{"title":"Cascaded-parallel MZM-based 80 GHz-optical millimeter-wave generation: a review of topologies and a novel phase-controlled scheme","authors":"Malik Efshana Bashir, Faroze Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09137-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09137-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a brief review of cascaded parallel Mach-Zehnder Modulator-based topologies for optical millimeter-wave generation. The proposed architecture retains the conventional cascaded MZM structure while employing a modified RF phase-shift assignment to achieve selective interference of optical sidebands. Unlike conventional approaches that require large modulation indices to generate higher-order harmonics, the proposed phase-controlled configuration enables high-purity optical millimeter-wave generation at a comparatively low modulation index, thereby reducing the required RF drive and improving practical feasibility. Simulation results demonstrate the generation of 80 GHz millimeter-waves signal from a 10 GHz RF source, achieving an Optical Sideband Suppression ratio of 44 dB and Radio Frequency Spurious Suppression ratio of about 38 dB at a modulation index of 1.838. The results demonstrate that the proposed RF phase-shift assignment provides an effective approach for enhancing spectral purity while maintaining low RF drive requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeinab Zanbouri, Mohammad Sabaeian, Ehsan Shakerzadeh
{"title":"Anisotropic and tunable third-harmonic generation in hybrid black phosphorus–grating metasurfaces","authors":"Zeinab Zanbouri, Mohammad Sabaeian, Ehsan Shakerzadeh","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09140-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09140-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We numerically explore third-harmonic generation (THG) in anisotropic black phosphorus (BP) metasurfaces engineered with dielectric grating structures and gold backed reflector, operating in the terahertz (THz) regime. The design supports strong plasmon-polariton resonances and Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity effects, leading to substantial local field enhancement and efficient nonlinear response. In the armchair (AC) direction, the THG output reaches up to 2.3 W at resonance, with a notable reduction as the d<sub>g</sub> (grating depth) increases. The zigzag (ZZ) orientation exhibits lower output power, reflecting BP’s inherent optical anisotropy. This reduction originates from the detuning of the hybrid cavity–plasmon resonance as the grating becomes deeper, since the cavity mode red-shifts while the intrinsic BP plasmon frequency remains nearly fixed. Moreover, the local field maximum shifts deeper inside the metallic grating, reducing the spatial overlap between the enhanced field and the BP layer at the top surface. These results demonstrate the potential of BP-based grating metasurfaces for tunable and high-efficiency nonlinear photonic devices in the far-infrared and THz domains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-sensitivity plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a split disc–ring resonator","authors":"Erfan Gholamzadeh, Sahel Javahernia, Hassan Rasooli Saghai, Taher Abedinzadeh","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09144-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09144-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A highly sensitive plasmonic refractive index (RI) sensor based on a split disc–ring resonator (SDRR) is presented and numerically analyzed. The sensor comprises a split disc surrounded by a split ring, both fabricated on a SiO₂ substrate. This structure supports coupled plasmonic modes, specifically ‘bright’ and ‘dark-like’ modes, which lead to strong near-field interactions and Fano-type interference. Through extensive numerical simulations using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, we investigate the electromagnetic coupling between a radiative split-disc and a field-confining split-ring resonator. The simulations demonstrate that the Au–Au configuration exhibits the best overall sensing performance over a refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.43, achieving a maximum sensitivity (S) of 1300.1 nm/RIU, a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 9.1292 RIU<sup>⁻1</sup>, a maximum quality factor (Q) of 18.15, a minimum full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 142.41 nm, and a minimum theoretical, simulation-based limit-of-detection estimate (LoD) of 0.13285 RIU. Given the high linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999717), and well-defined spectral response in this RI range, these findings indicate that the proposed SDRR structure is a promising platform for numerically investigated refractometric applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmet Sait Alali, Selma Rabhi, Sagar Bhattarai, K. Deepthi Jayan
