BMJ clinical evidence最新文献_第9页

Candidiasis (vulvovaginal). 念珠菌感染（外阴阴道）。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-03-16

Juliana Ester Martin Lopez

{"title":"Candidiasis (vulvovaginal).","authors":"Juliana Ester Martin Lopez","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is estimated to be the second most common cause of vaginitis after bacterial vaginosis. Candida albicans accounts for 85% to 90% of cases.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of drug treatments for acute vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant symptomatic women? What are the effects of alternative or complementary treatments for acute vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant symptomatic women? What are the effects of treating asymptomatic non-pregnant women with a positive swab for candidiasis? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found 23 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: alternative or complementary treatments; douching; drug treatments; garlic; intravaginal preparations (nystatin, imidazoles, tea tree oil); oral fluconazole; oral itraconazole; and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (oral or intravaginal).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4360556/pdf/2015-0815.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33135778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Perineal care. 会阴护理。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-03-10

Julie Frohlich, Christine Kettle

{"title":"Perineal care.","authors":"Julie Frohlich, Christine Kettle","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: More than 85% of women having a vaginal birth suffer some perineal trauma. Spontaneous tears requiring suturing are estimated to occur in at least one third of women in the UK and US. Perineal trauma can lead to long-term physical and psychological problems.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of different methods and materials for primary repair of first- and second-degree tears and episiotomies? What are the effects of different methods and materials for primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (third- and fourth-degree tears)? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found 33 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: conventional suturing; different methods and materials for primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries; non-suturing of muscle and skin (or perineal skin alone); and sutures (absorbable synthetic sutures, catgut sutures, continuous sutures, interrupted sutures).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356152/pdf/2015-1401.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33112865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Constipation in children: fibre and probiotics. 儿童便秘:纤维和益生菌。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-03-10

Merit M Tabbers, Marc A Benninga

{"title":"Constipation in children: fibre and probiotics.","authors":"Merit M Tabbers, Marc A Benninga","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Prevalence of childhood constipation has been estimated at 1% to 30% in the general population worldwide; most children have no obvious aetiological factors. One third of children with chronic constipation continue to have problems beyond puberty. Half of the children with chronic faecal impaction and faecal incontinence have experienced an episode of painful defecation, and many children with chronic constipation exhibit withholding behaviour.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of fibre for children with chronic constipation? What are the effects of probiotics for children with chronic constipation? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to May 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found 12 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: fibre and probiotics.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356179/pdf/2015-0303.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33119413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bulimia nervosa: online interventions. 神经性贪食症:在线干预。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-03-04

Phillipa J Hay, Angélica Medeiros Claudino

{"title":"Bulimia nervosa: online interventions.","authors":"Phillipa J Hay, Angélica Medeiros Claudino","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Up to 1% of people in the community may have bulimia nervosa, characterised by an intense preoccupation with body weight, binge-eating episodes, and use of extreme measures to counteract the feared effects of overeating. People with bulimia nervosa are of normal weight or are overweight, making the condition distinct from anorexia nervosa. After 10 years, about half of people with bulimia nervosa will have recovered fully, one third will have made a partial recovery, and 10% to 20% will still have symptoms.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of online interventions for people with bulimia nervosa? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to April 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found eight studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: applications (apps) or online programmes used as an adjunct to face-to-face therapy, delivery of self-help online, and delivery of therapy online.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356174/pdf/2015-1009.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33424520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ear wax. 耳垢。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-03-04

Tony Wright

{"title":"Ear wax.","authors":"Tony Wright","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ear wax only becomes a problem if it causes a hearing impairment or other ear-related symptoms. Ear wax is more likely to accumulate and cause a hearing impairment when normal extrusion is prevented; for example, by the use of hearing aids, or by the use of cotton buds to clean the ears. Ear wax can visually obscure the ear drum, and may need to be removed for diagnostic purposes.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of methods to remove ear wax? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found nine studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: ear irrigation (syringing); manual removal (other than ear irrigation); wax softeners prior to irrigation; and wax softeners alone.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356173/pdf/2015-0504.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33102219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aphthous ulcers (recurrent). 口疮(复发性)。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-02-26

