Michele Gammino, Valentina Paolucci, Carlo Cantalini, Roberto Scaffaro
{"title":"One-step wet electrospinning of graphene oxide-coated fibrous interfaces for flexible humidity sensing","authors":"Michele Gammino, Valentina Paolucci, Carlo Cantalini, Roberto Scaffaro","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01951-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01951-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we use GO-assisted wet electrospinning/coagulation to investigate how polymer-matrix chemistry controls GO interfacial organization and humidity-responsive behavior in flexible fibrous coatings directly integrated on interdigitated electrode chips. The study focuses on the direct implementation of this approach for humidity-sensing interfaces and on the matrix-dependent organization of GO within PLA- and PVDF-based fibrous coatings. The process relies on electrospinning polymer solutions into a coagulation bath containing dispersed GO, thereby enabling fiber precipitation, solvent–non-solvent exchange, and interfacial GO adsorption to occur simultaneously. This enables the formation of flexible micro/nanofibrous coatings that are consistent with preferential GO localization at the fiber surface, yielding matrix-dependent GO-rich interfacial architectures, ranging from a sleeve-like GO-rich layer in PLA to discontinuous/partially embedded GO-rich domains in PVDF without post-deposition coating treatments. The wet electrospinning route yielded porous fibrous architectures via diffusion-induced phase separation (DIPS), while the GO-rich outer layer introduced hydrophilic and electrically active domains that interact strongly with water vapor. When integrated onto interdigitated Au chips, only the GO-containing systems showed a reproducible increase in resistance from 40% RH onward, achieving normalized responses of approximately 4%, 8%, and 16% at 40, 60, and 80% RH, respectively, over three consecutive cycles. The sensing behavior appears to be governed primarily by the presence and surface chemistry of GO, and it was interpreted in terms of water adsorption, GO swelling, modulation of interflake spacing and tunneling barriers, and proton-assisted transport through hydrogen-bonded networks. Beyond humidity sensing, the proposed approach provides a versatile framework for engineering multifunctional polymer/GO interfaces by coupling process-induced hierarchical structuring with surface-confined nanocarbon functionality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01951-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dong Xiang, Haoming Sun, Libing Liu, Kunming Ye, Peiyong Wang, Wei Tan, Haoran Huang, Jinbo Cheng, Li Wang, Yuanpeng Wu
{"title":"Basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites with a micro-wrinkled interface constructed by reduced graphene oxide for mechanical enhancement and damage self-sensing","authors":"Dong Xiang, Haoming Sun, Libing Liu, Kunming Ye, Peiyong Wang, Wei Tan, Haoran Huang, Jinbo Cheng, Li Wang, Yuanpeng Wu","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01953-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01953-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Basalt fiber (BF) reinforced polymer composites (BFRPs) hold significant potential for aerospace, petrochemical and civil engineering applications. However, their wider application is hindered by weak interfacial bonding and the difficultyof detecting internal cracks. This study proposes a facile strategy combining electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and thermal reduction to construct wrinkled reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coating on BF surfaces. The modified functional interface enhances both mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. Mechanical characterization reveals substantial improvements in rGO-modified BFRP: flexural modulus and tensile modulus increase by 52% and 105%, respectively. Compared with the original BFs, the surface roughness (Ra) of BF after treatment rises from 38.2 nm to 182.9 nm, while the maximum interface thickness increased from 99 nm to 384 nm (increased by 288%). Finite element analysis (FEA) indicates that this thickened interface reduces maximum interfacial stress by 51.8%. Remarkably, the modified BFRP using solution with GO content of 0.1% exhibits excellent damage self-sensing capabilities under multiple loads, demonstrating gauge factors (GF) of 102.5 under tensile loading, 176.4 under compressive loading, and 59.7 under flexural loading conditions. It also enables early crack detection at 0.8% strain during cyclic flexural loading, surpassing conventional monitoring thresholds. This work provides an efficient and scalable approach to address interfacial and damage monitoring challenges in BFRP composites, promoting their application in smart structural health monitoring systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01953-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min Jeong Ko, Yoon Sang Kim, Sang Woo Kim, Jinsu Kim, Jihee Yoon, Byeongho Park, Dong Gi Seong, Jin Woo Yi