{"title":"Trace Bi incorporation in (FA0.9Cs0.1)PbI3 perovskites: suppressed trap-related losses and improved operational stability toward 22% efficient solar cells","authors":"Ahmet Sait Alali, Selma Rabhi, Sagar Bhattarai, K. Deepthi Jayan","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09096-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09096-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Defect management remains a critical barrier to the efficiency and durability of hybrid perovskite solar cells. Here, we investigate trace bismuth (Bi) incorporation via precursor alloying in mixed-cation perovskites (FA₀.₉Cs₀.₁)PbI₃ and its correlation with trap-related losses and operational stability. Comprehensive characterization shows that Bi incorporation is associated with reduced electronic disorder, lower Urbach energy, a 1.6× enhancement in photoluminescence (PL) intensity, and an increase in carrier lifetime of over 70%. Morphological analysis by AFM reveals a reduction in surface roughness from 25.7 to 22.5 nm. Space-charge-limited-current measurements indicate a ~ 2× reduction in effective trap density, which correlates with improved open-circuit voltage and fill factor. Devices fabricated on standard FTO/SnO₂/Spiro-OMeTAD stacks exhibit reproducible power conversion efficiency gains, increasing from 20.1% for pristine devices to 22.3% in Bi-incorporated devices. Maximum-power-point tracking further shows improved operational stability over the measured duration, with T₈₀ increasing from 18.5 h to > 200 h and the fitted decay constant decreasing by 36%. Because direct structural and chemical verification of Bi site occupancy or quantitative incorporation in the final films was not available in this work, the mechanistic interpretation is based on correlated optoelectronic, morphological, and device-level trends rather than definitive atomic-scale assignment. Overall, this study shows that trace Bi incorporation is a practical and process-compatible route to reducing trap-related losses and improving the operational durability of FA/Cs lead iodide perovskite solar cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TCAD simulation study of a ZnO-based dopingless gate-all-around nanowire junctionless FET exhibiting negative photoresponse for UV photodetection","authors":"Devendra Rani, Pushpa Raikwal, Koushik Dutta","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09112-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09112-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A dopingless cylindrical gate-all-around nanowire junctionless FET UV photodetector is investigated using TCAD simulations. In the proposed device, ZnO layer is used as both the gate material and the optical absorber, with a high-K dielectric (HfO<sub>2</sub>), enabling strong electrostatic control and efficient absorption at 350 nm. The photodetection behaviour is mainly observed in the subthreshold region. Small changes in electrostatics strongly affect the current. A clear shift in threshold voltage and reduction in off-state current are observed. This indicates a negative photoresponse driven by barrier modulation and also shows a strong sensitivity to ultraviolet light. A comparison with a lightly doped device shows that the dopingless structure offers lower leakage and better detection capability. The proposed device exhibits ultra low dark current of ~ 10<sup>− 15</sup> A, responsivity of 1.99 A/W, detectivity as <span>(2times{10}^{11})</span> Jones, and external quantum efficiency of 705% under 100 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> of UV light intensity. These results suggest that the proposed device is a promising candidate for low-power UV photodetection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Nabil, M. Bayraktar, S. Chatzinotas, A. Balhamri, A. Belafhal
{"title":"Partially coherent Laguerre-Bessel-Gaussian Schell-model beams shaping in a uniaxial crystal orthogonal to optical axis","authors":"H. Nabil, M. Bayraktar, S. Chatzinotas, A. Balhamri, A. Belafhal","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09143-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09143-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we introduced and investigated the behavior propagation of a partially coherent Laguerre-Bessel-Gaussian Schell-model (PCLBGSM) beam inside a uniaxial crystal orthogonal to an optical axis. The analytical formulas for the cross-spectral density function (CSD), spectral density (SD), and degree of coherence (DOC) are derived. The impact of the source beam and uniaxial crystal parameters on the shape of SD and DOC are analyzed numerically. The results reveal that the propagating beam exhibits a dark hollow shape with adjustment of the source beam and uniaxial crystal parameters. From our main expressions, we found the particular cases, such as the Laguerre-Gaussian Schell-model beam, the Bessel-Gaussian Schell-model beam, and the Gaussian Schell-model beam. We note that our results closely align with those found in the previous literature. The outcome will be useful in optical manipulation where laser beams with prescribed SD and DOC behavior are required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hajar F. Ismael, Ahmad M. Husien, Tukur A. Sulaiman, Shoukry El-Ganaini, Hasan Bulut
{"title":"Cubic-quintic nonlinear Helmholtz model: novel exact solutions, stability and phase portraits","authors":"Hajar F. Ismael, Ahmad M. Husien, Tukur A. Sulaiman, Shoukry El-Ganaini, Hasan Bulut","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09130-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09130-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The nonlinear Helmholtz equation, which is a Schrödinger-type wave equation, is studied. This model accurately simulates strong fields by accounting for nonparaxial effects that are ignored in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We derive novel optical soliton solutions demonstrated by hyperbolic functions for the cubic-quintic nonlinear Helmholtz equation using the effective sine-Gordon equation expansion method. Various wave structures, such as dark, bright, kink, and anti-kink optical solitons, are obtained. Moreover, the equation is reduced to a planar dynamical system to investigate the stability and phase portraits. Because of the singularity in the system, a topological classification using the Separatrix method is presented. To enhance the understanding of the behaviour of these solutions, their physıcal features are illustrated using two- and three-dimensional graphs. Furthermore, the behaviour of the equilibrium points, phase portraits, and the physical features of the studied equation are presented graphically.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fedir O. Yevtushenko, Sergii V. Dukhopelnykov, Tatiana L. Zinenko, Ronan Sauleau, Oleksandr I. Nosych
