Brain and neuroscience advances最新文献

{"title":"A continuum hypothesis of psychotomimetic rapid antidepressants.","authors":"Joost Haarsma, Catherine J Harmer, Sandra Tamm","doi":"10.1177/23982128211007772","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23982128211007772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ketamine, classical psychedelics and sleep deprivation are associated with rapid effects on depression. Interestingly, these interventions also have common psychotomimetic actions, mirroring aspects of psychosis such as an altered sense of self, perceptual distortions and distorted thinking. This raises the question whether these interventions might be acute antidepressants through the same mechanisms that underlie some of their psychotomimetic effects. That is, perhaps some symptoms of depression can be understood as occupying the opposite end of a spectrum where elements of psychosis can be found on the other side. This review aims at reviewing the evidence underlying a proposed <i>continuum hypothesis of psychotomimetic rapid antidepressants</i>, suggesting that a range of psychotomimetic interventions are also acute antidepressants as well as trying to explain these common features in a hierarchical predictive coding framework, where we hypothesise that these interventions share a common mechanism by increasing the flexibility of prior expectations. Neurobiological mechanisms at play and the role of different neuromodulatory systems affected by these interventions and their role in controlling the precision of prior expectations and new sensory evidence will be reviewed. The proposed hypothesis will also be discussed in relation to other existing theories of antidepressants. We also suggest a number of novel experiments to test the hypothesis and highlight research areas that could provide further insights, in the hope to better understand the acute antidepressant properties of these interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"23982128211007772"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8114748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39004823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Astrocytes in schizophrenia.","authors":"Tina Notter","doi":"10.1177/23982128211009148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23982128211009148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia is a severe and clinically heterogenous mental disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Despite tremendous achievements in the field of schizophrenia research, its precise aetiology remains elusive. Besides dysfunctional neuronal signalling, the pathophysiology of schizophrenia appears to involve molecular and functional abnormalities in glial cells, including astrocytes. This article provides a concise overview of the current evidence supporting altered astrocyte activity in schizophrenia, which ranges from findings obtained from post-mortem immunohistochemical analyses, genetic association studies and transcriptomic investigations, as well as from experimental investigations of astrocyte functions in animal models. Integrating the existing data from these research areas strongly suggests that astrocytes have the capacity to critically affect key neurodevelopmental and homeostatic processes pertaining to schizophrenia pathogenesis, including glutamatergic signalling, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning and myelination. The further elucidation of astrocytes functions in health and disease may, therefore, offer new insights into how these glial cells contribute to abnormal brain development and functioning underlying this debilitating mental disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"23982128211009148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/23982128211009148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38919205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual differences in theta-band oscillations in a spatial memory network revealed by electroencephalography predict rapid place learning.","authors":"Markus Bauer,&nbsp;Matthew G Buckley,&nbsp;Tobias Bast","doi":"10.1177/23982128211002725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23982128211002725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spatial memory has been closely related to the medial temporal lobe and theta oscillations are thought to play a key role. However, it remains difficult to investigate medial temporal lobe activation related to spatial memory with non-invasive electrophysiological methods in humans. Here, we combined the virtual delayed-matching-to-place task, reverse-translated from the watermaze delayed-matching-to-place task in rats, with high-density electroencephalography recordings. Healthy young volunteers performed this computerised task in a virtual circular arena, which contained a hidden target whose location moved to a new place every four trials, allowing the assessment of rapid memory formation. Using behavioural measures as predictor variables for source reconstructed frequency-specific electroencephalography power, we found that inter-individual differences in 'search preference' during 'probe trials', a measure of one-trial place learning known from rodent studies to be particularly hippocampus-dependent, correlated predominantly with distinct theta-band oscillations (approximately 7 Hz), particularly in the right temporal lobe, the right striatum and inferior occipital cortex or cerebellum. This pattern was found during both encoding and retrieval/expression, but not in control analyses and could not be explained by motor confounds. Alpha-activity in sensorimotor and parietal cortex contralateral to the hand used for navigation also correlated (inversely) with search preference. This latter finding likely