Advances in biomarker sciences and technology最新文献

{"title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as alternative salivary biomarkers in infection and inflammatory diseases detection and patient care: A scoping review","authors":"Francesco Carlo Tartaglia ,&nbsp;Shahnawaz Khijmatgar ,&nbsp;Massimo Del Fabbro ,&nbsp;Cinzia Maspero ,&nbsp;Alberto Caprioglio ,&nbsp;Francesco Amati ,&nbsp;Davide Sozzi","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In ambulatory and hospital settings, inflammatory diseases stand a significant challenge for both patients and clinicians. These conditions, often serve as precursors to sepsis, necessitate effective differentiation between bacterial and viral respiratory diagnoses. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) have played crucial roles in this differentiation process, aiding in risk stratification and guiding decisions on antibiotic therapy initiation and duration. While blood has been a conventional medium for detecting these biomarkers, there is a lack of evidence regarding their detection in saliva. Hence, our scoping review was aimed to assess the potential of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in saliva as alternative biomarkers for identifying and monitoring infectious and inflammatory diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews was followed. Elec-tronic databases including PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and OVID Medline were systematically searched using specific terms combined with boolean operators. Studies evaluating both salivary and blood levels of PCT, CRP, or both and reporting on correlation in biomarkers level between the two body fluids were included. No limitations regarding study design, publication year and language were applied. Data extraction utilized a piloted template, and descriptive statistics was employed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The studies included in the review involved a range of conditions from respiratory infections and systemic diseases to metabolic and cardiac conditions. Significant correlations between salivary and serum PCT and CRP levels were reported across multiple studies. While most studies reported positive correlations, indicating saliva's potential to reflect systemic inflammatory states, the degree of correlation varied, and a few studies found no significant correlation, highlighting the need for further research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The review emphasized the promising role of salivary diagnostics to identify systemic inflammatory states, which could prove pivotal in detecting and managing various health conditions. The importance of standardizing saliva collection and biomarker detection methods to enhance non-invasive, patient-centered healthcare approaches is un derscored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 111-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faecal microbial transplant","authors":"Onifade Isreal Ayobami, Oluwatomiwa Jubilee Sunbare-Funto, Chinedu Endurance Mbah, O. Ajibade, O. Oyawoye, A. Aborode, S. C. Ogunleye, A. Jamiu, Basit Bolarinwa, Mosope F. Abanikannda, Zainab Tiamiyu, A. R. Idowu, O. Ige, Opara Julia Kelechi, Jeremiah I. Abok, Eniola A. Lawal, Ibude Jane Aruorivwooghene, Adekunle Fatai Adeoye, Olowo Roqeebah, Emmanuel Akinloye Ojewole, R. Adesola","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abst.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139817822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miRNA99a as a Potential target in P13K/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway in progression of OSCC","authors":"Shazia Fathima J H ,&nbsp;Selvaraj Jayaram ,&nbsp;Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan ,&nbsp;Mohmed Isaqali Karobar","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oral cancer presents a significant global health challenge, driving ongoing research to enhance diagnostics and treatments. MicroRNAs, particularly miRNA99a, have emerged as key players in oral cancer's initiation, progression, and advanced development. However, their precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We analyze miRNA99a in modulating the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway within oral squamous cell carcinoma through in silico data analysis. Additionally, we examined miRNA99a levels in both oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A comprehensive approach utilizing various insilico tools identified potential target genes regulated by miRNA99a and examined their interactions within the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway. The study involved meticulous screening, functional enrichment analyses, and network analyses to understand the regulatory networks influenced by miRNA99a. Additionally, RT-PCR was used to measure the CT levels of miR-99a in OSMF, OSCC and NM samples.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis revealed a cohort of putative target genes regulated by miRNA99a, demonstrating their involvement in crucial cellular processes linked to OSCC progression. Functional enrichment analyses highlighted the significant association of these target genes with the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR pathway, indicating their potential impact on pivotal oncogenic signaling pathways. Network analyses revealed complex regulatory networks orchestrated by miRNA99a, its action within the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR signalling pathway and influencing OSCC development. RT-PCR analysis revealed a significant downregulation of miR-99a in OSCC and OSMF samples compared to NM, with mean CT values of 39.0940 and 38.3986 respectively, versus 33.7540 in NM (p = 0.000).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>miRNA99a′s potential as a crucial regulator of the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR pathway in OSCC. The identified target genes and their interactions offer a foundation for further experimental validations, presenting opportunities for discovering novel therapeutic avenues or prognostic markers in managing OSCC. Integrating multi-omics data reinforces the significance of miRNA99a-mediated regulatory mechanisms in the intricate landscape of oral cancer biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 242-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammation-induced cellular changes: Genetic mutations, oncogene impact, and novel glycoprotein biomarkers","authors":"Xiaotong Wang ,&nbsp;Yunqiu Shen ,&nbsp;Yan Chen ,&nbsp;Shuang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abst.