{"title":"Interfacial coupling of pitch- and PAN-based carbon fibers with carbon nanotubes in polyethersulfone for electromagnetic interference shielding","authors":"Min Jeong Ko, Yoon Sang Kim, Sang Woo Kim, Jinsu Kim, Jihee Yoon, Byeongho Park, Dong Gi Seong, Jin Woo Yi","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01963-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01963-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lightweight thermoplastic polymer shields to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI) exhibit a trade-off between processability and performance. In this study, we introduced a co-processing step in polyethersulfone (PES) to enrich the perimeter of short carbon fibers (CFs) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Scanning electron microscopy images of fracture surfaces revealed a continuous interphase along the fiber–matrix boundary. A CNT masterbatch with a polyol ester carrier, integrated via twin-screw extrusion and injection molding, improved dispersion and promoted direct linking at the fiber boundary to yield a percolated network. This interphase governed the shielding and mechanical responses of the composites, with electrical conductivity enhancement being the most pronounced in the coupled pitch-based fibers. With 3.2 mm plates in the X-band, the coupling increased the total shielding; at 10 GHz in the vertical orientation, the total shielding reached 44.3 and 54.6 dB for pitch- and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based composites, respectively, exceeding those in the horizontal orientation. S-parameter analysis indicated that the improvement from coupling was higher for absorption than for reflection, although the reflective fraction remained substantial. Coupling also increased the storage modulus across the measured temperature range, with the coupled specimen maintaining the highest modulus through the glass transition temperature. At equal filler contents, the Young’s modulus increased by 15.4 and 9.8% for pitch- and PAN-based composites, respectively, without compromising strength. These results indicate that interfacial coupling via PES and standard processing routes can enhance EMI shielding and preserve overall mechanical integrity, to facilitate the practical adoption of CF–CNT composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01963-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selvakumar Palanisamy, Xiaoning Fu, Abdalla S. Abdelhamid, Nouha Alcheikh
{"title":"MXene-based hybrid materials for CO2 sensing: interfacial mechanisms and environmental applications","authors":"Selvakumar Palanisamy, Xiaoning Fu, Abdalla S. Abdelhamid, Nouha Alcheikh","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01960-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01960-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing need for accurate, fast detection of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations within biological systems highlights the constraints of currently employed sensors, especially when operating in a biologically relevant environment, which is highly humid, heterogeneous, and rapidly changing. A recently discovered family of two-dimensional materials, known as MXenes, has shown great promise for novel CO<sub>2</sub> sensors due to their remarkable properties, including high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, hydrophilic properties, and processability. However, recent studies indicate that sensing performance in MXene-based systems is governed not solely by intrinsic material properties but predominantly by hybrid interfacial interactions and environmental coupling effects. The review starts by discussing the compositional variety of MXenes beyond Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> and describes a broad range of effects achievable by selecting a transition metal, surface functional groups, the presence of defects, and the interlayer composition. The fundamental interactions between MXenes and CO<sub>2</sub> are then analyzed, including physisorption, chemisorption, humidity-assisted bicarbonate formation, proton-coupled electron transfer, and interlayer swelling. Particular attention is given to MXene-based hybrid architectures, such as polymer-functionalized and metal oxide-decorated systems, which enhance sensing performance through interfacial charge transfer. At the device level, we discussed several existing MXene and MXene hybrid sensors, including resistive, capacitive, optical, and flexible devices, and described their key characteristics and trade-offs, such as sensitivity, stability, and susceptibility to humidity and interference from other gases. While the potential of MXene-based CO<sub>2</sub> sensors for plant and agricultural monitoring is highlighted, current evidence is largely derived from laboratory-scale studies performed under controlled environmental conditions. Direct demonstrations in living plant systems and realistic greenhouse environments remain limited, underscoring an important direction for future research. Finally, key challenges related to stability, cross-sensitivity, scalability, and translation from laboratory demonstrations to realistic agricultural environments are discussed, and design strategies for next-generation hybrid sensing systems are proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01960-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rajavarman Swaminathan, Parthiban Pazhamalai, Vishal Natraj, Sang-Jae Kim