reflects movement-related factors associated with task performance, as well as a frequency difference in (ongoing) alpha-rhythm for high-performers versus low-performers that may contribute to these results indirectly. Relating inter-individual differences in ongoing brain activity to behaviour in a continuous rapid place-learning task that is suitable for a variety of populations, we could demonstrate that memory-related theta-band activity in temporal lobe can be measured with electroencephalography recordings. This approach holds great potential for further studies investigating the interactions within this network during encoding and retrieval, as well as neuromodulatory impacts and age-related changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"23982128211002725"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/23982128211002725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39930104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between hippocampal-dependent task performance and hippocampal grey matter myelination and iron content.","authors":"Ian A Clark, Martina F Callaghan, Nikolaus Weiskopf, Eleanor A Maguire","doi":"10.1177/23982128211011923","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23982128211011923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individual differences in scene imagination, autobiographical memory recall, future thinking and spatial navigation have long been linked with hippocampal structure in healthy people, although evidence for such relationships is, in fact, mixed. Extant studies have predominantly concentrated on hippocampal volume. However, it is now possible to use quantitative neuroimaging techniques to model different properties of tissue microstructure in vivo such as myelination and iron. Previous work has linked such measures with cognitive task performance, particularly in older adults. Here we investigated whether performance on scene imagination, autobiographical memory, future thinking and spatial navigation tasks was associated with hippocampal grey matter myelination or iron content in young, healthy adult participants. Magnetic resonance imaging data were collected using a multi-parameter mapping protocol (0.8 mm isotropic voxels) from a large sample of 217 people with widely-varying cognitive task scores. We found little evidence that hippocampal grey matter myelination or iron content were related to task performance. This was the case using different analysis methods (voxel-based quantification, partial correlations), when whole brain, hippocampal regions of interest, and posterior:anterior hippocampal ratios were examined, and across different participant sub-groups (divided by gender and task performance). Variations in hippocampal grey matter myelin and iron levels may not, therefore, help to explain individual differences in performance on hippocampal-dependent tasks, at least in young, healthy individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"23982128211011923"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8079931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38919206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network.","authors":"Mohammad Ali Salehinejad, Elham Ghanavati, Md Harun Ar Rashid, Michael A Nitsche","doi":"10.1177/23982128211007769","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23982128211007769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Different models and approaches are proposed for describing how executive functions are functionally organised in the brain. One popular and recently proposed organising principle of executive functions is the distinction between <i>hot</i> (i.e. reward or affective-related) versus <i>cold</i> (i.e. purely cognitive) domains of executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is traditionally linked to executive functions, but on the other hand, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are hugely involved in executive functions as well. In this review, we first define executive functions, their domains, and the appropriate methods for studying them. Second, we discuss how <i>hot</i> and <i>cold</i> executive functions are linked to different areas of the prefrontal cortex. Next, we discuss the association of <i>hot</i> versus <i>cold</i> executive functions with the cingulate cortex, focusing on the anterior and posterior compartments. Finally, we propose a functional model for <i>hot</i> and <i>cold</i> executive function organisation in the brain with a specific focus on the <i>fronto-cingular</i> network. We also discuss clinical implications of <i>hot</i> versus <i>cold</i> cognition in major neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism) and attempt to characterise their profile according to the functional dominance or manifest of <i>hot-cold</i> cognition. Our model proposes that the lateral prefrontal cortex along with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are more relevant for <i>cold</i> executive functions, while the medial-orbital prefrontal cortex along with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex are more closely involved in <i>hot</i> executive functions. This functional distinction, however, is not absolute and depends on several factors including task features, context, and the extent to which the measured function relies on cognition and emotion or both.