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Persistent inflammation can trigger the development of colorectal cancer, especially in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The precise molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. This study investigated the molecular modifications that occur in the cellular microenvironment during inflammation-induced and colitis-associated cancers. Studies showed that genetic mutations and post-translational modifications of oncogene proteins can alter the biological functions of macrophage inflammatory proteins, complicating the intricate interactions between inflammation and cancer. The researchers also observed abnormal glycosylation patterns in cases of inflammation and colitis-associated cancers. This observation suggests that glycoproteins present in bodily fluids could potentially serve as valuable disease markers. Additionally, the researchers investigated general signaling alterations that manifest in cases of colitis-associated cancer. They proposed a provisional molecular model that suggests the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during the transition from inflammation to cancer. This potential pathway is mediated through the FKBP/c-Myc/p53 signaling axis. In the context of protein glycosylation, we summarize the potential molecular mechanisms of IBD-induced carcinogenesis. This knowledge could potentially lead to the development of novel targets for the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 91-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2543106424000097/pdfft?md5=718031484392d22ce87e2421b57cf8f9&pid=1-s2.0-S2543106424000097-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141438577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 7 as a diagnostic biomarker of biliary atresia: A systematic review","authors":"Pauline Louise Møllmann Lausten ,&nbsp;Vibeke Brix Christensen ,&nbsp;Hannelouise Kissow","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Biliary atresia (BA) is a disease of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts with an unknown etiology. It presents in neonates with jaundice, clay-colored stool, and often hepatomegaly. Early diagnosis of the disease is pivotal for long-term prognosis. If the BA is left untreated, progressive liver cirrhosis and death can occur. Persisting jaundice in infants born at term should lead to further examination of liver diseases. A range of laboratory analyses is used, but none is specific for BA. In this review, we investigate whether the level of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) in serum can be used as an early diagnostic biomarker for BA.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A systematic literature search of the PubMed database revealed the two terms “matrix metalloproteinase 7” and “biliary atresia”. A total of 24 articles were identified; these articles were screened, and eight articles were found to be relevant for this literature review, each describing an independent study.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In all eight articles, the diagnostic cut-off values for serum MMP-7 in BA patients vs. non-BA patients were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and by determining the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC ranged from 0.96 to 0.99. All studies had a sensitivity of 95 % or above and a specificity of 83 % or above. The cut-off values were discordant and ranged from 1.43 ng/ml to 52.85 ng/ml. The calculated positive likelihood ratio (PLR) varied from 5.66 to 21.86, and the negative likelihood ratio (NLR) varied from 0.01 to 0.05 among the eight studies. Finally, the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) varied from 168.64 to 1406.00 in seven out of the eight studies.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The serum MMP-7 concentration can be used as a diagnostic biomarker according to the eight studies investigated in this review. However, further assessments of MMP-7 in larger, multicenter, and multiethnic studies are needed to validate its potential for biomarker development and, ultimately, its standard use in clinical practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2543106424000061/pdfft?md5=af95e4928e71a8f2814b306292f1fb85&pid=1-s2.0-S2543106424000061-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and applications of different types of green biosorbents for eliminations of hardness from water: A review on treatment, kinetics mechanism and future scope","authors":"Subhashish Dey,&nbsp;G.T.N. Veerendra,&nbsp;A.V. Phani Manoj,&nbsp;Siva Shanmukha Anjaneya Babu Padavala,&nbsp;A.H.L. Swaroop","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of toxic materials in water solutions, mainly harmful metals and metalloids, is a significant ecological and community issue. In village areas, hardness is major groundwater toxicity. Hardness, those are alkaline in nature, can reason problems to the eyes, respiratory tract failure, and epidermis in both its liquid and gaseous types. The natural parts of hardness in humans subsequent to severe exposures are concentrations-dependent and changes depending on the duration, times of effects, and quantity absorbed by the body. Biosorption is a physiochemical processes that happens mainly in the certain biomass, following it to inactively collect and attach impurities onto its cellular configuration. It is a metabolically inactive procedure that does not need energy. The composition and kinetic equilibrium of the sorbent's cellular surface determine the number of contaminants that the sorbent can eliminate. The biosorption procedures were facilitate by the single physical, biological and chemical characteristics of each biosorbents those applied the elimination of hardness from the water. In the hardness of the water has been removed, the biosorption procedures can be made highly cost-effective by recycling and reprocessing of the biosorbents. The removals of hardness from huge amounts of water can be done by the applications of a variety of bioreactors in the biosorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 265-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic study on key Epigenetic modulators in post-stroke conditions","authors":"Dhruv Parikh ,&nbsp;Manan Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abst.