Bioelectronic medicine最新文献

{"title":"Remote collection of electrophysiological data with brain wearables: opportunities and challenges.","authors":"Richard James Sugden,&nbsp;Viet-Linh Luke Pham-Kim-Nghiem-Phu,&nbsp;Ingrid Campbell,&nbsp;Alberto Leon,&nbsp;Phedias Diamandis","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00114-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00114-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collection of electroencephalographic (EEG) data provides an opportunity to non-invasively study human brain plasticity, learning and the evolution of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Traditionally, due to sophisticated hardware, EEG studies have been largely limited to research centers which restrict both testing contexts and repeated longitudinal measures. The emergence of low-cost \"wearable\" EEG devices now provides the prospect of frequent and remote monitoring of the human brain for a variety of physiological and pathological brain states. In this manuscript, we survey evidence that EEG wearables provide high-quality data and review various software used for remote data collection. We then discuss the growing body of evidence supporting the feasibility of remote and longitudinal EEG data collection using wearables including a discussion of potential biomedical applications of these protocols. Lastly, we discuss some additional challenges needed for EEG wearable research to gain further widespread adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10283168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9763515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective wearable measures and subjective questionnaires for predicting response to neurostimulation in people with chronic pain.","authors":"Robert Heros,&nbsp;Denis Patterson,&nbsp;Frank Huygen,&nbsp;Ioannis Skaribas,&nbsp;David Schultz,&nbsp;Derron Wilson,&nbsp;Michael Fishman,&nbsp;Steven Falowski,&nbsp;Gregory Moore,&nbsp;Jan Willem Kallewaard,&nbsp;Soroush Dehghan,&nbsp;Anahita Kyani,&nbsp;Misagh Mansouri","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00115-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-023-00115-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neurostimulation is an effective therapy for treating and management of refractory chronic pain. However, the complex nature of pain and infrequent in-clinic visits, determining subject's long-term response to the therapy remains difficult. Frequent measurement of pain in this population can help with early diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, and evaluating long-term therapeutic efficacy. This paper compares the utilization of the common subjective patient-reported outcomes with objective measures captured through a wearable device for predicting the response to neurostimulation therapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data is from the ongoing international prospective post-market REALITY clinical study, which collects long-term patient-reported outcomes from 557 subjects implanted by Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) or Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) neurostimulators. The REALITY sub-study was designed for collecting additional wearables data on a subset of 20 participants implanted with SCS devices for up to six months post implantation. We first implemented a combination of dimensionality reduction algorithms and correlation analyses to explore the mathematical relationships between objective wearable data and subjective patient-reported outcomes. We then developed machine learning models to predict therapy outcome based on the subject's response to the numerical rating scale (NRS) or patient global impression of change (PGIC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Principal component analysis showed that psychological aspects of pain were associated with heart rate variability, while movement-related measures were strongly associated with patient-reported outcomes related to physical function and social role participation. Our machine learning models using objective wearable data predicted PGIC and NRS outcomes with high accuracy without subjective data. The prediction accuracy was higher for PGIC compared with the NRS using subjective-only measures primarily driven by the patient satisfaction feature. Similarly, the PGIC questions reflect an overall change since the study onset and could be a better predictor of long-term neurostimulation therapy outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The significance of this study is to introduce a novel use of wearable data collected from a subset of patients to capture multi-dimensional aspects of pain and compare the prediction power with the subjective data from a larger data set. The discovery of pain digital biomarkers could result in a better understanding of the patient's response to therapy and their general well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10283222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10086065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromodulation for recovery of trunk and sitting functions following spinal cord injury: a comprehensive review of the literature.","authors":"Niraj Singh Tharu,&nbsp;Arnold Yu Lok Wong,&nbsp;Yong-Ping Zheng","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00113-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00113-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trunk stability is crucial for people with trunk paralysis resulting from spinal cord injuries (SCI), as it plays a significant role in performing daily life activities and preventing from fall-related accidents. Traditional therapy used assistive methods or seating modifications to provide passive assistance while restricting their daily functionality. The recent emergence of neuromodulation techniques has been reported as an alternative therapy that could improve trunk and sitting functions following SCI. The aim of this review was to provide a broad perspective on the existing studies using neuromodulation techniques and identify their potentials in terms of trunk recovery for people with SCI. Five databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Medline-Ovid, and Web of Science) from inception to December 31, 2022 to identify relevant studies. A total of 21 studies, involving 117 participants with SCI, were included in this review. According to these studies, neuromodulation significantly improved the reaching ability, restored trunk stability and seated posture, increased sitting balance, as well as elevated activity of trunk and back muscles, which were considered early predictors of trunk recovery after SCI. However, there is limited evidence regarding neuromodulation techniques on the improvement of trunk and sitting functions. Therefore, future large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these preliminary findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10226194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9745477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D bioprinting patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell models of Alzheimer's disease using a smart bioink.","authors":"Claire Benwood,&nbsp;Jonathan Walters-Shumka,&nbsp;Kali Scheck,&nbsp;Stephanie M Willerth","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00112-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00112-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is becoming increasingly prevalent as our population ages. It is characterized by the buildup of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated-tau. The current treatments for AD do not prevent the long-term progression of the disease and pre-clinical models often do not accurately represent its complexity. Bioprinting combines cells and biomaterials to create 3D structures that replicate the native tissue environment and can be used as a tool in disease modeling or drug screening.