BMJ clinical evidence最新文献_第8页

Head lice. 头虱。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.7748/phc2003.10.13.8.33.c457

I. Burgess, P. Silverston

{"title":"Head lice.","authors":"I. Burgess, P. Silverston","doi":"10.7748/phc2003.10.13.8.33.c457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7748/phc2003.10.13.8.33.c457","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Head louse infection is diagnosed by finding live lice, as eggs take 7 days to hatch (but a few may take longer, up to 13 days) and may appear viable for weeks after death of the egg. Infestation may be more likely in school children, with risks increased in children with more siblings or of lower socioeconomic group. Factors such as longer hair make diagnosis and treatment more difficult. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of physically acting treatments for head lice? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to March 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS We found six studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: 1,2-octanediol, dimeticone, herbal and essential oils, and isopropyl myristate.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84102517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wrinkles. 皱纹。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-12-22

Juan Jorge Manríquez, Karina Cataldo, Cristián Vera-Kellet, Isidora Harz-Fresno

{"title":"Wrinkles.","authors":"Juan Jorge Manríquez, Karina Cataldo, Cristián Vera-Kellet, Isidora Harz-Fresno","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Skin disorders associated with photodamage from ultraviolet light include wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, tactile roughness, and telangiectasia, and are more common in people with white skin compared with other skin types. Wrinkles are also associated with ageing, hormonal status, smoking, and intercurrent disease.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for skin wrinkles? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to February 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found 33 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: botulinum toxin injection (e.g., botulinum toxin type A and type B), carbon dioxide laser, chemical peel (including alpha and beta hydroxyl acids), dermabrasion, isotretinoin, tazarotene, tretinoin, and variable pulse erbium:YAG laser.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2014 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4278179/pdf/2014-1711.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32959518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Malaria: prevention in travellers (non-drug interventions). 疟疾：旅行者预防（非药物干预）。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-11-17

Ashley M Croft

{"title":"Malaria: prevention in travellers (non-drug interventions).","authors":"Ashley M Croft","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Malaria transmission occurs most frequently in environments with humidity greater than 60% and ambient temperature of 25°C to 30°C. Risks increase with longer visits and depend on activity. Infection can follow a single mosquito bite. Incubation is usually 10 to 14 days but can be up to 18 months, depending on the strain of parasite.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-drug interventions to prevent malaria in non-pregnant adult travellers? What are the effects of non-drug interventions to prevent malaria in child travellers and in pregnant travellers? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found five studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: aerosol insecticides, air conditioning and electric fans, bath or chemical-base oils, biological control measures, dietary supplementation, electronic mosquito repellents, insecticide-treated clothing/nets, lifestyle changes (full-length and light-coloured clothing, behaviour modification), mosquito coils and vapourising mats, skin-applied chemical repellents (containing diethyltoluamide [DEET] or picaridin), skin-applied plant-based repellents, and smoke.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2014 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233342/pdf/2014-0903.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32817822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pelvic inflammatory disease. 盆腔炎。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-11-15 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0043

J. Ross

{"title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease.","authors":"J. Ross","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0043","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infection of the upper female genital tract and is often asymptomatic. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most common gynaecological reason for admission to hospital in the USA and is diagnosed in almost 2% of women aged 16-45 years consulting their GP in England and Wales.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS AND OUTCOMES\u0000We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of empirical treatment compared with treatment delayed until the results of microbiological investigations are known? How do different antimicrobial regimens compare? What are the effects of routine antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease before intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)8 insertion? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to May 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000We found 9 systematic reviews, RCTs or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics (oral, parenteral, empirical treatment, treatment guided by test results, different durations, outpatient, inpatient), and routine antibiotic prophylaxis (before intrauterine device insertion in women at high risk or low risk).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88783767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Anal fissure (chronic). 肛裂（慢性）。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-11-12

Richard L Nelson

引用次数: 0

Pyelonephritis (acute) in non-pregnant women. 非孕妇肾盂肾炎（急性）。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-11-04