Konrad Staines, Mark Greenwood

{"title":"Aphthous ulcers (recurrent).","authors":"Konrad Staines, Mark Greenwood","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Most people with recurrent aphthous ulcers develop a few ulcers less than 10 mm in diameter that heal after 7 to 10 days without scarring. The causes are unknown but local physical trauma may trigger ulcers in susceptible people. In 10% of sufferers, lesions are more than 10 mm in diameter and can cause scarring.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of selected topical treatments for recurrent idiopathic aphthous ulcers? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to December 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found nine studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: analgesics (local), corticosteroids (topical), tetracycline antibiotic mouthwash, and topical antiseptic agents (chlorhexidine and similar agents).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356175/pdf/2015-1303.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33086581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bronchiectasis. 支气管扩张。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-02-25

Cecile Magis-Escurra, Monique He Reijers

{"title":"Bronchiectasis.","authors":"Cecile Magis-Escurra, Monique He Reijers","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Bronchiectasis is usually a complication of previous lower respiratory infection and/or inflammation. It causes chronic cough, copious production of sputum (often purulent), and recurrent infections, and may cause airway obstruction bearing some similarities with that seen in COPD. It may complicate respiratory conditions such as asthma or COPD. It can be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, primary immunodeficiencies, certain systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and foreign body inhalation. Bronchiectasis can be due to cystic fibrosis but this is excluded from this review.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments in people with non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) bronchiectasis? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to January 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Results: We found 23 studies that met our inclusion criteria.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: airway clearance techniques, corticosteroids (inhaled), exercise or physical training, hyperosmolar agents (inhaled), mucolytics, prolonged-use antibiotics, and surgery.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356176/pdf/2015-1507.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33083563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tubal ectopic pregnancy. 输卵管异位妊娠。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-02-11 DOI: 10.53347/rid-39174

Vinod Kumar, Janesh Gupta

{"title":"Tubal ectopic pregnancy.","authors":"Vinod Kumar, Janesh Gupta","doi":"10.53347/rid-39174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53347/rid-39174","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Approximately 1/100 pregnancies are ectopic, with the conceptus usually implanting in the fallopian tube. Some ectopic pregnancies resolve spontaneously, but others continue to grow and can lead to rupture of the tube. Risks are higher in women who smoke or have damage to the fallopian tubes due to pelvic infections, surgery, or previous ectopic pregnancy.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS AND OUTCOMES\u0000We conducted a systematic overview aiming to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy on subsequent fertility? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to September 2014 (Clinical Evidence overviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this overview).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000At this update, searching of electronic databases retrieved nine studies. After deduplication and removal of conference abstracts, nine records were screened for inclusion in the overview. Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of six studies and the further review of three full publications. Of the three full articles evaluated, no systematic reviews and one RCT were added at this update. We performed a GRADE evaluation for three PICO combinations.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000In this systematic overview we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions for unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy on subsequent fertility: expectant management, methotrexate, salpingotomy, and salpingectomy.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79709767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. 妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-01-21

Birte Nygaard

{"title":"Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy.","authors":"Birte Nygaard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hyperthyroidism is characterised by high levels of serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. The main causes of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy are Graves' disease and chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)-mediated hyperthyroidism.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of antithyroid drug treatments for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found no studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antithyroid drugs (carbimazole/thiamazole and propylthiouracil).","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303927/pdf/2015-0611.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32997293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Middle-ear pain and trauma during air travel. 空中旅行中耳疼痛和创伤。

BMJ clinical evidence Pub Date : 2015-01-19

Tony Wright

{"title":"Middle-ear pain and trauma during air travel.","authors":"Tony Wright","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Changes in air pressure during flying can cause ear-drum pain and perforation, vertigo, and hearing loss. It has been estimated that 10% of adults and 22% of children might have changes to the ear drum after a flight, although perforation is rare. Symptoms usually resolve spontaneously.Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of interventions to prevent middle-ear pain during air travel? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to July 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).Results: We found three studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: nasal balloon inflation, nasal decongestants (topical), and oral pseudoephedrine.","PeriodicalId":72432,"journal":{"name":"BMJ clinical evidence","volume":"2015 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4298289/pdf/2015-0501.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32984144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0