Advances in biomarker sciences and technology最新文献

{"title":"CAR-T and nanotechnology: A comparative Perspective on autoimmune disease and cancer","authors":"A. Pavithra ,&nbsp;C. Ragavendran","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanotechnology has emerged as a key transformative force in upgrading Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) from generation to generation in cancer and autoimmune treatment. Nanotechnology-aided CAR-T therapy has shown its ability to overcome various challenges in contemporary CAR-T therapy. The comparative analysis of CAR-T and its applications in cancer and autoimmune diseases focuses on target specificity, with immune cells being used as “chaperones” for nanoparticles, Immunosuppressibility by modifying microarchitecture, prolonged cell viability, and other nanotechnological modifications has been briefly discussed. The latest and smartest innovations, such as nano-enzymes linked CAR, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, nano-based dual-targeting CAR structures, and nano-cargos, have upgraded CAR-T therapy to its latest advancements. Despite regulatory compliance, and cost of production and utility of Nano-CAR-T can be overcome by the use of green nanotechnology. The aid of advancements in AIs, software, MLs etc offers promising solutions to hurdles in scalability. A number of clinical and preclinical trials in the last few years have been explained to highlight the current status of Nano-CAR-T in present-day treatment and for a promising future. This review emphasizes the novel role of nanotechnology in shaping the future of advanced CAR-T therapy, paving the way for milestones in medical research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 124-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Generative Adversarial Networks on RNASeq data to uncover COVID-19 severity biomarkers","authors":"Yvette K. Kalimumbalo ,&nbsp;Rosaline W. Macharia ,&nbsp;Peter W. Wagacha","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for reliable biomarkers to predict disease severity and guide treatment strategies. However, the analysis of RNASeq data for biomarker discovery using machine learning is constrained by limited sample sizes, primarily due to cost and privacy considerations. In this study, we applied Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to RNASeq data in the process of identifying biomarkers associated with COVID-19 severity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>RNASeq data from COVID-19 patients, along with severity metadata, were collected from the GEO database. Differential expression analysis was conducted and GAN models were trained to augment the original dataset. This enhanced subsequent machine learning models’ robustness and accuracy for biomarker discovery. Feature selection using Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross-Validation (RFECV) identified key biomarkers on cGAN- and cWGAN-augmented datasets.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Several key biomarkers significantly associated with disease severity were identified. Gene Ontology Enrichment analysis revealed upregulation of neutrophil degranulation and downregulation of T-cell activity, consistent with previous findings. The ROC analysis using a Random Forest machine learning model and the five most important biomarkers (CCDC65, ZNF239, OTUD7A, CEP126, and TCTN2) achieved high accuracy (AUC: 0.98, Acc: 0.94) in predicting disease severity. These genes are associated with processes such as cilium assembly, IFN activation, and NF-kB pathway suppression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results demonstrate that GANs can effectively augment RNASeq data, leading to consistent findings that align with known mechanisms and providing new insights into severe COVID-19 transcriptional responses. Further experimental validation is needed to confirm the applicability of these biomarkers in diverse populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 44-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of bipolar disorder related biomarkers, signaling pathways and potential therapeutic compounds based on bioinformatics methods and molecular docking technology","authors":"Basavaraj Vastrad ,&nbsp;Shivaling Pattanashetti ,&nbsp;Chanabasayya Vastrad","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bipolar disorder (BD), also known as psychiatric disorder, affects millions of people all over the world. The aim of this investigation was to screen and verify hub genes involved in BD as well as to explore potential molecular mechanisms. The next generation sequencing (NGS) dataset GSE124326 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, which contained 480 samples, including 240 BD and 240 normal controls. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered and subjected to gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. A Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network and modules were constructed and analyzed. We predicted regulatory miRNAs and TFs of hub-genes through miRNet and NetworkAnalyst online database. Drug predicted for BD treatment was screened out from the DrugBank through NetworkAnalyst. Molecular docking studies were carried out for predicting novel drug molecules. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curves was drawn to elucidate the diagnostic value of hub genes. In this investigation, total of 957 DEGs, including 477 up regulated and 480 down regulated genes. The GO and pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs showed that the up regulated genes were enriched in the neutrophil degranulation, immune system, transport, cytoplasm and enzyme regulator activity, and the down regulated genes were enriched in extracellular matrix organization, diseases of metabolism, multicellular organismal process, cell periphery and metal ion binding. We screened hub genes include UBB, UBE2D1, TUBA1A, RPL11, RPS24, NOTCH3, CAV1, CNBD2, CCNA1 and MYH11. We also predicted miRNAs, TFs and drugs include hsa-mir-8085, hsa-mir-4514, HMG20B, STAT3, phenserine and roflumilast. Molecular docking technology screened out three small molecule compounds, including Kakkalide, Divaricatol and Brucine small molecule compounds. The current investigation illustrates a characteristic NGS data in BD, which might contribute to the interpretation of the progression of BD and provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 261-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical features and predictive model for invasive pulmonary fungal infections in hematologic disorders","authors":"Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Xuefeng He ,&nbsp;Feng Chen ,&nbsp;Xiao Ma ,&nbsp;Daxiong Zeng ,&nbsp;Junhong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study was to investigate the clinical features of hematological disorders complicated by invasive pulmonary fungal infections and identify factors affecting treatment outcomes, with the aim of developing a predictive model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Clinical data were collected from patients with hematological disorders and invasive pulmonary fungal infections between January 2020 and June 2023. Based on metagenomics next generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), patients were categorized into three groups: <em>Candida</em>, <em>Mucor</em>, <em>and Aspergillus</em>. General conditions, clinical features, treatments, and outcomes were compared. Treatment outcomes were assessed two months after therapy and classified as either improved or not improved. Factors influencing outcomes were analyzed, and a risk prediction model for treatment failure was developed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 89 patients with hematological diseases and invasive pulmonary fungal infections were included: 26 with <em>Candida</em>, 25 with <em>Mucor, and</em> 38 with <em>Aspergillus</em>. Significant differences were observed between groups in long-term corticosteroid use, hematological disease outcomes, neutropenia duration, treatment duration, central venous catheter placement, galactomannan (GM) test results, CD4⁺ T-cell count, and clinical manifestations. After two months of antifungal therapy, improvement rates were 96.15 % for <em>Candida</em>, 76.00 % for <em>Mucor</em>, and 63.16 % for <em>Aspergillus</em>. Logistic regression analysis identified elevated platelet count (OR = 0.9823, 95%CI: 0.9663–0.9945), D-dimer (OR = 1.2130, 95%CI: 1.0544–1.4934), C-reactive protein (OR = 1.0066, 95%CI: 1.0026–1.0111) and medication adjustments based on mNGS results (OR = 0.0495, 95%CI: 0.0108–0.1624) as significant prognostic factors. A nomogram prediction model based on these factors demonstrated good discrimination with a C-index of 0.86.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The clinical features and treatment outcomes differ among fungal types in patients with hematological disorders and invasive pulmonary fungal infections. The nomogram prediction model, incorporating platelet count, D-dimer, C-reactive protein and mNGS-guided therapy adjustments, offers robust predictive performance for two-month treatment outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 86-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of toxicity and antioxidant activities of various crude extracts of leaves and stems of Zygophyllum simplex","authors":"Noha Maher Galal ,&nbsp;Salem Said Al Touby ,&nbsp;Yahya Bin Abdullah Alrashdi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amzad Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Zygophyllum simplex</em> (<em>Z</em>. <em>simplex</em>) is a plant that has been used for a long time for the treatment of human diseases. Therefore, this present research study aims to prepare various plant extracts and screen their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. To attain the present objectives, different crude extracts were prepared from the leaves and stems of <em>Z. simplex</em> by using a maceration method. The activities of antioxidant and cytotoxic were prepared from aerial crude extracts of <em>Z. simplex</em> which were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and brine shrimp lethality (BSL) methods, respectively. All the prepared leaves and stems extracts of the selected plant at six different concentrations showed significant antioxidant activity against the DPPH method. The ethyl acetate crude extract showed the highest antioxidant activity and the lowest activity was in butanol extract. However, all the leaves and stems crude extracts of <em>Z. simplex</em> were prepared at different concentrations also showed promising cytotoxic activity against the BSL method. However, based on the antioxidant activity results, the ethyl acetate extract was selected for the isolation of bioactive compounds by using the column chromatographic method. The ethyl acetate was purified by using column chromatography in which different ratios of mobile phase (dichlorometane: methanol) were used. A series of test tubes were collected with a volume of 3 mL and depending on the similar retention mobility (Rf) behavior a total of twelve fractions were prepared. Similarly, the antioxidant activity of the obtained twelve fractions from column chromatography was determined by the same DPPH method. All the fractions showed significant antioxidant activity. Among the fractions from the column, fraction 6 give the highest antioxidant activity and the lowest was fraction 1. In conclusion, all the leaves and stems showed encouraging activities against DPPH and the fraction with the highest antioxidant activity could be used as a natural antioxidant to prevent cell damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling ankylosing spondylitis: Exploring the genetic and immunological factors and latest treatment innovations","authors":"Nilasree Hazra ,&nbsp;Sudeshna Sengupta ,&nbsp;Dipannita Burman ,&nbsp;Jyoti Sekhar Banerjee ,&nbsp;Malavika Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. Gut microbiota significantly affects ankylosing spondylitis (AS) pathophysiology. Environmental factors, like smoking, and genetic predispositions can worsen AS. Patients often have altered fecal microbiota, decreased Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae, and increased Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. <em>Bacteroides coprophilus</em> and <em>Prevotella copri</em> are particularly enriched in AS. This condition is associated with the HLA-B27 genetic marker and involves various immunological cells and inflammatory cytokines. To develop more effective treatments, research is ongoing to identify specific signaling pathways and genetic markers associated with AS.Gender prevalence of AS is now more evenly distributed, with women experiencing longer diagnostic delays and increased disease activity. Treatment regimens and responses to medication may vary between genders. Some case studies suggest that an Ayurvedic approach, including Panchakarma treatments and specific Ayurvedic medications, may be beneficial in managing AS. HLA-B27 and non-HLA genes such as IL23R, ERAP1, and RUNX3 are linked to AS susceptibility. The Th17 lymphocyte system, associated with IL23R, plays a role in AS pathogenesis, highlighting potential treatment targets. Over 100 genes related to AS were identified in genome-wide association studies, many connected to IL-23-driven inflammation and antigen processing. AS is regulated by various immunological cells, and changes in bone structure are caused by the interaction of immune cells with bone cells. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) involves inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β IL-17 and IL-23. The immune system plays a crucial role in the disease, with certain proteins linked to AS risk. However, further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of this approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding inflammatory signaling networks: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets","authors":"Trilochan Satapathy ,&nbsp;Nikita Patel ,&nbsp;Poonam Sahu ,&nbsp;Abhisek Satapathy","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of inflammatory signalling pathways and their pharmacological significance in human health and disease. Inflammation signifies a basic biological reaction to harmful triggers like pathogens, injured cells, or irritants. This review examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern inflammation, focusing on the signaling pathways related to both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. The research highlights the essential functions of immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, in addition to important inflammatory mediators like cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and acute-phase proteins. Particular focus is placed on key signaling cascades, such as the NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and inflammasome pathways, alongside the Toll-like receptor, arachidonic acid, complement system, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways. The role of each pathway in inflammation, immunity, and disease pathology is thoroughly assessed. This thorough pharmacological viewpoint offers insights into possible therapeutic targets for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, highlighting the significance of these signaling networks in both health and illness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 204-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“MiRNA based target identification of TNFα gene in nephrotic syndrome”","authors":"Praveenkumar Kochuthakidiyel Suresh ,&nbsp;Yogalakshmi Venkatachalapathy ,&nbsp;Sarenya Anandaraj ,&nbsp;Nandita Ganesh ,&nbsp;Dharshini Sanker ,&nbsp;Mohana Priya C.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nephrotic syndrome (NS) can be caused by various underlying kidney conditions. In most cases, the exact cause of NS is unknown, although it may be related to the body's immune system malfunctioning. Recent studies suggested that <em>TNFα</em> gene contributes significantly to the progression of nephrotic syndrome patients. This study investigates the role of <em>TNFα</em> gene in nephrotic syndrome by studying gene interactions, co-expressions and network biological approaches to predict the miRNA associated with <em>TNFα</em> gene as a biomarker in nephrotic syndrome patients. We conduct a detailed study and identify the <em>TNFα</em> associated genes involved in nephrotic syndrome using Genecard, NCBI GEO, Enrichr and String database. Based on the co-expression and network-based studies we identified a list of gene along with <em>TNFα</em> gene and predict the miRNA pattern associated with each gene. Hub miRNA is predicted as a biomarker for NS. We predict a panel of Mirna by network-based approach, hsa-miR-130a-3p,hsa-miR-130b-3p,hsa-miR-181a-2-3p,hsa-miR-301a-3p,miR-301b-3p,hsa-miR-3666,hsa-miR-4295,hsa-miR-4310,hsa-miR-6835–5p,hsa-miR-7157–5p.There is a growing body of evidence suggesting the utility of miRNAs as biomarkers for nephrotic syndrome (NS). The enrichment and co expression analysis suggest involved in the progression of various cancers especially <em>BRACA1 AND BRACA2</em>. MiRNA-based target prediction is an emerging tool to forecast progressive markers for identifying steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) patients and evaluating the efficacy of drugs used in treatment. Based on our analysis, cancer associated genes and miRNAs expressed more. Nevertheless, further analysis is imperative to uncover unknown factors causing NS and its association with cancer progression and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 76-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations of solid waste biosorbents for eliminations of total hardness from water: An