Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as alternative salivary biomarkers in infection and inflammatory diseases detection and patient care: A scoping review

Francesco Carlo Tartaglia , Shahnawaz Khijmatgar , Massimo Del Fabbro , Cinzia Maspero , Alberto Caprioglio , Francesco Amati , Davide Sozzi
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Abstract

Background

In ambulatory and hospital settings, inflammatory diseases stand a significant challenge for both patients and clinicians. These conditions, often serve as precursors to sepsis, necessitate effective differentiation between bacterial and viral respiratory diagnoses. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) have played crucial roles in this differentiation process, aiding in risk stratification and guiding decisions on antibiotic therapy initiation and duration. While blood has been a conventional medium for detecting these biomarkers, there is a lack of evidence regarding their detection in saliva. Hence, our scoping review was aimed to assess the potential of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in saliva as alternative biomarkers for identifying and monitoring infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Materials and methods

PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews was followed. Elec-tronic databases including PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and OVID Medline were systematically searched using specific terms combined with boolean operators. Studies evaluating both salivary and blood levels of PCT, CRP, or both and reporting on correlation in biomarkers level between the two body fluids were included. No limitations regarding study design, publication year and language were applied. Data extraction utilized a piloted template, and descriptive statistics was employed.

Results

The studies included in the review involved a range of conditions from respiratory infections and systemic diseases to metabolic and cardiac conditions. Significant correlations between salivary and serum PCT and CRP levels were reported across multiple studies. While most studies reported positive correlations, indicating saliva's potential to reflect systemic inflammatory states, the degree of correlation varied, and a few studies found no significant correlation, highlighting the need for further research.

Conclusion

The review emphasized the promising role of salivary diagnostics to identify systemic inflammatory states, which could prove pivotal in detecting and managing various health conditions. The importance of standardizing saliva collection and biomarker detection methods to enhance non-invasive, patient-centered healthcare approaches is un derscored.
降钙素原和c反应蛋白在感染和炎症疾病检测和患者护理中的替代唾液生物标志物:范围综述
在门诊和医院环境中,炎症性疾病对患者和临床医生都是一个重大挑战。这些情况通常是败血症的前兆,需要有效区分细菌和病毒呼吸道诊断。降钙素原(PCT)和c反应蛋白(CRP)在这一分化过程中起着至关重要的作用,有助于风险分层并指导抗生素治疗开始和持续时间的决定。虽然血液一直是检测这些生物标志物的传统媒介,但缺乏证据表明它们在唾液中检测。因此,我们的范围综述旨在评估唾液中降钙素原(PCT)和c反应蛋白(CRP)作为识别和监测感染性和炎症性疾病的替代生物标志物的潜力。材料和方法遵循sprisma范围审查指南。利用特定的术语结合布尔运算符对PUBMED、Scopus、Web of Science、Cochrane数据库、OVID Medline等电子数据库进行系统检索。研究评估了唾液和血液中PCT、CRP或两者的水平,并报告了两种体液中生物标志物水平的相关性。没有对研究设计、出版年份和语言的限制。数据提取采用试点模板,并采用描述性统计。结果综述中纳入的研究涉及一系列疾病,从呼吸道感染、全身性疾病到代谢和心脏疾病。多项研究报告了唾液和血清PCT和CRP水平之间的显著相关性。虽然大多数研究报告了正相关,表明唾液有可能反映全身性炎症状态,但相关程度各不相同,少数研究发现无显著相关性,需要进一步研究。结论本综述强调了唾液诊断在识别全身炎症状态方面的重要作用,这对于发现和管理各种健康状况至关重要。标准化唾液收集和生物标志物检测方法的重要性,以加强非侵入性,以患者为中心的医疗保健方法被强调。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Advances in biomarker sciences and technology
Advances in biomarker sciences and technology Biotechnology, Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Public Health and Health Policy
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