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This work differentiated both healthy and diseased patient-derived human induced pluripotent stems cells (hiPSCs) into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that were bioprinted using the Aspect RX1 microfluidic printer into dome-shaped constructs. The combination of cells, bioink, and puromorphamine (puro)-releasing microspheres were used to mimic the in vivo environment and direct the differentiation of the NPCs into basal forebrain-resembling cholinergic neurons (BFCN). These tissue models were then characterized for cell viability, immunocytochemistry, and electrophysiology to evaluate their functionality and physiology for use as disease-specific neural models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tissue models were successfully bioprinted and the cells were viable for analysis after 30- and 45-day cultures. The neuronal and cholinergic markers β-tubulin III (Tuj1), forkhead box G1 (FOXG1), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were identified as well as the AD markers amyloid beta and tau. Further, immature electrical activity was observed when the cells were excited with potassium chloride and acetylcholine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work shows the successful development of bioprinted tissue models incorporating patient derived hiPSCs. Such models can potentially be used as a tool to screen promising drug candidates for treating AD. Further, this model could be used to increase the understanding of AD progression. The use of patient derived cells also shows the potential of this model for use in personalized medicine applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10207712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9875631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in the non-human primate: implantation methodology, characterization of nerve anatomy, target engagement and experimental applications.","authors":"Aaron J Suminski, Abigail Z Rajala, Rasmus M Birn, Ellie M Mueller, Margaret E Malone, Jared P Ness, Caitlyn Filla, Kevin Brunner, Alan B McMillan, Samuel O Poore, Justin C Williams, Dhanabalan Murali, Andrea Brzeczkowski, Samuel A Hurley, Aaron M Dingle, Weifeng Zeng, Wendell B Lake, Kip A Ludwig, Luis C Populin","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00111-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-023-00111-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a FDA approved therapy regularly used to treat a variety of neurological disorders that impact the central nervous system (CNS) including epilepsy and stroke. Putatively, the therapeutic efficacy of VNS results from its action on neuromodulatory centers via projections of the vagus nerve to the solitary tract nucleus. Currently, there is not an established large animal model that facilitates detailed mechanistic studies exploring how VNS impacts the function of the CNS, especially during complex behaviors requiring motor action and decision making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We describe the anatomical organization, surgical methodology to implant VNS electrodes on the left gagus nerve and characterization of target engagement/neural interface properties in a non-human primate (NHP) model of VNS that permits chronic stimulation over long periods of time. Furthermore, we describe the results of pilot experiments in a small number of NHPs to demonstrate how this preparation might be used in an animal model capable of performing complex motor and decision making tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VNS electrode impedance remained constant over months suggesting a stable interface. VNS elicited robust activation of the vagus nerve which resulted in decreases of respiration rate and/or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air, but not changes in heart rate in both awake and anesthetized NHPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We anticipate that this preparation will be very useful to study the mechanisms underlying the effects of VNS for the treatment of conditions such as epilepsy and depression, for which VNS is extensively used, as well as for the study of the neurobiological basis underlying higher order functions such as learning and memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10148417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9391366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of timing optimization for closed-loop applications of vagus nerve stimulation.","authors":"Ramanamurthy V Mylavarapu, Vivek V Kanumuri, Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari, Amrit Misra, David W McMillan, Patrick D Ganzer","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00110-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-023-00110-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent decades, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy has become widely used for clinical applications including epilepsy, depression, and enhancing the effects of rehabilitation. However, several questions remain regarding optimization of this therapy to maximize clinical outcomes. Although stimulation parameters such as pulse width, amplitude, and frequency are well studied, the timing of stimulation delivery both acutely (with respect to disease events) and chronically (over the timeline of a disease's progression) has generally received less attention. Leveraging such information would provide a framework for the implementation of next generation closed-loop VNS therapies. In this mini-review, we summarize a number of VNS therapies and discuss (1) general timing considerations for these applications and (2) open questions that could lead to further therapy optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10134677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9714800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatic stellate cell activation markers are regulated by the vagus nerve in systemic inflammation.","authors":"Osman Ahmed,&nbsp;April S Caravaca,&nbsp;Maria Crespo,&nbsp;Wanmin Dai,&nbsp;Ting Liu,&nbsp;Qi Guo,&nbsp;Magdalena Leiva,&nbsp;Guadalupe Sabio,&nbsp;Vladimir S Shavva,&nbsp;Stephen G Malin,&nbsp;Peder S Olofsson","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00108-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00108-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The liver is an important immunological organ and liver inflammation is part of the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a condition that may promote cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and cardiovascular disease. Despite dense innervation of the liver parenchyma, little is known about neural regulation of liver function in inflammation. Here, we study