Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Food as Medicine: Curbing Type-2 Diabetes Prevalence Through Consumption of High Amylose Starchy Foods in Sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Muyiwa S Adegbaju, Ifeoluwa E Adegbaju, Memunat A Issah, Fatimatou Saccoh, Ademola A Falade, James R Lloyd, Olanrewaju B Morenikeji","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.43630","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.43630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus (DM) is exponentially increasing across the world. Particularly, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) than in any other region of the world, with a significant effect on mortality and morbidity. T2DM is a disease known to be associated with elevated glucose levels in the blood, caused by numerous factors including dietary and lifestyle changes. Ensuring an adequate supply of a healthy diet through a transformed food system could be a potential strategy to mitigate T2DM in SSA. In plants, starch is the most common storage carbohydrate, and it is the major glucose-releasing carbohydrate in human diets. The rate of starch digestibility varies and is largely due to the proportion of its two polyglucan components, amylose and amylopectin. Although, no medication has been found to effectively treat T2DM, it could be managed through effective postprandial glycemia control. This article reviews the mechanism for slowing down the rate of starch digestion and absorption in the small intestine through direct alteration of amylose and amylopectin in starch crops. This strategy would ensure the supply of healthy diets for consumption and ultimately help to curb the increasing prevalence of T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 2","pages":"293-313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vemurafenib Induces Senescent Phenotype with Increased Adhesion in BRAF Mutant A375 but not in Wild Type BRAF SK-MEL-2 Melanoma Cells.","authors":"Aleksandra Rashidovna Esimbekova, Vasiliy Dmitrievich Belenyuk, Andrey Anatolievich Savchenko, Tatiana Gennadievna Ruksha","doi":"10.34172/apb.42808","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.42808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study aimed to determine the selective effects of BRAF V600E inhibitor on focal adhesion in melanoma cells with respect to their phenotypic reprogramming.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Flow cytometry was used to analyse the distribution of BRAFV600E and BRAFWT melanoma cells throughout the cell cycle post-vemurafenib treatment. Senescent cells were identified based on b-galactosidase activity and the mRNA expression of cell cycle proteins, CCND1 and RBL1. Centrifugal cell adhesion assay was used to determine the adhesive capacities of resting and proliferative BRAF mutant and BRAF wild-type melanoma cells under vemurafenib treatment. Fibronectin binding was evaluated by spectrophotometry and quantitative real-time PCR to measure the mRNA levels of integrins: ITGAV, ITGA5, ITGB1 and ITGB3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vemurafenib increases the proportion of melanoma BRAFV600E-positive cells in the G0 phase of a cell cycle. Melanoma cells entering the G0 phase after vemurafenib treatment indicated an upregulation of senescence-associated markers. Non-proliferating melanoma cell number was elevated among vemurafenib-treated BRAFV600E cells with enhanced attachment. BRAFV600E-positive but not BRAFV600E-negative cells were characterised by upregulated ITGAV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current results demonstrated that vemurafenib induces the phenotypic switch in melanoma cells depending on their mutational status. It also strengthens the adhesive features of senescent cells, increasing their binding to fibronectin via ITGAV, which may be a part of the phenotypic mode of drug resistance or slow interaction of proliferating cancer cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, targeting senescent cells by focal adhesion modulators may be a promising approach to control drug-resistant melanoma cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"176-185"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Delivery of Bortezomib Using Retinoid-Based Nanoparticle: Modulating Liver Fibrosis through the TGF-β1/Smad3 Pathway.","authors":"Samaneh Siapoush, Mohammad Rahmati, Morteza Milani, Behzad Hatami, Nosratollah Zarghami, Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan, Mohammad Reza Zali, Kaveh Baghaei","doi":"10.34172/apb.43295","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.43295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a crucial role in fibrosis progression. we have developed a targeted delivery approach using A-functionalized nanoparticles for bortezomib (BTZ) specifically for activated HSCs in a mouse model of liver fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to form nanoparticles (NPs) targeted with vitamin A. The characterization of NPs was approved with Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, the biodistribution of NPs inside mice bodies was conducted via fluorescent drug. the cytotoxicity of NPs evaluated in different dose in vitro test. Compared to control groups, a serological evaluation, molecular examination and protein expression were performed based on BTZ's impact on fibrotic index on model mice after treatment with targeted NPs loaded with BTZ.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Characterization of synthesized targeted NPs containing BTZ through DLS, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FT-IR showed that the size of NPs was optimum and drug was entrapped inside of NPs successfully. Biodistribution of engineered targeted nanoparticles incorporating BTZ in mice showed a gradual tendency of NPs in the liver zone. Moreover, mice treated with vitamin A-targeted containing BTZ showed decreased expression of collagen I, collagen III, and α-SMA; also, the level of expression in TGF-β1/Smad3 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) genes suppressed in mice treated with NPs entrapped BTZ. In line with these results, histopathologic and serological results showed significant exacerbation in non-target and drug-free nanoparticle-treated mice. The best result was seen in mice treated with targeted BTZ.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BTZ, in low amounts entrapped in targeted NPc, could ameliorate the fibrotic index in mice models.