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"23982128211007769"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/23982128211007769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38919204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lifting the lid on impact and peer review.","authors":"Joseph Clift, Anne Cooke, Anthony R Isles, Jeffrey W Dalley, Richard N Henson","doi":"10.1177/23982128211006574","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23982128211006574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Brain and Neuroscience Advances</i> has grown in tandem with the British Neuroscience Association's campaign to build Credibility in Neuroscience, which encourages actions and initiatives aimed at improving reproducibility, reliability and openness. This commitment to credibility impacts not only what the Journal publishes, but also how it operates. With that in mind, the Editorial Board sought the views of the neuroscience community on the peer review process, and on how they should respond to the Journal Impact Factor that will be assigned to <i>Brain and Neuroscience Advances</i>. In this editorial, we present the results of a survey of neuroscience researchers conducted in the autumn of 2020 and discuss the broader implications of our findings for the Journal and the neuroscience community.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"23982128211006574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9b/5f/10.1177_23982128211006574.PMC8044561.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38964033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforcement learning approaches to hippocampus-dependent flexible spatial navigation.","authors":"Charline Tessereau, Reuben O'Dea, Stephen Coombes, Tobias Bast","doi":"10.1177/2398212820975634","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2398212820975634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans and non-human animals show great flexibility in spatial navigation, including the ability to return to specific locations based on as few as one single experience. To study spatial navigation in the laboratory, watermaze tasks, in which rats have to find a hidden platform in a pool of cloudy water surrounded by spatial cues, have long been used. Analogous tasks have been developed for human participants using virtual environments. Spatial learning in the watermaze is facilitated by the hippocampus. In particular, rapid, one-trial, allocentric place learning, as measured in the delayed-matching-to-place variant of the watermaze task, which requires rodents to learn repeatedly new locations in a familiar environment, is hippocampal dependent. In this article, we review some computational principles, embedded within a reinforcement learning framework, that utilise hippocampal spatial representations for navigation in watermaze tasks. We consider which key elements underlie their efficacy, and discuss their limitations in accounting for hippocampus-dependent navigation, both in terms of behavioural performance (i.e. how well do they reproduce behavioural measures of rapid place learning) and neurobiological realism (i.e. how well do they map to neurobiological substrates involved in rapid place learning). We discuss how an actor-critic architecture, enabling simultaneous assessment of the value of the current location and of the optimal direction to follow, can reproduce one-trial place learning performance as shown on watermaze and virtual delayed-matching-to-place tasks by rats and humans, respectively, if complemented with map-like place representations. The contribution of actor-critic mechanisms to delayed-matching-to-place performance is consistent with neurobiological findings implicating the striatum and hippocampo-striatal interaction in delayed-matching-to-place performance, given that the striatum has been associated with actor-critic mechanisms. Moreover, we illustrate that hierarchical computations embedded within an actor-critic architecture may help to account for aspects of flexible spatial navigation. The hierarchical reinforcement learning approach separates trajectory control via a temporal-difference error from goal selection via a goal prediction error and may account for flexible, trial-specific, navigation to familiar goal locations, as required in some arm-maze place memory tasks, although it does not capture one-trial learning of new goal locations, as observed in open field, including watermaze and virtual, delayed-matching-to-place tasks. Future models of one-shot learning of new goal locations, as observed on delayed-matching-to-place tasks, should incorporate hippocampal plasticity mechanisms that integrate new goal information with allocentric place representation, as such mechanisms are supported by substantial empirical evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"2398212820975634"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2398212820975634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38964030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal obesity and developmental programming of neuropsychiatric disorders: An inflammatory hypothesis.","authors":"Jonathan Davis,&nbsp;Erik Mire","doi":"10.1177/23982128211003484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23982128211003484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maternal obesity is associated with the development of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders; however, the mechanisms behind this association are not fully understood. Comparison between maternal immune activation and maternal obesity reveals similarities in associated impairments and maternal cytokine profile. Here, we present a summary of recent evidence describing how inflammatory processes contribute towards the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring of obese mothers. This includes discussion on how maternal cytokine levels, fatty acids and placental inflammation may interact with foetal neurodevelopment through changes to microglial behaviour and epigenetic modification. We also propose an exosome-mediated mechanism for the disruption of brain development under maternal obesity and discuss potential intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 ","pages":"23982128211003484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/23982128211003484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38900698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BNA 2021 Festival of Neuroscience Poster abstracts","authors":"J. E. Haley, A. Mehta, C. Abbott","doi":"10.1177/23982128211035062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23982128211035062","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the engagement programme for FENS2020 in Glasgow, and to mark the centenary of the founding of the Cajal Institute in Madrid in 1920, we embarked on creating what we believe could be the world's largest Cajal-related embroidery! Consisting of 81 separate panels representing 9 different neuron/astrocyte illustrations by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, this embroidery project was intended to engage neuroscientists, embroiderers, artists and crafters. Launched in February 2020, the project immediately had challenges to overcome as the world went into a covid-19 pandemic lockdown. Whilst not its original intended purpose, the Cajal Embroidery Project, was found by many of our contributors to be a source of tranquility and connection during a chaotic and isolating period. It brought people together, virtually, to share progress of their work, seek advice or materials and find out more about Cajal and the project. The pandemic resulted in the FENS Forum moving online, so we produced a short film featuring the embroideries, the process, and the contributor's feelings about the project. This was made available as one of their Open Theatre slots. Our project has continued and, to date, we have received 77 embroideries from 64 contributors in 7 countries. The final four panels are due for completion in January 2021 and we will join all the panels together during Spring 2021 (pandemic permitting!). The project has already generated exciting outcomes - a short article in BNA Bulletin and a published 'In Context' piece in Lancet Neurology. During 2021, the embroideries are featuring on Lancet Neurology front covers, to accompany 'Focal point' commentaries. Plus, they will form the inaugural exhibition at the Dott Gallery within the new Division of Clinical Neurosciences building, Edinburgh. Communal crafting projects have been used by groups of women for centuries to make often beautiful but utilitarian objects. These projects have traditionally existed in the domestic sphere but we have successfully harnessed the same skills to engage not just the participants (who happened to all be women) but a wider, global community in understanding the history of neuroscience. The Cajal Embroidery Project: celebrating neuroscience, Mehta A. et al, Lancet Neurol. 2020;19: 979 Statistical statement: Although this project clearly involves replicants (n=9 of each image), embroideries, being an artistic expression, are not usually amenable to delivering measurable data. In addition, the end output is, by design, an n of 1. The authors feel, therefore, that statistical analysis is not appropriate or possible for this particular project. Communal crafting projects have been used by groups of women for centuries to make often beautiful but utilitarian objects. These projects have traditionally existed in the domestic sphere but we have successfully harnessed the same skills to engage not just the participants (who happened to all be women) but a wider, global community in un","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/23982128211035062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45722891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-life stress and inflammation: A systematic review of a key experimental approach in rodents.","authors":"Ethan G Dutcher, E A Claudia Pama, Mary-Ellen Lynall, Shahid Khan, Menna R Clatworthy, Trevor W Robbins, Edward T Bullmore, Jeffrey W Dalley","doi":"10.1177/2398212820978049","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2398212820978049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Repeated maternal separation is the most widely used pre-clinical approach to investigate the relationship between early-life chronic stress and its neuropsychiatric and physical consequences. In this systematic review, we identified 46 studies that conducted repeated maternal separation or single-episode maternal separation and reported measurements of interleukin-1b, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, or microglia activation and density. We report that in the short-term and in the context of later-life stress, repeated maternal separation has pro-inflammatory immune consequences in diverse tissues. Repeated maternal separation animals exhibit greater microglial activation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling in key brain regions implicated in human psychiatric disorders. Notably, repeated maternal separation generally has no long-term effect on cytokine expression in any tissue in the absence of later-life stress. These observations suggest that the elevated inflammatory signalling that has been reported in humans with a history of early-life stress may be the joint consequence of ongoing stressor exposure together with potentiated neural and/or immune responsiveness to stressors. Finally, our findings provide detailed guidance for future studies interrogating the causal roles of early-life stress and inflammation in disorders such as major depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":72444,"journal":{"name":"Brain and neuroscience advances","volume":"4 ","pages":"2398212820978049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7780197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38821546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}