A. Cleare, S. Reid, T. Chalder, M. Hotopf, S. Wessely
{"title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome.","authors":"A. Cleare, S. Reid, T. Chalder, M. Hotopf, S. Wessely","doi":"10.1007/978-4-431-68500-5_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68500-5_10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90473013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scabies.","authors":"Paul Johnstone, Mark Strong","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Scabies is a common public health problem. In many resource-poor settings, scabies is an endemic problem; whereas in industrialised countries, it is most common in institutionalised communities.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of topical treatments for scabies? What are the effects of systemic treatments for scabies? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found five studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: benzyl benzoate (topical), crotamiton (topical), ivermectin (oral), malathion (topical), permethrin (topical), and sulfur compounds (topical).</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4278180/pdf/2014-1707.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32936700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Jorge Manríquez, Karina Cataldo, Cristián Vera-Kellet, Isidora Harz-Fresno
{"title":"Wrinkles.","authors":"Juan Jorge Manríquez, Karina Cataldo, Cristián Vera-Kellet, Isidora Harz-Fresno","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Skin disorders associated with photodamage from ultraviolet light include wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, tactile roughness, and telangiectasia, and are more common in people with white skin compared with other skin types. Wrinkles are also associated with ageing, hormonal status, smoking, and intercurrent disease.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for skin wrinkles? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to February 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found 33 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: botulinum toxin injection (e.g., botulinum toxin type A and type B), carbon dioxide laser, chemical peel (including alpha and beta hydroxyl acids), dermabrasion, isotretinoin, tazarotene, tretinoin, and variable pulse erbium:YAG laser.</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4278179/pdf/2014-1711.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32959518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appendicitis.","authors":"Nigel D'Souza, Karen Nugent","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix that may lead to an abscess, ileus, peritonitis, or death if untreated. Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency. The current standard treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis is usually surgery, but there has been increasing evidence published on the use of antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of surgery compared with antibiotics for acute appendicitis? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to May 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found four studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of surgery (including laparoscopic and open appendicectomy) compared with antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4259213/pdf/2014-0408.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32891727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atrial fibrillation (acute onset).","authors":"Gregory Y H Lip, Stavros Apostolakis","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acute atrial fibrillation is rapid, irregular, and chaotic atrial activity of recent onset. Various definitions of acute atrial fibrillation have been used in the literature, but for the purposes of this review we have included studies where atrial fibrillation may have occurred up to 7 days previously. Risk factors for acute atrial fibrillation include increasing age, cardiovascular disease, alcohol, diabetes, and lung disease. Acute atrial fibrillation increases the risk of stroke and heart failure. The condition resolves spontaneously within 24 to 48 hours in more than 50% of people; however, many people will require interventions to control heart rate or restore sinus rhythm.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions to prevent embolism, for conversion to sinus rhythm, and to control heart rate in people with recent-onset atrial fibrillation (within 7 days) who are haemodynamically stable? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to April 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found 26 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: amiodarone, antithrombotic treatment before cardioversion, atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, digoxin, diltiazem, direct current cardioversion, flecainide, metoprolol, nebivolol, propafenone, sotalol, timolol, and verapamil.</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246362/pdf/2014-0210.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32841906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Malaria: prevention in travellers (non-drug interventions).","authors":"Ashley M Croft","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Malaria transmission occurs most frequently in environments with humidity greater than 60% and ambient temperature of 25°C to 30°C. Risks increase with longer visits and depend on activity. Infection can follow a single mosquito bite. Incubation is usually 10 to 14 days but can be up to 18 months, depending on the strain of parasite.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-drug interventions to prevent malaria in non-pregnant adult travellers? What are the effects of non-drug interventions to prevent malaria in child travellers and in pregnant travellers? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found five studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: aerosol insecticides, air conditioning and electric fans, bath or chemical-base oils, biological control measures, dietary supplementation, electronic mosquito repellents, insecticide-treated clothing/nets, lifestyle changes (full-length and light-coloured clothing, behaviour modification), mosquito coils and vapourising mats, skin-applied chemical repellents (containing diethyltoluamide [DEET] or picaridin), skin-applied plant-based repellents, and smoke.</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233342/pdf/2014-0903.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32817822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease.","authors":"J. Ross","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0043","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infection of the upper female genital tract and is often asymptomatic. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most common gynaecological reason for admission to hospital in the USA and is diagnosed in almost 2% of women aged 16-45 years consulting their GP in England and Wales.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS AND OUTCOMES\u0000We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of empirical treatment compared with treatment delayed until the results of microbiological investigations are known? How do different antimicrobial regimens compare? What are the effects of routine antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease before intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)8 insertion? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to May 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000We found 9 systematic reviews, RCTs or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics (oral, parenteral, empirical treatment, treatment guided by test results, different durations, outpatient, inpatient), and routine antibiotic prophylaxis (before intrauterine device insertion in women at high risk or low risk).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88783767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anal fissure (chronic).","authors":"Richard L Nelson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Anal fissures are a common cause of anal pain during, and for 1 to 2 hours after, defecation. The cause is not fully understood, but low intake of dietary fibre may be a risk factor.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of surgical treatments for chronic anal fissure? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to January 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found nine studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: anal advancement flap, anal stretch/dilation, and internal anal sphincterotomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229958/pdf/2014-0407.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32811333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pyelonephritis (acute) in non-pregnant women.","authors":"Ignacio Neumann, Philippa Moore","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pyelonephritis is usually caused by ascent of bacteria (most often Escherichia coli) from the bladder, and is more likely in people with structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities. The prognosis is good if pyelonephritis is treated appropriately, but complications include renal abscess, renal impairment, and septic shock.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of antibiotic treatments for acute pyelonephritis in non-pregnant women with uncomplicated infection? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found four studies that met our inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics (intravenous), antibiotics (oral), and antibiotics (switch therapy).</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4220693/pdf/2014-0807.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32794236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dysmenorrhoea.","authors":"Pallavi Manish Latthe, Rita Champaneria","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Dysmenorrhoea may begin soon after the menarche, after which it often improves with age; or it may originate later in life, after the onset of an underlying causative condition. Dysmenorrhoea is common, and in up to 20% of women it may be severe enough to interfere with daily activities.</p><p><strong>Methods and outcomes: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of pharmacological treatments for primary dysmenorrhoea? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to December 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found eight studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: contraceptives (combined oral), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), progestogens (intrauterine), and simple analgesics (aspirin, paracetamol) .</p>","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205951/pdf/2014-0813.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32765646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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