vagus nerve control of the liver response to acute inflammation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to either sham surgery, surgical vagotomy, or electrical vagus nerve stimulation followed by intraperitoneal injection of the TLR2 agonist zymosan. Animals were euthanized and tissues collected 12 h after injection. Samples were analyzed by qPCR, RNAseq, flow cytometry, or ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hepatic mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory mediators Ccl2, Il-1β, and Tnf-α were significantly higher in vagotomized mice compared with mice subjected to sham surgery. Differences in liver Ccl2 levels between treatment groups were largely reflected in the plasma chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) concentration. In line with this, we observed a higher number of macrophages in the livers of vagotomized mice compared with sham as measured by flow cytometry. In mice subjected to electrical vagus nerve stimulation, hepatic mRNA levels of Ccl2, Il1β, and Tnf-α, and plasma CCL2 levels, were significantly lower compared with sham. Interestingly, RNAseq revealed that a key activation marker for hepatic stellate cells (HSC), Pnpla3, was the most significantly differentially expressed gene between vagotomized and sham mice. Of note, several HSC-activation associated transcripts were higher in vagotomized mice, suggesting that signals in the vagus nerve contribute to HSC activation. In support of this, we observed significantly higher number of activated HSCs in vagotomized mice as compared with sham as measured by flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Signals in the cervical vagus nerve controlled hepatic inflammation and markers of HSC activation in zymosan-induced peritonitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9288194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief periods of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improve autonomic balance and alter circulating monocytes and endothelial cells in patients with metabolic syndrome: a pilot study.","authors":"Tercio Lemos de Moraes, Fernando Oliveira Costa, Danielly Gomes Cabral, Daniella Marques Fernandes, Carine Teles Sangaleti, Maria Aparecida Dalboni, Josiane Motta E Motta, Liliane Appratto de Souza, Nicola Montano, Maria Claudia Irigoyen, Michael Brines, Kevin J Tracey, Valentin A Pavlov, Fernanda M Consolim Colombo","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00109-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-023-00109-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is emerging evidence that the nervous system regulates immune and metabolic alterations mediating Metabolic syndrome (MetS) pathogenesis via the vagus nerve. This study evaluated the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (TAVNS) on key cardiovascular and inflammatory components of MetS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an open label, randomized (2:1), two-arm, parallel-group controlled trial in MetS patients. Subjects in the treatment group (n = 20) received 30 min of TAVNS with a NEMOS® device placed on the cymba conchae of the left ear, once weekly. Patients in the control group (n = 10) received no stimulation. Hemodynamic, heart rate variability (HRV), biochemical parameters, and monocytes, progenitor endothelial cells, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial micro particles were evaluated at randomization, after the first TAVNS treatment, and again after 8 weeks of follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An improvement in sympathovagal balance (HRV analysis) was observed after the first TAVNS session. Only patients treated with TAVNS for 8 weeks had a significant decrease in office BP and HR, a further improvement in sympathovagal balance, with a shift of circulating monocytes towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype and endothelial cells to a reparative vascular profile.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results are of interest for further study of TAVNS as treatment of MetS.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9227296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fifth Bioelectronic Medicine Summit Hosted by the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research (Manhasset, NY) and Columbia Engineering (NY, NY) at The Garden City Hotel, Garden City, NY 11530 on October 11-12^th, 2002- Bioelectronic Medicine: Today's Tools, Tomorrow's Therapies : Sponsored by IRIS Biomedical, Neuromodec, Bioelectronic Medicine (journal), and Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research/Northwell Health.","authors":"","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00105-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00105-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 Suppl 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10012428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9116203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and applications of evoked responses during epidural electrical stimulation.","authors":"Nishant Verma, Ben Romanauski, Danny Lam, Luis Lujan, Stephan Blanz, Kip Ludwig, Scott Lempka, Andrew Shoffstall, Bruce Knudson, Yuichiro Nishiyama, Jian Hao, Hyun-Joo Park, Erika Ross, Igor Lavrov, Mingming Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s42234-023-00106-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-023-00106-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of the spinal cord has been FDA approved and used therapeutically for decades. However, there is still not a clear understanding of the local neural substrates and consequently the mechanism of action responsible for the therapeutic effects.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Epidural spinal recordings (ESR) are collected from the electrodes placed in the epidural space. ESR contains multi-modality signal components such as the evoked neural response (due to tonic or BurstDR™ waveforms), evoked muscle response, stimulation artifact, and cardiac response. The tonic stimulation evoked compound action potential (ECAP) is one of the components in ESR and has been proposed recently to measure the accumulative local potentials from large populations of neuronal fibers during EES.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Here, we first review and investigate the referencing strategies, as they apply to ECAP component in ESR in the domestic swine animal model. We then examine how ECAP component can be used to sense lead migration, an adverse outcome following lead placement that can reduce therapeutic efficacy. Lastly, we show and isolate concurrent activation of local back and leg muscles during EES, demonstrating that the ESR obtained from the recording contacts contain both ECAP and EMG components.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings may further guide the implementation of recording and reference contacts in an implantable EES system and provide preliminary evidence for the utility of ECAP component in ESR to detect lead migration. We expect these results to facilitate future development of EES methodology and implementation of use of different components in ESR to improve EES therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9976490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9771984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}