experimental study of conversion of waste into valuable products","authors":"Subhashish Dey ,&nbsp;G.T.N. Veerendra ,&nbsp;A.V. Phani Manoj ,&nbsp;Seelam Srikanth ,&nbsp;V.V Praveen Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard water is a serious problem in the village areas. Alkaline hardness can cause eye pain, respiratory tract collapse, liver difficulties, and skin concerns. Human biological hardness after the extreme exposures depends on their concentration, time, and volume absorbed. Biosorption, which occurs mostly in biomass, inertly adds and binds Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions to its biosorbents cellular structure. The biosorbents' cellular exterior composition and kinetic stability confirm their Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ removal capacity. The unique biological, physical, and chemical properties of each biosorbents made water hardness removal easier. The project aims to build a perfect technique to remove hardness from waste water using powerful solid waste biosorbents as pomegranate, orange, beetroot, lemon, and banana peels. Beetroot peel bio-adsorbent is one of the best biosorbents for water hardness removals from water as compared to other biosorbents in this study. After the screening processes do the optimization test on the Beetroot peel bio-adsorbent to get the optimum pH is 7.5–8, temperature is 35°C, time is 105 min, rotation speed is 120 rpm and biosorbents dosage concentration is 5.6 gm were studied. In the characterization part observed that the particle size vary from 1.28 to 8.74 μm, crystallite size vary from 2.56nm to 7.34 nm, surface areas and pore volume also vary from 24.14 to 54.68 m²/gm and 0.134–0.427cm³/gm respectively. In the SEM-EDX analysis observed that the presence of C, Si, O, K, Al, Fe and Mg elements in the biosorbents and the FTIR analysis observed that the presence of O-H stretch and H-bonded group, alkanes with C-H extend and alkynes with –C=C- extend. In the kinetics analysis observed that the R² values of 0.965 of the beetroot peels biosorbents. After the kinetics study we are also collecting the water sample from four different locations i.e. Mallavolu, Gudivada, Gudlavalleru, and Machilipatnam and it is observed that the 70–84.39 % removals of hardness from water by the using of Beetroot peels biosorbents. In the adsorption and desorption cycle observed that the maximum desorption was observed at (94.56 %) could be achieved with the same strength of nitric acid as eluant. The sorption of Ca and Mg ions on regenerated biosorbents remained constant up to three cycles (97.38 %) and then started decreasing (to 82.36 %) in the 4th cycle. After removing the hardness from water, recycling biosorbents makes the biosorption process is cheaper. Biosorption with various bioreactors can remove the hardness from large volumes of water. This trial will lay the groundwork for water hardness eradication. Optimizing settings at various conditions and using contemporary equipment might increase the removal efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 138-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as alternative salivary biomarkers in infection and inflammatory diseases detection and patient care: A scoping review","authors":"Francesco Carlo Tartaglia ,&nbsp;Shahnawaz Khijmatgar ,&nbsp;Massimo Del Fabbro ,&nbsp;Cinzia Maspero ,&nbsp;Alberto Caprioglio ,&nbsp;Francesco Amati ,&nbsp;Davide Sozzi","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In ambulatory and hospital settings, inflammatory diseases stand a significant challenge for both patients and clinicians. These conditions, often serve as precursors to sepsis, necessitate effective differentiation between bacterial and viral respiratory diagnoses. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) have played crucial roles in this differentiation process, aiding in risk stratification and guiding decisions on antibiotic therapy initiation and duration. While blood has been a conventional medium for detecting these biomarkers, there is a lack of evidence regarding their detection in saliva. Hence, our scoping review was aimed to assess the potential of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in saliva as alternative biomarkers for identifying and monitoring infectious and inflammatory diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews was followed. Elec-tronic databases including PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and OVID Medline were systematically searched using specific terms combined with boolean operators. Studies evaluating both salivary and blood levels of PCT, CRP, or both and reporting on correlation in biomarkers level between the two body fluids were included. No limitations regarding study design, publication year and language were applied. Data extraction utilized a piloted template, and descriptive statistics was employed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The studies included in the review involved a range of conditions from respiratory infections and systemic diseases to metabolic and cardiac conditions. Significant correlations between salivary and serum PCT and CRP levels were reported across multiple studies. While most studies reported positive correlations, indicating saliva's potential to reflect systemic inflammatory states, the degree of correlation varied, and a few studies found no significant correlation, highlighting the need for further research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The review emphasized the promising role of salivary diagnostics to identify systemic inflammatory states, which could prove pivotal in detecting and managing various health conditions. The importance of standardizing saliva collection and biomarker detection methods to enhance non-invasive, patient-centered healthcare approaches is un derscored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 111-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}