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"107-122"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"c-Abl Inhibitors in Parkinson's: Exploring Hypotheses on Alpha-Synuclein Modulation.","authors":"Jyutia Nargish, Hirok Jyoti Baishya, Piyong Sola","doi":"10.34172/apb.42806","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.42806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) stands as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, impacting a global population estimated between 6 to 10 million individuals. The condition primarily arises from a dopamine deficiency and the presence of α-synuclein, forming Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNcp). Despite the ongoing quest to unravel the precise pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD, recent literature reviews posit that heightened activation of the Abelson non-receptor tyrosine kinase(c-Abl), in brain tissues plays a pivotal role in neurodegeneration observed in PD patients. Notably, these studies put forth compelling evidence suggesting that c-Abl inhibitors' interventions exhibit notable therapeutic potential. The potential benefits encompass enhancements in motor function, prevention of dopamine neuron loss, and the meticulous regulation of α-synuclein phosphorylation and clearance. These findings collectively advocate for the exploration of c-Abl as a prospective therapeutic target, thereby presenting inhibitors of this kinase as promising candidates for intervention in the management of PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"7-10"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PTEN and p53 Combined Gene Therapy Promote Apoptosis and Chemosensitivity to Oxaliplatin in Colorectal Cancer: An <i>In Vitro</i> Study.","authors":"Narjes Nakhaee, Sirous Zeinali, Mahboubeh Kabiri, Ladan Teimoori-Toolabi","doi":"10.34172/apb.43371","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.43371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cancer is a complex condition and gene therapy has evolved as a promising method for cancer treatment. Studies have demonstrated that PTEN and p53 proteins have remarkable antitumor effects but combined up-regulation of both PTEN and p53 genes has not been reported. We thus investigated their therapeutic potential in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PTEN, p53, and blank vectors were purchased from Addgene, and transfected in SW480 cell line. Cell viability and apoptosis was assayed by MTT and flow cytometric analysis respectively. Real-time PCR assay was applied to assess changes in the expression of genes. To evaluate the effect on drug sensitivity of transfected cells, flow cytometric analysis was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PTEN are more able to induce apoptosis than p53 in SW480 and PTEN and p53 demonstrated a synergistic anticancer impact. Further tests showed that both genes increased the change in the expression of genes related to cell cycle and apoptotic factors. Co-expression of these genes can also increase the susceptibility of CRC cells to the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to our findings, cancer gene therapy targeting two tumor suppressors, like PTEN and p53 genes, might be a potent therapeutic approach for treating colorectal and other cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"154-161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Feasibility of Blockade of NK Group-2 Member-A Receptor in Natural Killer Cells Combined with Cetuximab Antibody in Patients with Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Maryam Samareh-Salavatipour, Shirin Tavakoli, Maryam Barkhordar, Iman Seyhoun, Nasim Vousooghi, Mohammad Vaezi, Afshin Ghaderi, Tahereh Bakhtiari, Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh, Javad Verdi, Mohammad Ahmadvand","doi":"10.34172/apb.43859","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.43859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Blocking of inhibitory receptors such as NK group-2 member-A (NKG2A) enhances tumor immunity of natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important cytotoxic modality of action of NK cells, which act as a functional bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we investigated the safety and feasibility of anti-NKG2A antibody-pretreated NK cells combined with IgG1 antibody (cetuximab) in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this pilot study, treatment was initiated with cetuximab-based chemotherapy, followed by three times adoptive administration of anti-NKG2A pretreated NK cells (at doses 7×10⁸ cells/injection) at 5-day intervals in three unresectable and locally advanced GAC patients who enrolled regarding vital signs and clinical characteristics. The clinical signs, laboratory parameters, and CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) were documented for a safety and feasibility assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expanded cells were confirmed to be enriched in NK cells with high expression of CD56 (88.1%) and low expression of NKG2A (0.22%). The combination NK cell therapy was well tolerated, with transient adverse events. All patients were alive at the last follow-up (24 weeks). All patients showed overall decreases in tumor size and CA 19-9 level 4 weeks after combination therapy. However, two patients showed progressive disease (PD) after 12 weeks and the level of CA19-9 was increased in all three patients after 24 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, this study demonstrated the safety and feasibility of infusing high doses of anti-NKG2A pretreated NK cells combined with cetuximab in patients with GAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"143-153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of Chrysin-Loaded Hyaluronic Acid Decorated Niosomal Nanoparticles: Potential Anti-inflammatory and Anti-osteoclastic Effects on PBMCs of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.","authors":"Sarah Nadhim Sahib, Fadhil Jawad Al-Tu'ma, Atheer Hameed Odda, Maha M Kadhim Al-Tu'ma","doi":"10.34172/apb.43185","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.43185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis is a persistent autoimmune condition characterized by joint inflammation and degradation, impacting individuals with varying degrees of severity. Chrysin is a natural flavonoid possessing diverse pharmacological properties and antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities. However, chrysin encounters limitations in bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility and rapid metabolism. Targeted therapy using nanoparticle systems is a novel approach to overcome these difficulties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The hyaluronic acid-decorated niosomal nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated using the thin-film hydration method and characterized by various techniques (DLS, AFM, SEM, FT-IR, and drug release pattern analysis). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood samples of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and various factors levels, including nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, total antioxidative capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as the expression levels of TIMP1, MMP9, and RANKL genes were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The fabricated NPs demonstrated spherical morphology with 199±10.7 nm size, 0.653 PDI, and -15.38±2.8 zeta potential. The FT-IR results confirmed the successful incorporation of substances inside niosomal NPs. The treatment with chrysin loaded niosomal NPs successfully decreased the inflammatory agent (nitric oxide), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), and osteoclastic related genes (MMP9 and RANKL) expression level. On the other hand, the activity of antioxidant agents (TAC, SOD, and GPx), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and anti-osteoclastic related genes (TIMP1) were found to increase.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Taken together, the hyaluronic acid-decorated niosomal nano drug delivery system was acceptable in terms of characteristics and was able to direct the chrysin in the vicinity of PBMCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purification of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Chromatographic Methods: Increasing Purity and Recovery.","authors":"Elnazalsadat Jafarzadeh Chehraghi, Parvin Akbarzadehlaleh, Karim Shamsasenjan","doi":"10.34172/apb.43967","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.43967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have gained increasing significance in biopharmaceutical research and production because of their precise targeting and therapeutic potential. The purification of mAbs is a crucial stage in production, ensuring the elimination of impurities for a top-quality, safe, and efficient final product. Chromatographic methods including affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) are commonly utilized to selectively capture and purify mAbs from complex mixtures by exploiting their unique properties, such as antigen-binding specificity or their surface charge and hydrophobicity. This review provides an overview of the current chromatographic techniques for mAbs purification, and to this aim delves into recent advancements and emerging trends in mAb purification, including the application of multi-modal ligands, membrane adsorbers, and continuous processing. These innovations aim to enhance efficiency, selectivity, and reliability while reducing processing time and costs, ultimately contributing to the development of safe and effective mAb-based therapies. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of choosing suitable methods based on the unique properties of the mAb and the desired quality attributes of the end product.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"27-45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Therapies in Oncology: Balancing Efficacy and Safety in the Context of Latent Tuberculosis.","authors":"Maher Monir Akl, Amr Ahmed","doi":"10.34172/apb.43269","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.43269","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"14 4","pages":"714-715"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Based Methods and Nanocarrier-Based Approaches for Melasma Treatment.","authors":"Amiremad Kheirieh, Amirhessam Kheirieh, Zahra Mahdavi, Ali Mohammad Halvani, Amir Mohammad Bagheri, Hooriyeh Nassirli, Shiva Golmohammadzadeh, Bizhan Malaekeh-Nikouei","doi":"10.34172/apb.42794","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.42794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Melasma is a persistent skin condition caused by excessive melanin production, particularly affecting women's quality of life. It can result from various factors like sun exposure, genetics, hormones, medications, or inflammation. Effective melasma treatment requires products that can deeply penetrate the skin. The outermost skin layer, known as the stratum corneum (SC), plays a crucial role in delivering topical and transdermal drugs. Researchers have developed numerous strategies to enhance skin permeability and drug efficacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review delves into energy-based techniques and nanocarrier systems for treating melasma, specifically focusing on improving drug delivery to the viable epidermis (EP) while overcoming the SC barrier.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Physical methods offer benefits such as enhanced skin penetration but come with drawbacks like frequent visits, high costs, and the need for specialized equipment and skilled operators. Microneedle patches are gaining attention as a convenient physical treatment option for delivering multiple medications effectively, offering targeted delivery and minimal side effects. Nanocarrier systems like transferosomes demonstrate promise in enhancing skin penetration for treating melasma and skin hyperpigmentation. While they offer advantages such as high drug entrapment and improved bioavailability, challenges like stability issues and scalability hinder their widespread adoption.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Energy-based techniques enhance drug penetration but can lead to scarring and burns, while dissolvable micro-needles offer a convenient and effective alternative. Nano-drug carriers, like nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and transferosomes, show promise for improved skin drug delivery with their flexible structures and enhanced penetration capabilities, yet further clinical research is needed for definitive conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"14 4","pages":"759-793"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}