{"title":"Electromagnetic characterization of multiple-band THz inverse polarizer based on graphene strip grating","authors":"Fedir O. Yevtushenko, Sergii V. Dukhopelnykov, Tatiana L. Zinenko, Ronan Sauleau, Oleksandr I. Nosych","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09103-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09103-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate the discrimination between two orthogonally polarized terahertz plane waves using a microsize graphene strip-on-substrate grating operating in the multiple-band inverse-polarizer regime. The analysis employs the recently developed and validated full-wave meshless algorithm based on the method of analytical regularization, which ensures mathematical convergence of the solution. Compared to the previously studied narrow-strip configurations, we consider a grating with wide strips or larger fill factor that can demonstrate a richer spectrum of plasmon-mode resonances in the H-polarization case in the single Floquet harmonic frequency range. The near-field maps confirm the formation of localized plasmon hot spots between the strip edges and whole period standing-wave patterns associated with the ultrahigh-Q lattice-mode resonance. For the E-polarization, only the lattice resonances remain, providing a flat transmission background. These findings reveal that the broadband polarization selectivity in the THz range can be achieved by engineering the strip width and fill factor, thus extending the concept of the inverse polarizer to the multi-band regime. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hexagonal hollow core PCF-based blood cancer, skin cancer and cervical cancer cells identification: model and simulation","authors":"Md. Alamin Hossain, Md. Parash Chowdhury, Md. Mahabub Hossain, Md. Selim Hossain","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09125-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09125-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study presents a novel model of hexagonal hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HHC-PCF) sensor for detecting multiple cancer cells in skin, blood, and cervical tissues. Early cancer detection is vital, driving the need for sensitive THz biosensors. Existing THz-PCF sensors exhibit low sensitivity and high loss; thus we propose a trapezoidal hollow-core PCF using Zeonex for multi-cancer detection. Using the finite element technique (FEM), the design was tested showing optimal results at 2.7 THz. The sensor achieves peak sensitivity of 95.85% for blood cancer cells (Jurkat), 94.76% for normal cells (Jurkat free), 94.96% for skin cancer cells (Basal), 93.89% for normal cells (Basal free), 94.74% for cervical cancer cells (HeLa), and 93.97% for normal cells (HeLa free), respectively. The analysis also showed that the sensor’s material losses and CL (confinement loss) losses were significantly lower than those of other sensor models. Furthermore, the sensor’s confinement loss was approximately 2.761 × 10<sup>−12</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> for Jurkat cancer, 5.507 × 10<sup>−12</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> for Basal cancer, 2.056 × 10<sup>−12</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> for HeLa-Cervical cancer cells, respectively. The sensor outperforms existing designs in sensitivity and loss and is compatible with conventional fabrication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical properties of encapsulated organic dyes: a comparative study of xanthenes, azo, triphenylmethanes, and natural dyes","authors":"Soheil Sharifi","doi":"10.1007/s11082-026-09138-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-026-09138-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current research investigates the effects of confinement on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of various organic chromophores, such as xanthene, Rose Bengal, Rhodamine 6G, Eosin B, azo dyes, Azophloxine, Congo Red, triphenylmethane dye, Malachite Green, and natural pigments Crocin and Chlorophyll, through their encapsulation in AOT/water/n-hexane reverse micelles. The spectroscopic data analysis shows that encapsulation leads to changes in the fluorescence intensity and the band gaps. The most significant enhancement is observed via the Z-scan technique, which shows a significant increase in nonlinear absorption coefficients (β), with enhancements ranging from 3.1-fold for EOS to 26.6-fold for Crocin. It is worth mentioning that there is a clear negative correlation between β and band gap; however, β is positively correlated with Rayleigh scattering intensity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"58 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}