{"title":"Hydroelectric-driven asymmetric supercapacitor for closed-loop renewable energy integration","authors":"Rajavarman Swaminathan, Parthiban Pazhamalai, Vishal Natraj, Sang-Jae Kim","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01952-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01952-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The expanding deployment of renewable energy systems requires electrochemical energy storage devices capable of stabilizing intermittent power fluctuations while simultaneously providing sustained energy output and rapid charge-discharge response. Although supercapacitors offer exceptional power density and long cycling stability, their relatively low energy density has limited widespread adoption in renewable energy-coupled applications. Addressing this challenge requires rational device engineering that simultaneously enhances charge-storage capacity and expands the operational voltage window, without compromising charge-transfer kinetics. Herein, we report a flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor constructed using tungsten disulfide synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal route. The fabricated flexible device was systematically evaluated for electrochemical characteristics, rate capability, and mechanical resilience under flexible operating conditions. The optimized configuration achieves a stable 2 V operating voltage window, delivering a device capacitance of 169.8 F g<sup>− 1</sup>, an energy density of 94.3 Wh kg<sup>− 1</sup>, and a power density of 15,296 W kg<sup>− 1</sup>, while maintaining robust long-term cycling stability of 10,000 cycles. Importantly, beyond conventional laboratory potentiostatic evaluation, we demonstrate direct hydroelectric-driven charging and scalable voltage integration up to 11 V through serial supercapacitor assembly. The device exhibits rapid charge acceptance and flow-dependent charging kinetics under hydrodynamic input, validating its capability to function as a renewable energy buffering unit. By bridging high-voltage solid-state architecture with renewable coupled validation, this work advances asymmetric supercapacitors from material level optimization toward deployable decentralized energy-storage systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01952-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interfacial joining and in-situ resistance monitoring in ultrasonic hybrid riveting–welding of CFRTP and titanium alloy","authors":"Yu-Yao Ren, Bin Han, Qi-Yuan Yan, Jian Yang, Yu-Fan Wei, Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01938-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01938-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hybrid joining of titanium alloys and carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) is essential for lightweight aerospace applications but limited by interfacial weaknesses and inadequate monitoring. This work proposes an ultrasonic CFRTP-rivet-based hybrid riveting–welding strategy for joining continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polycarbonate (CF/PC) composites and Ti-6Al-4 V (TC4) titanium alloy. The method integrates hot riveting of a same-material CF/PC rivet with dissimilar-interface ultrasonic welding within a single joining cycle, while surface grooving and anodic oxidation of TC4 are introduced as supporting interface-engineering measures to strengthen interfacial bonding. This approach improved the joint shear strength by 11.08%, and increased the cross-lap tensile strength by 128.6% compared to the direct weld. Microscopic analysis revealed the joint formation to be governed mainly by macro-/micro-mechanical interlocking together with possible interfacial chemical interaction. Furthermore, an in-situ interfacial resistance monitoring method was implemented throughout both the welding process and subsequent mechanical loading. Distinct resistance stages during welding corresponded to interfacial evolution phases, with the final joint resistance further used to establish a preliminary prediction model for joint strength. During single lap tensile-shear, cyclic loading, and cross lap tensile tests, real-time resistance changes reflected the progressive evolution of internal damage, indicating the potential of this method for structural health monitoring. As a metal-fastener-free and adhesive-independent solution, this integrated approach of joint reinforcement and resistance-based monitoring offers simplified processing, inherent compatibility with automated production, and a cost-effective, non-destructive quality assessment strategy for sustainable, advanced lightweight manufacturing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01938-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Green by design: self-assembly of plant natural products into nanoparticles – mechanisms, computational dissection, and comparison with synthetic systems","authors":"Yuxiao Huo, Xingxing Shang, Qingli Yang, Jian Ju","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01956-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01956-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural products derived from plants exhibit substantial potential in the field of self-assembled nanoparticles, owing to their structural diversity, biocompatibility, and inherent bioactivity. However, the traditional “trial-and-error” research paradigm is inefficient, making it difficult to unravel complex assembly mechanisms and achieve precise regulation. Given the significant application potential and research value of computational technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of natural product self-assembled nanotechnology, this review focuses on analyzing self-assembly mechanisms driven by computational techniques. Notably, this review presents the first analysis of the key differences in self-assembly driving forces and mechanisms between plant-derived natural product self-assembled nanoparticles (SA-PNP-NPs) and other self-assembly systems. This review then discusses the preparation strategies and the conditions required for the self-assembly of SA-PNP-NPs. Subsequently, the characterization techniques employed for these nanostructures are summarized. Finally, the practical