highly potential for loading and delivering antibiotics over long periods. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Double-shelled hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DSH-MSNs) were synthesized and loaded with cefazolin. Cefazolin-loaded DSH-MSNs (Cef*DSH-MSNs) were incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) to prepare a nanofiber-mediated drug release system. Their biological properties were assessed through antibacterial activity, cell viability, and qRT-PCR. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles and nanofibers were also characterized. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The double-shelled hollow structure of DSH-MSNs demonstrated a high loading capacity of cefazolin (51%). According to <i>in vitro</i> findings, the Cef*DSH-MSNs embedded in polycaprolactone nanofibers (Cef*DSH-MSNs/PCL) provided a slow release for cefazolin. The release of cefazolin from Cef*DSH-MSNs/PCL nanofibers inhibited the growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The high viability rate of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in contact with PCL and DSH-MSNs/PCL was indicative of the biocompatibility of nanofibers. Moreover, gene expression results confirmed changes in keratinocyte-related differentiation genes in hADSCs cultured on the DSH-MSNs/PCL nanofibers with the up-regulation of involucrin. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The high drug-loading capacity of DSH-MSNs presents these nanoparticles as suitable vehicles for drug delivery. In addition, the use of Cef*DSH-MSNs/PCL can be an effective strategy for regenerative purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"328-338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9764063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan and Its Structural Modifications for siRNA Delivery.","authors":"Mona Y Al-Absi,&nbsp;Anna Eleonora Caprifico,&nbsp;Gianpiero Calabrese","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of RNA interference mechanism and small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cancer gene therapy is a very promising approach. However, the success of gene silencing is underpinned by the efficient delivery of intact siRNA into the targeted cell. Nowadays, chitosan is one of the most widely studied non-viral vectors for siRNA delivery, since it is a biodegradable, biocompatible and positively charged polymer able to bind to the negatively charged siRNA forming nanoparticles (NPs) that will act as siRNA delivery system. However, chitosan shows several limitations such as low transfection efficiency and low solubility at physiological pH. Therefore, a variety of chemical and non-chemical structural modifications of chitosan were investigated in the attempt to develop a chitosan derivative showing the features of an ideal siRNA carrier. In this review, the most recently proposed chemical modifications of chitosan are outlined. The type of modification, chemical structure, physicochemical properties, siRNA binding affinity and complexation efficiency of the modified chitosan are discussed. Moreover, the resulting NPs characteristics, cellular uptake, serum stability, cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency <i>in vitro</i> and/or <i>in vivo</i> are described and compared to the unmodified chitosan. Finally, a critical analysis of a selection of modifications is included, highlighting the most promising ones for this purpose in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"275-282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron Withdrawal with DIBI, a Novel 3-Hydroxypyridin-4-One Chelator Iron-Binding Polymer, Attenuates Macrophage Inflammatory Responses.","authors":"Javad Ghassemi-Rad,&nbsp;Wasundara Fernando,&nbsp;Bruce E Holbein,&nbsp;David W Hoskin","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Iron is an essential trace element for the inflammatory response to infection. In this study, we determined the effect of the recently developed iron-binding polymer DIBI on the synthesis of inflammatory mediators by RAW 264.7 macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Flow cytometry was used to determine the intracellular labile iron pool, reactive oxygen species production, and cell viability. Cytokine production was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nitric oxide synthesis was determined by the Griess assay. Western blotting was used to assess signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Macrophages cultured in the presence of DIBI exhibited a rapid and significant reduction in their intracellular labile iron pool. DIBI-treated macrophages showed reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines interferon-β, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in response to LPS. In contrast, exposure to DIBI did not affect LPS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The inhibitory effect of DIBI on IL-6 synthesis by LPS-stimulated macrophages was lost when exogenous iron in the form of ferric citrate was added to culture, confirming the selectivity of DIBI for iron. DIBI-treated macrophages showed reduced production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide following LPS stimulation. DIBI-treated macrophages also showed a reduction in cytokine-induced activation of STAT 1 and 3, which potentiate LPS-induced inflammatory responses. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> DIBI-mediated iron withdrawal may be able to blunt the excessive inflammatory response by macrophages in conditions such as systemic inflammatory syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"368-377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10067568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrosprayed Nanoparticles Containing Hydroalcoholic Extract of <i>Echinacea purpurea</i> (L.) Moench Stimulates Immune System by Increasing Inflammatory Factors in Male Wistar Rats.","authors":"Fatemeh Mehdizadeh,&nbsp;Ramin Mohammadzadeh,&nbsp;Hossein Nazemiyeh,&nbsp;Mehran Mesgari-Abbasi,&nbsp;Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali,&nbsp;Morteza Eskandani,&nbsp;Khosro Adibkia","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> <i>Echinacea purpurea</i> (L.) Moench is a member of the <i>Asteraceae</i> family and is traditionally used mainly due to its immunostimulatory properties. Various compounds including alkylamides and chicoric acid were reported as active ingredients of <i>E. purpurea</i>. Here, we aimed to prepare electrosprayed nanoparticles (NPs) containing hydroalcoholic extract of <i>E. purpurea</i> using Eudragit RS100 (EP-Eudragit RS100 NPs) to improve the immunomodulatory effects of the extract. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The EP-Eudragit RS100 NPs with the different extract:polymer ratios and solution concentrations were prepared using the electrospray technique. The size and morphology of the NPs were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). To evaluate the immune responses, male Wistar rats were administrated with the prepared EP-Eudragit RS100 NPs and plain extract in the final dose of 30 or 100 mg/kg. The blood samples of the animals were collected and the inflammatory factors and complete blood count (CBC) were investigated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> <i>In vivo</i> studies indicated that the plain extract and EP-Eudragit RS100 NPs (100 mg/kg) significantly increased the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-β (IL1-β) whereas the EP-Eudragit RS100 NPs (30 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of white blood cells (WBCs) compared to the control group. Lymphocytes' count in all groups was increased significantly compared to the control group (<i>P</i><0.05) whereas other CBC parameters remained unchanged. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The prepared EP-Eudragit RS100 NPs by electrospray technique caused significant reinforcement in the immunostimulatory effects of the extract of <i>E. purpurea</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"283-289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10086115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current and Novel Emerging Medical Therapies for Peripheral Artery Disease: A Literature Review.","authors":"AmirAhmad Arabzadeh,&nbsp;Elnaz Faghfuri,&nbsp;Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani,&nbsp;Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia,&nbsp;Samaneh Siapush,&nbsp;Kazem Nejati-Koshki,&nbsp;Bita Shahrami,&nbsp;Vahid Asghariazar,&nbsp;Yasamin Pahlavan","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the improvements in endovascular techniques during the last decades, there is still an increase in the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) with limited practical treatment, which timeline impact of any intervention for critical limb ischemia (CLI) is poor. Most common treatments are not suitable for many patients due to their underlying diseases, including aging and diabetes. On the one hand, there are limitations for current therapies due to the contraindications of some individuals, and on the other hand, there are many side effects caused by common medications, for instance, anticoagulants. Therefore, novel treatment strategies like regenerative medicine, cell-based therapies, Nano-therapy, gene therapy, and targeted therapy, besides other traditional drugs combination therapy for PAD, are newly considered promising therapy. Genetic material encoding for specific proteins concludes with a potential future for developed treatments. Novel approaches for therapeutic angiogenesis directly used the angiogenetic factors originating from key biomolecules such as genes, proteins, or cell-based therapy to induce blood vessel formation in adult tissues to initiate the recovery process in the ischemic limb. As PAD is associated with high mortality and morbidity of patients causing disability, considering the limited treatment choices for these patients, developing new treatment strategies to prevent PAD progression and extending life expectancy, and preventing threatening complications is urgently needed. This review aims to introduce the current and the novel strategies for PAD treatment that lead to new challenges for relief the patient's suffered from the disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"259-268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10086120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coenzyme Q10 and Its Therapeutic Potencies Against COVID-19 and Other Similar Infections: A Molecular Review.","authors":"Mohammad Fakhrolmobasheri,&nbsp;Mahnaz-Sadat Hosseini,&nbsp;Seyedeh-Ghazal Shahrokh,&nbsp;Zahra Mohammadi,&nbsp;Mohammad-Javad Kahlani,&nbsp;Seyed-Erfan Majidi,&nbsp;Mehrdad Zeinalian","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> New lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), currently, has been converted to a disastrous pandemic worldwide. As there has been found no definitive treatment for the infection in this review we focused on molecular aspects of coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) and possible therapeutic potencies of CoQ₁₀ against COVID-19 and similar infections. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is a narrative review in which we used some authentic resources including PubMed, ISI, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane, and some preprint databases, the molecular aspects of CoQ₁₀ effects, regarding to the COVID-19 pathogenesis, have been analyzed and discussed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CoQ₁₀ is an essential cofactor in the electron transport chain of the phosphorylative oxidation system. It is a powerful lipophilic antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory supplement which has been tested for the management and prevention of a variety of diseases particularly diseases with inflammatory pathogenesis. CoQ₁₀ is a strong anti-inflammatory agent which can reduce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)- 6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and other inflammatory cytokines. The cardio-protective role of CoQ₁₀ in improving viral myocarditis and drug induced cardiotoxicity has been determined in different studies. CoQ₁₀ could also improve the interference in the RAS system caused by COVID-19 through exerting anti-Angiotensin II effects and decreasing oxidative stress. CoQ₁₀ passes easily through blood-brain barrier (BBB). As a neuroprotective agent CoQ₁₀ can reduce oxidative stress and modulate the immunologic reactions. These properties may help to reduce CNS inflammation and prevent BBB damage and neuronal apoptosis in COVID-19 patients. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> CoQ₁₀ supplementation may prevent the COVID-19-induced morbidities with a potential protective role against the deleterious consequences of the disease, further clinical evaluations are encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"233-243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9764065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposome-Fe₃ O₄-Doxorubicin Mediated Treatment of Melanoma Tumors.","authors":"Azalia Azlegini,&nbsp;Sirus Javadpour,&nbsp;Mohamad Ebrahim Bahrololoom","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Magnetic hyperthermia is a treatment method based on eddy currents, hysteresis, and relaxation mechanisms of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). MNPs such as Fe₃ O₄ have the ability to generate heat under an alternating magnetic field. Heat sensitive liposomes (Lip) convert from lipid layer to liquid layer through heat generated by MNPs and can release drugs. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, different groups of doxorubicin (DOX), MNPs and liposomes were evaluated. The MNPs were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The MNPs, DOX and a combination of MNPs and DOX were efficiently loaded into the liposomes using the evaporator rotary technique. Magnetic properties, microstructure, specific absorption rate (SAR), zeta potential, loading percentage of the MNPs and DOX concentration in liposomes, in vitro drug release of liposomes were studied. Finally, the necrosis percentage of cancer cells in C57BL/6J mice bearing melanoma tumors was assessed for all groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The loading percentages of MNPs and concentration of DOX in the liposomes were 18.52 and 65% respectively. The Lip-DOX-MNPs at the buffer citrate solution, showed highly SAR as the solution temperature reached 42°C in 5 minutes. The release of DOX occurred in a pH-dependent manner. The volume of tumor in the therapeutic groups containing the MNPs significantly decreased compared to the others. Numerical analysis showed that the tumor volume in mice receiving Lip-MNPs-DOX was 9.29% that of the control and a histological examination of the tumor section showed 70% necrosis. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The Lip-DOX-MNPs could be effective agents which reduce malignant skin tumors growth and increase cancer cell necrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"309-316"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9709998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Kidney Allograft Recipients of Northern-West, Iran.","authors":"Elaheh Jabbari Hagh,&nbsp;Ali Mousavi,&nbsp;Seyyedeh Mina Hejazian,&nbsp;Mehdi Haghi,&nbsp;Samaneh Esfahanian,&nbsp;Elham Ahmadian,&nbsp;Sepideh Zununi Vahed,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Ardalan","doi":"10.34172/apb.2023.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2023.038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) such as tacrolimus are a major immunosuppressive therapy after renal transplantation, which inhibit cytokine expression. The pharmacokinetics of such drugs is influenced by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, multi-drug resistance-1 (MDR-1), and C25385T pregnane X receptor (PXR). This study aimed to investigate the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in these genes on the ratio of tacrolimus level per drug dosage (C/D ratio), acute graft rejection, and viral infections. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Kidney transplantation recipients (n=65) under similar immunosuppressive treatment were included. Amplification refractory mutation systempolymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method was applied to amplify the loci containing the SNPs of interest. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Overall, 65 patients with a male/female ratio of 37/28 were included. The mean age was 38±1.75 years. The variant allele frequencies of CYP3A5*3, MDR-1 C3435T, and PXR C25385T were 95.38, 20.77, and 26.92%, respectively. No significant correlations were found between the studied SNPs and the tacrolimus C/D ratios. However, there was a significant difference in the C/D ratios at 2 and 8 weeks in homozygote <i>CYP3A5 *3/*</i>3 carriers (<i>P</i>=0.015). No significant association was found between the studied polymorphisms and viral infections and acute graft rejection (<i>P</i>>0.05). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Homozygote <i>CYP3A5 *3/*</i>3 genotype could influence the tacrolimus metabolism rate (C/D ratio).</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"13 2","pages":"393-398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}