Ignacio Neumann, Philippa Moore

{"title":"Pyelonephritis (acute) in non-pregnant women.","authors":"Ignacio Neumann, Philippa Moore","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by ascent of bacteria (most often Escherichia coli) from the bladder, and is more likely in people with structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities. The prognosis is good if pyelonephritis is treated appropriately, but complications include renal abscess, renal impairment, and septic shock.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of antibiotic treatments for acute pyelonephritis in non-pregnant women with uncomplicated infection? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found four studies that met our inclusion criteria.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics (intravenous), antibiotics (oral), and antibiotics (switch therapy).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2014 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4220693/pdf/2014-0807.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32794236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dysmenorrhoea. 痛经。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-10-21

Pallavi Manish Latthe, Rita Champaneria

{"title":"Dysmenorrhoea.","authors":"Pallavi Manish Latthe, Rita Champaneria","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Dysmenorrhoea may begin soon after the menarche, after which it often improves with age; or it may originate later in life, after the onset of an underlying causative condition. Dysmenorrhoea is common, and in up to 20% of women it may be severe enough to interfere with daily activities.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of pharmacological treatments for primary dysmenorrhoea? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to December 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found eight studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: contraceptives (combined oral), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), progestogens (intrauterine), and simple analgesics (aspirin, paracetamol) .","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2014 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205951/pdf/2014-0813.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32765646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tinnitus. 耳鸣。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-10-20

Julian Savage, Angus Waddell

{"title":"Tinnitus.","authors":"Julian Savage, Angus Waddell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Up to 18% of people in industrialised societies are mildly affected by chronic tinnitus, and 0.5% report tinnitus having a severe effect on their daily life. Tinnitus can be associated with hearing loss, acoustic neuromas, drug toxicity, ear diseases, and depression. Tinnitus can last for many years, and can interfere with sleep and concentration.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for chronic tinnitus? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found 33 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: acamprosate, acupuncture, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, electromagnetic stimulation, ginkgo biloba, hearing aids, hypnosis, psychotherapy, tinnitus-masking devices, and cognitive behavioural therapy plus tinnitus-masking device (tinnitus retraining therapy).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2014 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202663/pdf/2014-0506.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32757893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trigeminal neuralgia. 三叉神经痛。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-10-06

Joanna M Zakrzewska, Mark E Linskey

{"title":"Trigeminal neuralgia.","authors":"Joanna M Zakrzewska, Mark E Linskey","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia is a sudden, unilateral, brief, stabbing, recurrent pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the fifth cranial nerve. Pain occurs in paroxysms, which can last from a few seconds to several minutes. The frequency of the paroxysms ranges from a few to hundreds of attacks a day. Periods of remission can last for months to years, but tend to shorten over time. The condition can impair activities of daily living and lead to depression.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of ongoing treatments in people with trigeminal neuralgia? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to September 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found seven studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: baclofen; carbamazepine; gabapentin; lamotrigine; oxcarbazepine; microvascular decompression; and destructive neurosurgical techniques (radiofrequency thermocoagulation, glycerol rhizolysis, balloon compression, and stereotactic radiosurgery).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2014 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191151/pdf/2014-1207.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32733429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Primary prevention of CVD: diet. 心血管疾病的一级预防：饮食。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2014-09-30

Hermione Clare Price, Adam Nicholls

{"title":"Primary prevention of CVD: diet.","authors":"Hermione Clare Price, Adam Nicholls","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diet is important in the cause of many chronic diseases. Individual change in dietary behaviour has the potential to decrease the burden of chronic disease, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of dietary advice in generally healthy adults without existing CVD or increased CVD risk factors to improve cardiovascular outcomes (mortality, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular risk factors)? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to March 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found 14 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: advice to increase fibre intake alone, advice to increase fruit and vegetable intake alone, advice to reduce and/or modify fat intake alone, and advice to reduce sodium intake alone.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2014 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189398/pdf/2014-0219.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32705792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0