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A stroke is a medical emergency characterized by the sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to cell death from oxygen deprivation. As a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, strokes present a growing socioeconomic challenge, exacerbated by demographic shifts and an increasing incidence in younger populations. Analyzing post-stroke conditions is essential for predicting recovery trajectories and guiding personalized treatments. The process is crucial for mitigating long-term cognitive deficits and improving the quality of life for stroke survivors and their families. Epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as key influencers, with four significant modulators—miRNAs, lncRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modifications—being identified as central to modulating neuronal repair and regeneration. However, this is a lack of knowledge as to how major epigenetic signatures affect post-stroke recovery. The paper systematically reviews the capacity of miRNAs to fine-tune neuroprotective responses and the broader regulatory functions of lncRNAs. Additionally, we examine how shifts in DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications correlate with stroke outcomes, presenting a case for precise epigenetic therapies. In this review, we highlight that these modulators offer promising therapeutic targets for enhancing recovery and provide novel insights into stroke pathology and treatment. We also offer a comparative analysis of the four modulators and present the challenges and future perspectives for each one. The review sets forth a trajectory for future research, underscoring the development of novel epigenetic-based therapeutics as a groundbreaking approach to enhance post-stroke neurorehabilitation and improve patient prognoses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 120-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2543106424000115/pdfft?md5=148aa923fa3b4759b5c61bc6be5aeced&pid=1-s2.0-S2543106424000115-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141605452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of machine learning algorithms in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biomarkers on early detection of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Shinali Shah ,&nbsp;Manan Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a disorder that worsens over time causing loss of memory and decline of cognitive functions. Current methods for diagnosis consist of neuroimaging scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans), positron emission tomography (PET scans), and identifying biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). New forms of advanced technology such as machine learning are rising to quickly diagnose AD. This work is a comprehensive review of the research that uses machine learning methods to classify AD cases early. It is a study to provide details for MRI scans and biomarkers used for the recognition of AD and evaluates the execution of both applications while using different classifiers. This paper will discuss and compare various machine learning methods that can be implemented for the classification of Alzheimer's disease. The applications of these algorithms (MRI and biomarkers) are also discussed ultimately proposing the best algorithm and application for classification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 191-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2543106424000152/pdfft?md5=77c3555be55472654dbe7053a2e97d7c&pid=1-s2.0-S2543106424000152-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142168930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of black seed oil in treating rheumatoid arthritis: Insights on biochemical and genetic analyses of inflammatory signaling transducer","authors":"Mohamed G. Elharrif ,&nbsp;Omnia M. Abdelhamid ,&nbsp;Hussein A. Abdel-Maksoud ,&nbsp;Naglaa F. Alhusseini ,&nbsp;Nihal E. Amer","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nigella sativa (Black seed) has been a longstanding component of traditional medicine. Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disorder targeting bone, cartilage, and synovial cells, leads to enduring joint damage due to pathological immune responses. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of black seed oil in treating rheumatoid arthritis using a rat model. Fifty male albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control, induced arthritis, induced arthritis treated with black seed oil, induced arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine, and induced arthritis treated with a combination of black seed oil and hydroxychloroquine. Arthritis was induced in the rats using single dose of 0.1 ml of Complete Freunds Adjuvant. Biochemical and genetic analyses of signaling transducers (IFNγ, IL-4, STAT3, and IL-12) were conducted on blood samples and stifle joints. Results indicated that induced arthritis led to elevated serum AST, ALT activities, creatinine, urea, FBS, RF, Anti-CCP, and CRP, along with reduced serum TAC. Additionally, there was an upregulation of IL-12, IFNγ, and STAT3 genes, and a downregulation of IL-4 gene compared to the normal control group. Treatment with black seed oil or hydroxychloroquine individually demonstrated notable improvements in these parameters, although the combined treatment showed less marked improvement. In conclusion, black seed oil demonstrates potential therapeutic benefits in alleviating the negative impacts of rheumatoid arthritis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 217-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A brief history of urine examination - From ancient uroscopy to 21st century urinomics","authors":"Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The art of uroscopy (Greek <em>ouron</em>-urine and <em>skopeo</em>-examination), the visual inspection of urine, is as old as the history of mankind. It had seen its ups and downs, was praised and derided, but was ultimately perfected to become a complex visual and tasting examination tool. As centuries passed, it was replaced by urinalysis which was first based on iatrochemical principles and then followed by transmutation into modern biochemical analyses. Recent rapid development of sophisticated ‘omics’ technologies opened new avenues for the exploration of this important body fluid. This brief overview will take a journey through this fascinating history and will give a glimpse of what is to come in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2543106424000085/pdfft?md5=a44ecb46dac125f0723bb2767ab8b5ad&pid=1-s2.0-S2543106424000085-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141401525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}