application challenges of SA-PNP-NPs are analyzed. This work pioneers the introduction of a data-driven and model-guided paradigm into the fabrication of SA-PNP-NPs. This approach not only significantly accelerates scientific discovery and process development but, more importantly, enables the precise harnessing of natural principles. It facilitates the efficient conversion of structurally diverse and functionally rich plant-derived molecules into high-performance smart nanomaterials with broad applicability. The primary objective of this work is to provide theoretical guidance for the efficient and precise synthesis of self-assembled nanomaterials, thereby offering technical support for the development of advanced functional materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01956-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guangming Yang, Peng Zhang, Yanan Lyu, Fei Cheng, Jiaxin He, Evgeny Lomakin, Boris Fedulov, Hao Liu, Xi Chen
{"title":"Utilizing tree-root-shape aramid pulp to construct short aramid fiber/epoxy film for improving compression and compression after impact performance of basalt/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites","authors":"Guangming Yang, Peng Zhang, Yanan Lyu, Fei Cheng, Jiaxin He, Evgeny Lomakin, Boris Fedulov, Hao Liu, Xi Chen","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01898-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01898-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To meet the demand for high-performance and low-cost composites in general civil and industrial applications, a basalt/carbon fiber reinforced polymer (BCFRP) composite was designed and prepared using an epoxy matrix. Tree‑root‑shaped aramid pulp (TRAP) was introduced at the interlayer to form a short aramid fiber/epoxy (SAFE) film, aiming to mitigate delamination failure in laminated BCFRP composites. The effects of different TRAP contents (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%) on the compression, impact, and compression‑after‑impact (CAI) performance were systematically investigated using optical microscopy (OM), X‑ray micro‑computed tomography (XRM‑CT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the composite with 4 wt% TRAP exhibited optimal overall performance, with compressive strength and CAI strength increased by 54.1% and 37.7%, respectively, compared to ordinary BCFRP composites, while impact strength reached its maximum at 5 wt% TRAP. OM, XRM ‑CT and SEM revealed that TRAP improved the resin‑rich regions and interfacial transition zones by constructing a fiber bridge structure at the interlayer, thereby enhancing mechanical interlocking between adjacent fiber layers and effectively suppressing delamination. In summary, the SAFE film significantly improved the safety of BCFRP composites under external loading, and the incorporation of TRAP represents a simple, effective, and industrially applicable interleaving strategy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01898-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Lei, Lulu Xu, Xueyi Zhao, Yan Zhang, Vipul Agarwal, Kate T. Q. Nguyen, Guan Heng Yeoh, Cheng Wang, Qing Nian Chan, Wei Wang
{"title":"Biomass-based multifunctional materials enabling smart and environmentally compatible fire warning sensors","authors":"Yu Lei, Lulu Xu, Xueyi Zhao, Yan Zhang, Vipul Agarwal, Kate T. Q. Nguyen, Guan Heng Yeoh, Cheng Wang, Qing Nian Chan, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s42114-026-01947-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42114-026-01947-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The frequent occurrence of fire disasters has posed a serious threat to the environment, human life and economic systems, thereby driving the development of fire safety strategies. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in smart fire warning systems, which integrate multifunctional sensing, rapid response capability, and enhanced environmental adaptability. However, most studies have primarily focused on the sensing performance of highly conductive functional fillers, while the roles of other components within these systems have largely been overlooked. With the increasing demand for sustainable, multifunctional, and structurally integrated fire warning materials, biomass and biomass-derived components have been widely incorporated into fire warning sensing systems, often serving as major structural or functional constituents. Their intrinsic renewability, hierarchical architectures, rich surface chemistry, and tunable physicochemical properties provide unique advantages for the construction of multifunctional sensing platforms. This review discusses recent advances in the utilization of biomass and biomass-derived materials in smart fire warning systems, with emphasis on their roles in conductive network construction, thermal and flame-retardant enhancement, mechanical strength and flexibility, as well as sensitivity to fire-related environmental stimuli. Strategies for integrating biomass into fire warning systems, including carbonization, chemical functionalization, composite engineering, and structural design, are also systematically discussed. In addition, the environmental sustainability of these systems is assessed in terms of green fabrication, biodegradability, and recyclability. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities are highlighted, outlining directions for future development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7220,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42114-026-01947-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}